不同生境下水稻稻米品质因子分析

运用因子分析法对不同生境下62个水稻品种中13个稻米品质性状研究结果表明,以前5个主因子对变异的累计贡献率>89％统计,垩白(垩白粒率和垩白度)、加工品质(糙米率、精米率、整精米率和碎米率)、粒形(糙米宽厚比、糙米长宽比)是影响早季稻米品质主要因素;糙米宽、整精米率、精米率、糙米长和直链淀粉含量是影响晚季稻米品质的主要因素。主因子之间早季垩白与碎米率、糙米宽厚比和糙米长宽比、碎米率与糙米宽厚比表现正向相关,晚季糙米宽与精米率和直链淀粉含量、精米率与糙米长和直链淀粉含量、糙米长与直链淀粉含量表现正向相关。主因子之间早季垩白与糙米率、精米率和整精米率,糙米率、精米率、整精米率与碎米率、糙米宽厚比和糙米长宽比,碎米率与糙米长宽比,糙米宽厚比与糙米长宽比表现负相关,晚季糙米宽与整精米率、精米率、糙米长和直链淀粉含量,整精米率与糙米长,精米率与直链淀粉含量表现负相关。     

重庆市部分新育成杂交水稻组合品质分析

对重庆市2005年水稻区域试验64个新组合的主要品质指标及产量性状分析结果表明,我市杂交水稻组合的稻米品质有了较大的提高,垩白粒率和垩白度两项主要品质均已有组合达国颁优质稻米一级标准,54.69%～73.44%的组合胶稠度达国颁优质稻米一、二级标准,但整精米率偏低、垩白粒率较高影响了稻米整体品质的提升.垩白粒率、垩白度与直链淀粉呈极显著的正相关、与粒形呈极显著的负相关,整精米率与垩白度呈显著的负相关;产量与品质性状的整精率、直链淀粉呈显著的正相关.适当增加有效穗、降低穗粒数和穗重,培育穗粒兼顾的组合可协调品质与产量的关系.     

不同生态条件下氮肥优化管理对杂交中稻稻米品质的影响

在四川省温江和射洪试验点,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,以‘F优498’水稻品种为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥处理[普通尿素优化施肥、减氮15%优化施肥、增氮15%优化施肥,PASP（聚天门冬氨酸）尿素1次施肥、2次施和优化施肥]对稻米品质的影响。结果显示,温江的碾米品质、外观品质和籽粒粗蛋白含量较优;射洪的峰值黏度和崩解值较高,消减值较低,蒸煮食味品质较好,同时直链淀粉含量较高。随着氮肥的施用,稻米碾米品质、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量显著提高,崩解值显著降低;同时导致射洪生态点的峰值黏度增加,消减值减少;温江生态点的稻米外观品质变优,峰值黏度减小,消减值增加。较农民经验性施肥处理,普通尿素优化处理和PASP尿素处理提高了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量,降低了温江垩白粒率和垩白度,改善了外观品质;氮肥优化处理降低了峰值黏度和崩解值,提高了消减值,使稻米蒸煮食味品质变差,同时提高了射洪精米率和温江整精米率。较优化施肥处理,PASP尿素处理降低了两试验点的精米率、整精米率和温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪的垩白粒率和垩白度,使外观品质变差;同时PASP尿素1次施肥和2次施肥处理降低了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量;PASP尿素优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的峰值黏度、崩解值和温江直链淀粉含量,提高了两试验点的籽粒粗蛋白含量和射洪直链淀粉含量。较优化施肥处理,减氮15%和增氮15%优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的直链淀粉含量、整精米率及温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪垩白粒率和垩白度。与PASP尿素1次和2次施肥相比,PASP尿素优化施肥显著降低了垩白度、峰值黏度和崩解值,增加了消减值和籽粒粗蛋白含量;同时导致射洪生态点的整精米率降低,垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量增加;温江生态点的垩白粒率降低,整精米率增加。综合稻米碾米品质、外观品质、淀粉RVA、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量的关系,射洪PASP尿素2次施肥处理稻米综合品质较好,温江优化施肥处理稻米综合品质较好。     

大气CO2浓度增高对不同水稻品种稻米品质的影响

大气CO_2浓度升高导致全球变暖,同时亦对作物生长发育产生深刻影响。作为光合作用的底物,大气CO_2的浓度升高增加水稻产量,但对稻米品质的影响及其品种间差异的研究相对较少且存在分歧。本研究利用稻田FACE (free air CO_2 enrichment)技术平台,以8个水稻品种为材料,设背景CO_2浓度(Ambient)和高CO_2浓度(增200μmol·mol~(-1), FACE)两个水平,研究大气CO_2浓度升高对稻米加工品质、外观品质、食味品质以及部分营养品质的影响及其种间差异。本研究所有测定的品质性状供试品种间均存在显著或极显著差异。与Ambient相比,FACE处理下水稻糙米率、精米率和整精米率略降,但单位面积糙米、精米和整精米产量平均分别极显著增加23.7%、23.5%和20.9%。FACE处理对整精米长度、宽度和长宽比影响较小,但使整精米垩白率和垩白度平均分别增加18.6%和31.8%,均达极显著水平。FACE处理使所有品种稻米直链淀粉含量和胶稠度平均分别下降6.5%和3.1%,但均未达显著水平。从淀粉RVA谱看,FACE处理使所有品种峰值黏度、崩解值平均增加1.3%、6.9%,使热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值分别下降2.2%、5.1%和65.6%,其中消减值达显著水平。FACE处理使所有品种整精米植酸含量平均增加5.3%,而蛋白质含量平均减少9.9%,均达显著水平。不同品种稻米品质性状对高CO_2浓度的响应方向和程度存在一定差异,其中FACE处理与品种对整精米长度、垩白率、垩白度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度和最终黏度存在显著的互作效应。以上数据表明,大气CO_2浓度升高使水稻产量大幅增加,稻米加工、外观和营养品质呈变劣趋势,但适口性可能变优,稻米品质对大气CO_2浓度增高的响应存在不同程度的品种差异。     

不同稻蟹生产模式对稻蟹产量和稻米品质的影响

采取田间定位试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了有机稻蟹(M1～M4)、常规稻蟹(MNP)与单作水稻(CK)生产对水稻产量、河蟹产量、稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与MNP和CK相比,有机稻蟹各处理的水稻穗粒数、实粒数和结实率显著提高,尤其以M1处理增加最为明显,但有效穗数却显著减少;2009年M1处理稻谷产量显著高于CK;有机稻蟹各处理的稻米品质也得到不同程度改善,稻米的糙米率、精米率及整精米率随有机肥施用量的增加有显著提高趋势,稻米的垩白粒率、垩白度及直链淀粉含量显著降低,而稻米的蛋白质、胶稠度、食味值明显提高。2年间河蟹产量的变化趋势相同,均表现为M1>M2>M3>MNP>M4。因此,有机稻蟹生产可在一定程度上提高稻蟹产量和改善稻米品质,为优质稻米的生产以及有机肥的合理利用提供了一条较好的生态技术途径。     

川南冬水田杂交中稻品种与气候互作对稻米品质的影响

为了改善大面积生产的水稻稻米品质,2015年和2016年以杂交中稻优质稻品种‘旌优127’、高产品种‘Ⅱ优602’为材料,通过分期播种并设置高氮低密与低氮高密两种栽培方式,研究了杂交中稻品种、气候及栽培方式互作对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,随着播种期推迟,整精米率、长宽比呈升高趋势,垩白度、胶稠度呈下降趋势,垩白粒率则呈"V"字型变化;高氮低密与低氮高密两个栽培方式间稻米品质差异不显著,栽培方式与年度、品种、播种期对稻米品质的互作效应均不显著;整精米率、垩白度、垩白粒率、长宽比同时受年度、播种期和品种的互作效应显著,胶稠度在年度和品种间互作效应显著,直链淀粉含量在播种期和品种间互作效应显著。对稻米品质影响程度的降序排列是品种、气候、栽培方式。有利于提高稻米品质的气象条件为:播种—移栽相对湿度小、日平均气温高,移栽—拔节期日平均气温低、日照时数少,拔节—齐穗期日最高气温低、日最低气温高、日均相对湿度低,齐穗—成熟期日照时数少。水稻抽穗前的气象因子通过改变穗粒结构而间接影响米质,抽穗后温度升高引起籽粒灌浆速度加快致稻米品质下降。     

早籼杂交稻稻米加工品质与外观品质的相关分析和改良途径

对16个早籼杂交组合稻米的加工品质和外观品质8项指标分析表明，现有早籼杂交稻无一组合的加工品质和外观品质全部指标能达到部颁食用优质米1级或2级标准，主要差距是精米率低、垩白米率高和垩白面积大；整精米率、垩白米率和垩白面积组合间差异较大。通过相关分析看出：糙米率与精米率、整精米率；整精米率与精米率呈极显著正相关，粒长与粒型呈极显著正相关，与垩白面积呈显著正相关；粒宽与粒型呈极显著负相关，与垩白米率呈显著正相关。在优质早籼稻选育中应把降低垩白面积和垩白米率作为主攻目标，对亲本改良首先改良不育系的垩白。     

利用双向导入系和重组自交系解析水稻加工品质的遗传基础

水稻加工品质直接影响水稻的商品价值。为解析水稻加工品质的遗传基础,以粳稻秀水09和籼稻IR2061构建的2套双向导入系和1套重组自交系为材料,在温州和三亚环境下考察了稻米加工品质,并进行了加工品质性状的数量性状位点(QTL)定位。本研究构建了一张包含145个简单重复序列(SSR)分子标记的遗传连锁图,该连锁图总长1 567.8 cM,秀水09和IR2061背景导入系的平均背景回复率分别为90.15%和85.82%。双亲的糙米率和精米率无显著差异,秀水09整精米率显著高于IR2061。3套群体的加工品质均表现为连续分布,且糙米率、精米率和整精米率3个性状间彼此均呈显著正相关。在两个环境下共定位到影响糙米率、精米率和整精米率的29个主效QTL和20对上位性QTL,其中6个QTL在其中的两套群体中被重复定位到,2个QTL在两个环境下稳定表达,10个QTL与环境互作,说明遗传背景和环境显著影响加工品质QTL的表达。此外,在第7号染色体RM432~RM11区间、第8号染色体RM80~RM458区间和第9号染色体RM257~RM278区间均同时定位到影响糙米率、精米率和整精米率的QTL,秀水09等位基因在这些QTL处均提高加工品质。研究结果可为分子改良水稻加工品质提供重要基因资源的参考依据。     

利用AMMI模型进行寒地水稻品质分析

为探明各试验区的判别力、评价不同品种稻米品质的生态适应性,利用AMMI模型(主效可加互作可乘模型)对黑龙江省6个生态区种植的7个水稻品种的稻米品质进行稳定性和试点判别力分析。结果表明,对整精米率总变异起作用的顺序为基因型与环境互作基因型环境,碾磨品质以龙粳23、东农425和中龙稻1号在不同生态区的稳定性较好且整精米率较高;试验中对蛋白质和食味总变异起作用的顺序为环境基因型与环境互作基因型,食味品质以龙粳21和松粳12在不同生态区的稳定性好、龙粳23稳定性中等,且食味评分较高;龙粳23碾磨和食味品质均较高且稳定性较好,是适应性好的优良品种。牡丹江和查哈阳试点易于对品种的整精米率做出判断:牡丹江和创业对食味品质的判别力强;查哈阳和五常对食味品质的判别力较弱。牡丹江种植品种的食味评分最高,创业种植品种的食味评分较低,结果表明,牡丹江更适于优质品种的筛选和栽培。东农425在牡丹江、龙稻5在查哈阳、龙粳21在五常、松粳12在创业的整精米率方面表现出最佳适应性;中龙稻1号在牡丹江、龙粳23在创业、龙粳24在桦川、东农425在查哈阳的食味评分方面均表现出最佳的适应性。本研究结果可为水稻品质改良的亲本选择提供依据。     

氮镁耦合对寒地早粳龙粳20商品品质影响

以龙粳20为供试材料,经2009年与2010年2年试验,研究了氮镁耦合对寒地早粳稻品质的影响.结果表明,氮或镁肥单独施用时,籽粒直链淀粉含量随氮肥增加而降低,增施氮肥使垩白率、粗蛋白含量提高,施氮量与整精米率呈二次曲线,镁肥单独施用能够提高籽粒粗蛋白含量,施镁量与垩白率及整精米率呈二次曲线;氮镁耦合后,镁处理对籽粒垩白率、整精米率的影响均达到极显著水平;籽粒粗蛋白含量与垩白率呈正相关、与整精米率呈负相关;直链淀粉含量与粗蛋白含量呈负相关.2年试验表明,在不同氮水平处理下,以施镁225.0～337.5kg·hm-2范围内籽粒的垩白率、整精米率及粗蛋白含量较理想.     

Factors Affecting the Slope of Head Rice Yield vs. Degree of Milling

Milling data of four long-grain rice cultivars were analyzed to determine the uniformity in the slope of their curves for head rice yield (HRY) versus the corresponding degree of milling (DOM). The data set for each cultivar comprised samples that had been subjected to various drying air conditions and durations and milled over a range of moisture contents. All treatment combinations were split and milled for either 15, 30, 45, or 60 sec in a McGill no. 2 laboratory mill to obtain HRY versus DOM data. Linear relationships between HRY and DOM, as observed in past research, were confirmed. This implies that as rice is milled to greater extents (higher DOM), the HRY decreases linearly. Within the bounds of the experimental levels tested, neither the drying air condition nor drying duration affected the rate at which HRY changed with DOM. However, the cultivar and the moisture content at which the rice was milled significantly (P < 0.05) influenced this rate. At higher milling moisture contents, the decrease in HRY per unit of increase in the DOM was greater than at lower moisture contents. While not conclusive, there was an indication of a relationship between the average kernel thickness of a cultivar and the HRY versus DOM slope.     

Relationship of Kernel Moisture Content Gradients and Glass Transition Temperatures to Head Rice Yield

The relationship of glass transition temperature T_g and moisture content (MC) gradient of rice kernels to head rice yield (HRY) variation was investigated. Mathematical models describing heat and moisture transfer inside rice kernels during drying were developed and solved using the finite element method. Moisture distributions inside a kernel were simulated and verified using thin-layer drying experiments, and the intra-kernel MC gradients during drying were accordingly determined and analysed. Results showed that in the glassy region, rice did not incur measurable HRY reduction after drying. However, when rice was dried in the rubbery region and then cooled down immediately without being tempered following drying, HRY decreased markedly after MC gradients exceeded certain levels. It was found in this study that the time when the percentage point of moisture removal reached a maximally allowable level before HRY decreased dramatically coincided with the time at which the curve of kernel MC gradients versus drying duration reached its peak. Such a relation was verified with the HRY data of two varieties (Cypress and M202) as measured in this study and cited from literature. The HRY trends for these two varieties were well explained through the behaviour of glass transition and MC gradients of rice.     

Explaining Rice Milling Quality Variation Using Historical Weather Data Analysis

Rice quality, specifically head rice yield (HRY), can vary inexplicably from one lot to another, and from year to year. In an effort to correlate air temperatures during various growth stages to HRY, growth staging data expressed in degree day units was used to predict the occurrence of sequential growth stages within a set of 17‐year historical data, which included HRY and 50% heading dates for two long‐grain rice cultivars, (Oryza sativa L) Newbonnet and Lemont, and area weather data. HRY was most strongly affected by the average daily low temperature (or nighttime temperature) during the R8 developmental stage. Lower HRY were associated with high nighttime air temperatures during this stage for both Newbonnet and Lemont. When used as a single variable in a regression model, the nighttime temperature during the R8 developmental stage explained over 25% of the variation in HRY.     

Effects of Nitrogen Rate and Harvest Moisture Content on Physicochemical Properties and Milling Yields of Rice

Field studies were conducted from 2011 to 2013 near Stuttgart, Arkansas. The impacts of nitrogen rate (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg of N/ha) and harvest moisture content (HMC) (23, 19, and 15%, wet basis) on physicochemical properties and milling yields were determined. Trends were similar for the cultivars evaluated: Cheniere, CL XL745, and Wells. Milled rice yields were only minimally impacted by either N rate or HMC level. Increasing N rate reduced kernel length and thickness of brown rice, chalkiness of brown rice and head rice, and viscosities of head rice flour, and it increased brown rice and head rice crude protein content and head rice yield (HRY). In terms of milling yields and head rice functionality, these data suggest that N rates as low as 90 kg of N/ha could be utilized, should production recommendations be changed. Significant interactions between N rate and HMC level were infrequent and were associated with the 0 kg of N/ha rate, unrealistic for rice production. Decreasing HMC from 23 to 19% reduced kernel length and thickness and increased crude protein content and chalkiness; further decreasing HMC to 15% also increased kernel fissuring and decreased HRY.     

Correcting Head Rice Yield for Surface Lipid Content (Degree of Milling) Variation

Head rice yield (HRY) is the primary parameter used to quantify rice milling quality. However, HRY is affected by the degree of milling (DOM) and thus HRY may not be comparable between different lots if the DOM is different. The objective of this study was to develop a method by which HRY values can be adjusted for varying DOM values when measured by surface lipid content (SLC). Seventeen rough rice lots including long‐grain and medium‐grain cultivars and hybrids were harvested from two 2003 and five 2004 locations. Duplicate subsamples of each lot were milled in a McGill No. 2 laboratory mill for 10, 15, 20, or 40 sec after zero, one, two, three, and six months of storage. HRY and SLC were measured. The average HRY versus SLC slope across all milling duration data sets was 9.4. As such, it is suggested that, when milling with a McGill No. 2 laboratory mill, the HRY of a rice lot can be adjusted by a factor of 9.4 percentage points for every percentage point difference between the rice lot SLC and a specified SLC.     

Effect of Milling Temperature and Postmilling Cooling Procedures on Rice Milling Quality Appraisals

The objective of this research was to study the effects of different milling conditions and postmilling handling procedures on appraised milling quality of rough rice. Rough rice (M202) with moisture content of 11.5 ± 0.2% was used for this study. The samples were milled with a McGill number 3 mill under four milling conditions, including normal milling, milling at high temperature, milling with cooling using ice water, and room temperature water. The milled rice samples were cooled in closed and open plastic containers and in open pans with three temperatures: 15, 23, and 35°C. The effects of milling and postmilling conditions on milled rice temperature, moisture loss, cooling rate, single and multiple fissuring rates, total rice yield (TRY), head rice yield (HRY), whiteness index (WI), and total lipid content (TLC) were evaluated. Results showed that high single and multiple fissuring rates and low TRY and HRY were inherent in improper milling and postmilling conditions. Single fissuring rates were 15.9 and 17.6% and multiple fissuring rates were 3.5 and 7.2% for rice samples milled under normal and high‐temperature conditions, respectively. Cooling methods that used open containers and pans had more moisture losses and further resulted in lowering appraised milling quality than methods that used closed containers. Low‐temperature milling conditions followed by cooling in closed containers significantly reduced single and multiple fissuring rates and improved TRY and HRY by 0.9 and 1.5 percentage points, respectively. The effects of tested milling and postmilling conditions on WI and TLC were not significant. Obtained results constitute valuable information for developing milling and cooling procedures to achieve consistent, accurate, and reliable milling quality appraisals for rough rice.     

Effects of Heat Treatments on the Milling,Physicochemical, and Cooking Properties of Two Long‐Grain Rice Cultivars During Storage

During storage, the milling, physicochemical properties, and eating quality of rice change, which is generally termed “aging.” Aged rice is preferred by processors because of better processing characteristics, and therefore there are attempts to develop accelerated aging processes. In this study, the effects of various heat treatments and their influences on the milling, physicochemical, and cooking properties of two long‐grain rice cultivars during storage were investigated with a randomized complete block design with an 8 × 5 × 2 full‐factorial treatment design. Two long‐grain rice cultivars, Wells and XP723, were treated with eight different heat treatments, including two levels of UV irradiation, two levels of autoclaving, three levels of convection oven heating, and one control, and then stored for 180 days at room temperature. The heat treatments significantly influenced all properties, including head rice yield (HRY), surface lipid content, peak gelatinization temperature, pasting properties, and cooked rice texture. All properties except HRY exhibited a significant two‐way interaction of cultivar and heat treatment. The severe autoclaving treatment resulted in rice of significantly different protein compositions when compared with the control. Storage impacted all properties except HRY and peak gelatinization temperature. Autoclaving (particularly severe autoclaving) produced samples with more distinct characteristics for most properties. Cooked rice hardness and stickiness exhibited not only significant main effects but also significant two‐ and three‐factor interactions.     

Predicting Rice Physicochemical Properties Using Thickness Fraction Properties

Long‐grain rice cultivars Francis and Wells and hybrid XL8 Clearfield were harvested from two locations at three harvest moisture contents (HMC) in 2003. The rough rice was dried, fractionated into thin, medium, and thick fractions, and milled. Physicochemical properties of unfractionated and fractionated samples were determined. The effects of HMC and location on thickness distributions were investigated and the weighted‐average physicochemical properties of the thickness fractions were compared with those of unfractionated rice. Generally, the growing location and HMC affected kernel thickness distributions, green kernel content, fissured kernel content, and head rice yield (HRY). As kernel thickness within samples increased, amylose content increased and the protein content and α‐amylase activity decreased. Thick fractions had greater peak viscosities than medium and thin fractions. The thin, medium, and thick fraction physicochemical property weighted averages provided good predictions of most unfractionated rice sample properties. However, this approach was not entirely accurate for predicting HRY, milled rice total lipid content, and bulk density.     

Effects of Controlled Ambient Aeration on Rice Quality During On‐Farm Storage

Rice (Oryza sativa L., ‘Cypress’) quality is highly dependent on its handling; hence, new storage treatments must be analyzed for their impact on rice quality. Rough rice from the 2000 season was harvested, dried, and stored in six farm‐scale bins. Three of the bins were aerated with a thermostatically activated controller, and three were aerated under traditional methods. Rice was sampled periodically over 12 weeks, and quality parameters were analyzed. The effects of bin sample position (spatial), bin sample depth, aeration treatment, and storage duration were investigated for their impact on rice quality factors: moisture content, head rice yield, pasting properties, and water absorption. For both aeration treatments at most sampling durations, rice sampled from the center of the bins had significantly lower head rice yield than that sampled from the north and south areas. Overall, moisture contents were not significantly affected by sampling position, although, in some specific sampling time and aeration treatment combinations, significant variation was noticed for moisture content as a function of sampling position. Sample depth within the bin did not cause any changes in the values of the rice properties. Throughout the storage duration, the physicochemical properties of the rice treated with controlled aeration were consistent with the trends of the rice treated with manual aeration. Storage duration significantly influenced (P < 0.05) water absorption, peak viscosity, head rice yield (HRY), and moisture content, with all but moisture content increasing over the storage duration. In contrast, the moisture content of the grain slightly decreased over the storage period.     

Surface Lipid and Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Content of Head and Broken Rice Produced by Milling After Different Drying Treatments

The surface lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) content of head and broken rice samples generated through milling after various drying treatments were studied. Long grain cultivars Francis, Wells, and Cypress, and medium grain cultivar Bengal were dried under three air conditions (mild 25°C, 50% rh; moderate 45°C, 40% rh; and stressed 65°C, 20% rh) for two durations (10 and 30 min). Immediately after drying, the rough rice samples were placed in a conditioning chamber to continue drying slowly to ⋍12.5% moisture content (MC), which occurred within three to five days. After dehulling, a McGill No. 2 mill was used to mill the samples for 30 sec. The head rice yield (HRY) for all rice samples were within the range of 40–68%. Rice surface lipid was extracted with isopropanol (IPA) and the lipid and FFA content of the IPA extracts were determined. Broken rice kernels had significantly greater surface lipid and FFA content than head rice kernels. The surface FFA contents of broken kernels were within the range of 0.045–0.065% of broken rice mass, while that of head rice was 0.027–0.040%. Broken ricehad greater b values indicating greater yellow color than did head rice.