接种量对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化的影响

研究不同接种量对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化的影响,探求餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化的最佳接种量。在55℃条件下,比较6种不同接种量对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化过程中pH、总磷浓度、VFA浓度、产气量及餐厨垃圾TS、VS去除效果和消化液COD_Cr去除效果的影响,结果表明：添加接种物不仅可以提高消化系统的缓冲能力,而且缩短系统产甲烷细菌的积累周期,有利于产气高峰提前,同时对餐厨垃圾的降解有一定的促进作用。其中,在消化物总量600 g条件下,480 g餐厨垃圾接种120 g接种物（TS比为9.47）产气效果最佳,整个过程累积产气量为9359 mL,显著高于其它处理,此外,餐厨垃圾TS、VS去除率和消化液COD_Cr去除率也达到最佳效果,去除率依次为60%、70%和39.67%,但是COD_Cr去除率与CK差异不显著。     

果蔬垃圾与餐厨垃圾混合厌氧消化产气性能

研究了果蔬与餐厨垃圾不同混合比例和不同进料负荷下的厌氧消化产气性能。以果蔬与餐厨垃圾为原料,比例分别为0∶8、2∶8、5∶8、8∶8和8∶0,不同比例的混合原料分别按2%、4%、6%（TS）的进料负荷进行厌氧消化。结果表明：果蔬与餐厨的比例为5∶8、进料负荷2%时产气性能最佳,其单位TS甲烷总产量为600 mL/g,比同比例进料负荷4%和6%分别高5.4%和10%,比2%～6%的单一餐厨和单一果蔬原料分别高4.5%～18%和7.1%～510%,消化周期小于50 d,第20天即达到产气高峰,且峰值单位TS日产气量可达95 mL/g。低负荷运行可有效地避免VFA中丙酸及氨氮的积累,提高负荷、增加果蔬的比例则会导致丙酸和氨氮的积累和抑制,影响厌氧消化体系的稳定性,导致单位TS甲烷总产量降低。研究结果可为城市生活垃圾有机废物厌氧消化处理提供设计和运行依据。     

粪便、餐厨及芦苇混合厌氧消化过程中餐厨含量的影响研究

采用完全混合湿式厌氧发酵方法,对餐厨、粪便及芦苇3种物料混合厌氧消化过程中餐厨含量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,餐厨加入量对这3种物料混合厌氧发酵影响显著。适当增加餐厨比例,有利于产气率的提高,但随着餐厨比例的增加,混合厌氧消化过程中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量增加明显,较容易出现＂酸化＂现象而影响产气效果。粪便、芦苇与餐厨湿重比为7∶2.5∶3时,产气效果最佳,最高容积产气率为1118mL·L^-1·d^-1,平均甲烷含量为64.6%,COD去除率达到68.56%。随着餐厨比例的增加,NH3-N含量逐渐增加,但未对厌氧消化产生抑制作用。     

原料差异对厌氧消化微生物群落的影响

以餐厨垃圾、果蔬垃圾、麦秸3种不同原料分别进行厌氧消化,研究了各反应器在最佳运行条件下的消化特性和微生物群落组成。结果表明：VS产气率由高到低依次为餐厨垃圾（756.4mL·g-1VS-1）、麦秸（696.5mL·g-1VS-1）和果蔬垃圾（433.5mL·g-1VS-1）,甲烷含量在51.5%～55.1%之间,利用PCR-DGGE技术系统地分析了不同原料消化系统内细菌和古菌的群落结构构成及差异。结果表明,虽然3组样品中细菌和古菌的群落存在相同的优势微生物,但其数量和群落结构差异也较为明显,细菌中以拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）以及古菌中甲烷鬃菌属（Methanosaeta）和甲烷螺菌属（Methanospirillum）均为样品共有的优势微生物。     

餐厨垃圾与污泥高固体联合厌氧产沼气的特性

该文在12%高固体质量分数和中温（35±1）℃条件下,开展了餐厨垃圾与污泥不同比例联合厌氧发酵对产气性能及发酵过程限速步骤影响的研究。结果表明,当餐厨垃圾与污泥二者比例为30∶30时,累积沼气产率、累积甲烷产率、生物转化产甲烷效率和VS（挥发性固体）去除率分别为612、327 mL/g、76.9%和63.6%,皆高于其他原料比例。混合底物中餐厨垃圾为主时,发酵前5 d为产气高峰阶段,甲烷含量在整个发酵期间低于60%,挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）抑制显著;而混合底物中污泥所占比例较高时,产气的高峰期多出现在第10～25 d,甲烷含量于发酵前5 d迅速上升至50%后,缓慢提高并最终稳定在70%左右。混合底物中污泥所占比例的增加可提升沼气中甲烷含量,亦可明显缓解VFAs抑制作用。累积沼气产率随污泥比例的提高呈先上升后下降的变化。     

农村生活垃圾半连续式厌氧消化产沼气性能及H2S含量控制

为探究农村生活垃圾厌氧消化过程及对H_2S产量的抑制,采用半连续完全混合式反应器,对农村生活垃圾进行半连续式厌氧消化试验,分析在不同有机负荷下厌氧消化系统中有机质的降解性能、产气性能及稳定性,确定生活垃圾厌氧消化最佳有机负荷。同时设计生活垃圾与浓缩污泥不同配比的序批式厌氧消化试验,观察沼气中H_2S含量的变化。研究结果表明:有机负荷为4 g/(L·d)时,产甲烷率上升最为显著,系统稳定运行且生活垃圾的有机质利用率较高;随着浓缩污泥添加量的增加,H_2S含量降低明显,当生活垃圾与浓缩污泥的VS质量比(VSRSW∶VSCS)为1∶0.25,1∶0.5,1∶0.75时,H_2S的降解率分别达到85.15%,88.18%,96.20%。生活垃圾与浓缩污泥的成分分析得出2种物料的金属含量并无明显差异,但浓缩污泥中的腐殖质含量远远高于生活垃圾,进而判断污泥中的腐殖质含量一定程度的影响厌氧消化系统中H_2S的产量。     

葡萄酒生产废弃物与剩余污泥厌氧共消化研究进展

厌氧消化技术被广泛应用于多种行业废弃物的处置。然而,葡萄酒生产废弃物浓度高、pH值低以及季节性变化的特性容易造成负荷冲击,导致反应器微生物流失、运行不稳定。同时,剩余污泥组分复杂、水解率低导致产气效率低。厌氧共消化具有均衡营养素、减缓抑制效应、丰富菌群多样性和提高甲烷产量等优势,也逐渐成为一种重要的葡萄酒生产废弃物与剩余污泥的处置方式。尽管已有二者在不同运行策略下共消化性能的研究,但仍未有报道阐明其共消化的影响因素以及基于葡萄酒生产废弃物特性建立直接种间电子传递的研究进展。因此,该文介绍了葡萄酒生产废水与剩余污泥、葡萄酒生产固体废弃物与剩余污泥的共消化进展,并分别归纳了2种体系中影响消化效能的主要因子;随后总结了共消化体系中基于乙醇建立的直接种间电子传递的研究进展;最后,围绕以上内容展望了共消化技术在葡萄酒生产废弃物与剩余污泥协同处理的前景。     

城市生活垃圾高温厌氧转化生物质能研究

城市生活垃圾的处理与处置问题已成为研究热点,在国内外已有的研究基础上,对城市生活垃圾高温厌氧(批量)发酵实验进行一些初步探索,研究了在55℃的高温条件下累积产气量与消化时间的关系,C/N与产气量的关系;消化过程中pH值变化的关系,并研究了垃圾高温发酵实验过程中沼气中的CH₄和CO₂的含量变化,其中甲烷含量可达75.3%.实验结果表明,城市生活垃圾高温消化的降解效果较好,产气量较高,启动时间短.     

低温产甲烷菌群对玉米秸秆低温厌氧消化的生物强化作用

为研究产甲烷菌群对秸秆低温厌氧消化的生物强化作用,试研究将长期驯化的低温产甲烷菌群投加至秸秆厌氧消化体系中,对比不同添加剂量(3%、6%、9%、12%、15%和18%)对低温(20℃)批式厌氧消化性能的影响。对产甲烷性能、中间代谢产物进行统计学和动力学分析,评价生物强化效果,确定最佳剂量,结合微生物群落分析揭示生物强化作用机制,结果表明：生物强化可促进秸秆低温厌氧消化,提高甲烷率1.27～2.24倍,促进乙酸和丙酸的降解,避免酸抑制,相比对照组缩短厌氧消化时间(T₈₀)12～19d;动力学分析表明：生物强化可缩短厌氧消化的延滞期;统计学分析表明：强化甲烷产量的最佳剂量为12%,单位质量菌群强化甲烷产量的最佳剂量为6%;微生物群落分析显示生物强化促进低温厌氧消化的主要原因是提高了产甲烷菌Methanothrix和Methanosarcina相对丰度。     

预发酵方式对餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌及甲烷发酵的影响

餐厨垃圾水分和有机物含量高,在收集储运过程中易酸腐变臭,影响其资源化利用。该文在新鲜餐厨垃圾中分别接种酵母菌和乙酸菌进行乙醇和乙酸预发酵,预发酵后的餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合进行甲烷发酵,并与不接任何菌种的对照组比较,考察2种预发酵方式对餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌及其与酒糟混合甲烷发酵的影响。研究结果表明,乙酸和乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾均具有良好的酸化抑菌效果,其大肠杆菌和金黄葡萄球菌数均比对照组降低了2个数量级以上;累积甲烷产量由高到低的顺序是:乙醇预发酵对照乙酸预发酵组,前者累积产甲烷量比对照组和乙酸预发酵组分别提高21.3%和49.8%;乙醇预发酵组乙醇浓度最高,而乙酸和丙酸浓度均最低;相反,乙酸预发酵组挥发性脂肪酸浓度积累导致产甲烷菌活性较低,其产气效率最低。因此,乙醇预发酵是一种既能实现餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌,又能维持发酵系统的稳定性,提高其后续产甲烷效率的有效预发酵方式。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.