红龙草红色素的特性研究

[目的]为红龙草红色素的开发利用提供参考。[方法]用浸提法从红龙草叶子中提取红色素,并对其稳定性进行初步研究。[结果]红色素在可见光范围内的最大吸收波长为530 nm;红色素受pH值影响较大,在pH 3~7的酸性至中性范围内呈红色,而在pH>7的碱性区则颜色由浅紫红色变至黄绿色;随着温度上升,色素损失率明显上升,在70℃温度条件下加热30 min时,色素损失率超过1/2以上;随着光照时间的延长,色素损失率显著增加,到第4天,色素的损失率高达60.0%;氧化剂和还原剂在0.01%~0.20%浓度范围内对色素的稳定性有一定的影响,但影响程度不大;蔗糖、苯甲酸钠对色素的稳定性基本无影响,但维生素C、柠檬酸则对色素有一定的影响。[结论]红龙草红色素在酸及蔗糖和苯甲酸钠等添加物中,具有较好的稳定性,但在碱、热、光、维生素C及柠檬酸等的作用下,则稳定性较差。     

Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA in vitro and in vivo produces a 3d thymine-derived product

A new thymine-derived product was separated from DNA irradiated with utlraviolet light in vitro and in vivo. This compound was mistaken to be thymine homodiner (T=T) by other workers because it is chromatographically indistinguishable from T=T in most eluents. It has absorbancy maximums at 312, 312, and 300 millimicrons in neutral, pH 2, and pH 11 aqueous solutions, respectively. When it is irradiated in aqueous solution with wavelengths of 360 and 313 millimicrons its spectrum reverts to one similar to that of thymine. Therefore, at least three thymine-derived products can be detected in ultraviolet irradiated DNA, namely the homodimer, a material with absorbancy maximum at 312 millimicrons, and a "minor" product suggested by others to be a dimer of cytosine and thymine. In cells, the latter two are formed in aboult equal amounts. While these three products were shown to exist in the acid hydrolyzates of ultraviolet irradiated DNA, a material with absorbancy maximum at about 310 millimicrons was demonstrated to form in ultraviolet irradiated DNA without further treatment. The magnitude of this spectral increase varied directly with the incrcase in the adenine-thymine contents in the DNA as shlown by differential transmittance spectra of the irradiated Micrococcus lysodeikticus, calf thymus, Bacillus cereus, and Hemophilus influenzae DNA.     

香蕉皮黄色素稳定性研究

[目的]为天然黄色素的开发和利用及香蕉皮废弃资源的利用提供一定的理论依据。[方法]采用浸提法提取香蕉皮中的黄色素,研究其溶解性、最大吸收波长及稳定性。[结果]香蕉皮黄色素最大吸收波长为440 nm,易溶于乙醚和丙酮,光照、温度、pH值、氧化剂、还原剂、金属离子对其都有一定的影响。[结论]光照对香蕉皮中黄色素的影响较大。黄色素在70℃以下及在中性溶液中都有较好的稳定性;在一定浓度氧化剂和还原剂的条件下,有耐氧化性和耐还原性;Fe3+、Ba2+对黄色素有一定的增色效应。     

Compound eyes: localization of two color receptors in the same ommatidium

The compound eye of the cockroach Periplaneta has receptors for ultraviolet light (maximum sensitivity at 365 nanometers) and green light (maximum sensitivity at 510 nanometers). Single photoreceptor cells in the compound eye were impaled, identified by spectral response, and marked with dye-filled microelectrodes. Using two diferent dyes, we showed that both types of receptors can be found in the same ommatidium.     

南阳彩色小麦天然色素的提取及其理化性质研究

以酸性乙醇为浸提剂 ,用超声波法浸提 ,柱层析法分离提取彩色小麦天然色素并进行吸收曲线扫描 ,测得λmax =5 3 1nm ,以此为入射光 ,研究了温度、酸度、自然光、H2 O2 、Na2 SO3、NaCl、蔗糖等对此色素稳定性的影响     

Intracellular absorption difference spectrum of Limulus extra-ocular photolabile pigment

Microspectrophotometric measurements on single cell bodies located on the surface of the"lateral olfactory nerve" of Limulus polyphemus show they contain a photolabile pigment with a absorption-difference spectrum similar in shape to that of most other visual pigments and with a maximum absorption at 529 +/- 5 nanometers.     

Mutagenesis in Escherichia coli by visible light

Mutation to resistance to bacteriophage T5 in continuous cultures of Escherichia coli was induced by visible light (wavelength longer than 408 nanometers) and by black light (300 to 400 nanometers). Mutation rates more than 18 times greater than the spontaneous rate (no light) were obtained with moderate, nonlethal intensities of visible light. Mutation rates for both visible and black light were proportional to irradiance.     

Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion

Spectral measurements of ultraviolet-B radiation made at Toronto since 1989 indicate that the intensity of light at wavelengths near 300 nanometers has increased by 35 percent per year in winter and 7 percent per year in summer. The wavelength dependence of these trends indicates that the increase is caused by the downward trend in total ozone that was measured at Toronto during the same period. The trend at wavelengths between 320 and 325 nanometers is essentially zero.     

东北花楸树果实红色素的提取及稳定性研究

[目的]更好地开发利用花楸树这一资源。[方法]以东北花楸树果实为原料,用pH值为3的乙醇于50℃下提取红色素,单因素试验研究pH值、温度、光和常用食品添加剂对该色素稳定性的影响。[结果]酸化乙醇是提取花楸树果实红色素的最佳溶剂。该色素的最大吸收波长为520 nm;在酸性条件下比较稳定,放置一段时间后颜色和提取时一样鲜艳;在70℃以下比较稳定,高温下容易分解。室内自然光对该色素的稳定性没有影响。食盐、蔗糖等常用食品添加剂对该色素的稳定性没有很明显的影响。[结论]花楸树果实红色素的提取工艺简单,具有较好的稳定性,是化学合成红色素的最佳替代品之一,具有较好的开发价值。     

产天然色素黑木耳菌株的筛选及其理化性质研究

通过大量培养不同来源的92个黑木耳菌株,筛选得到1株高产红褐色素的菌株,命名为Aua09,提取其产生的色素,并研究pH、温度、光照、氧化剂、还原剂对色素稳定性的影响。结果表明:该色素的最大吸收峰为304nm,易溶于碱性溶液,溶于甲醇、丙酮、乙醇等有机溶剂,不溶于乙醚,酸性条件下,色素溶解度随pH降低而减小,pH值为2以下时色素基本上全部沉淀;光对色素稳定性影响不大,有较好的耐高温性能,抗氧化还原性强。     

Measurement of the distribution of site enhancements in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

On nanotextured noble-metal surfaces, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed, where Raman scattering is enhanced by a factor, G, that is frequently about one million, but underlying the factor G is a broad distribution of local enhancement factors, eta. We have measured this distribution for benzenethiolate molecules on a 330-nanometer silver-coated nanosphere lattice using incident light of wavelength 532 nanometers. A series of laser pulses with increasing electric fields burned away molecules at sites with progressively decreasing electromagnetic enhancement factors. The enhancement distribution P(eta)deta was found to be a power law proportional to (eta)(-1.75), with minimum and maximum values of 2.8 x 10(4) and 4.1 x 10(10), respectively. The hottest sites (eta >10(9)) account for just 63 in 1,000,000 of the total but contribute 24% to the overall SERS intensity.     

Opponent color cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus

A microelectrode survey of the cat lateral geniculate has uncovered an infrequent new type of lateral geniculate cell in layer B with "on" center responses to short wavelengths and "off" center responses to long wavelengths. The short wavelength responses are mediated by cones with peak sensitivity at about 450 nanometers, and the long wavelength responses by cones with peak sensitivity at 556 nanometers. Two of double opponent color cells also had double opponent features.     

Photoelectric potential from photoreceptor cells in ventral eye of Limulus

Intense colored light from a gas laser evokes a photoelectric potential in the photoreceptor cells of the ventral eye of Limulus. This potential has two components, both of which have the action spectrum of a rhodopsin with an absorbancy maximum at 530 nm. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the photoelectric potential arises directly from the orderly array of rhodopsin molecules which are an integral part of the photoreceptor cell membrane.     

超声波辅助提取南瓜黄色素的研究

[目的]研究南瓜黄色素的超声波辅助提取法,并与浸取法进行比较,为开发利用南瓜提供实验依据。[方法]用超声波辅助提取法制得南瓜黄色素待测液,用Uv-2550可见紫外分光光度计在300～600nm的波长范围内测定其最大吸收波长。以提取液在特征波长处的吸光度值为指标,通过单因素实验和正交试验,确定最佳提取条件。[结果]超声波辅助提取南瓜黄色素的最佳条件为:以95%乙醇作提取溶剂,料液比(g:ml)1:10,超声波功率80W,提取时间40min,色素粗品收率为10.6%。南瓜黄色素的最大吸收波长为446nm。在超声波辅助提取南瓜黄色素的3个因素中,提取时间的R值最大,其次是超声波功率,最后为料液比。[结论]与浸提法相比,超声波提取具有高效、省时、节能的优点。     

产红色素菌株的筛选、鉴定及其理化性质的研究

对20株真菌菌株进行基本培养基的筛选、菌株的初筛与复筛,得到1株高产红色素菌株GG-6 j。其胞内色素OD值为0.53,胞外色素OD值为0.29,GG-6 j的综合胞内外OD值均高于其他菌株;且该菌株生长活力相对最强。以其为目标菌株,进行菌种鉴定,结合各项特征初步鉴定该菌株属于镰刀菌属。理化性质研究表明,该菌株所产色素极易溶于各种有机溶剂,有较好的耐高温性能,50℃下高温处理颜色不发生变化,提取液最大吸收波长为520 nm。     

一株产黑色素芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

从人的头发样品中筛选出1株产黑色素芽孢杆菌ZH168.对该菌株形态、生理生化特征、16S rDNA基因序列及全细胞蛋白电泳研究结果表明,ZH168菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis.该菌产生的胞外黑色素在可见-紫外光区均有吸收,紫外区光吸收强,随着波长的减小,吸收增强,在210 nm左右有1个吸收高峰;红外光谱与合成的多巴黑色素很相近,具有黑色素吲哚结构的吸收峰.电子自旋共振谱是轻微不对称的典型单线一次微商波谱.综合以上结果确定该菌所产生的色素为黑色素.     

Phase-coherent optical pulse synthesis from separate femtosecond lasers

We generated a coherently synthesized optical pulse from two independent mode-locked femtosecond lasers, providing a route to extend the coherent bandwidth available for ultrafast science. The two separate lasers (one centered at 760 nanometers wavelength, the other at 810 nanometers) are tightly synchronized and phase-locked. Coherence between the two lasers is demonstrated via spectral interferometry and second-order field cross-correlation. Measurements reveal a coherently synthesized pulse that has a temporally narrower second-order autocorrelation width and that exhibits a larger amplitude than the individual laser outputs. This work represents a new and flexible approach to the synthesis of coherent light.     

油溶性橘黄素的提取及稳定性研究

以柑橘皮为原料,提取油溶性橘黄素色素,并对其稳定性进行探讨。结果表明,油溶性橘黄素最大吸收波长在439nm处;该色素在4≤pH≤10,温度在30～100℃范围内均表现稳定;在不同金属离子、食品添加剂、氧化剂等条件影响下稳定性较好。     

山楂红色素提取及稳定性研究

[目的]探讨山楂红色素的提取方法和稳定性。[方法]用UV-754紫外可见分光光度计测定山楂红色素在不同波长下的吸光度值,确定其最大吸收波长,再用721分光光度计在该波长下测定不同色素溶液的吸光度值。[结果]液泛提取法是提取山楂红色素的最佳方法,其色素的色价和收率均高于另外2种方法,提取时间短,溶剂用量相对较少。山楂红色素的最大吸收波长为533nm,温度上限约为50℃,其在酸性溶液中有良好的稳定性,浸提液在室内比较稳定,对阳光较敏感。K+对色素没有明显影响,Ca2+对色素的吸光值有一些增强作用,而少量Fe3+会对色素产生严重影响。[结论]以0.1%HCl-95%乙醇为浸提液,采用液泛法提取山楂红色素能提高色素的色价和收率。