Effect of vaccination on experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine comparative efficacy of vaccines administered IM and intranasally, used alone or sequentially, to protect puppies from infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and determine whether systemic or mucosal antibody response correlated with protection. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 50 specific-pathogen-free Beagle puppies. PROCEDURE: In 2 replicates of 25 dogs each, 14-week-old puppies that were vaccinated against canine distemper virus and parvovirus were vaccinated against B bronchiseptica via intranasal, IM, intranasal-IM, or IM-intranasal administration or were unvaccinated controls. Puppies were challenge exposed via aerosol administration of B bronchiseptica 2 weeks after final vaccination. Clinical variables and systemic and mucosal antibody responses were monitored for 10 days after challenge exposure. Puppies in replicate 1 were necropsied for histologic and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: Control puppies that were seronegative before challenge exposure developed paroxysmal coughing, signs of depression, anorexia, and fever. Vaccinated puppies (either vaccine) that were seronegative before challenge exposure had fewer clinical signs. Puppies that received both vaccines had the least severe clinical signs and fewest lesions in the respiratory tract. Vaccinated dogs had significantly higher concentrations of B bronchiseptica-reactive antibodies in serum saliva before and after challenge. Antibody concentrations were negatively correlated with bacterial growth in nasal cavity and pharyngeal samples after challenge exposure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Parenterally and intranasally administered vaccines containing B bronchiseptica may provide substantial protection from clinical signs of respiratory tract disease associated with infection by this bacterium. Administration of both types of vaccines in sequence afforded the greatest degree of protection against disease.     

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis: effects of an intranasal live canine parainfluenza-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine on viral shedding and clinical tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)

A modified-live intranasal (IN) canine parainfluenza (CPI)-virus Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated in dogs for efficacy against laboratory-induced canine infectious tracheobronchitis. The comparative efficacies of IN and parenteral administrations of the CPI virus fraction were also evaluated. The frequency and duration of clinical tracheobronchitis, blood serum agglutination titer, humoral antibody response, and duration of CPI virus and B bronchiseptica shedding were measured. Group A dogs were vaccinated subcutaneously or IM with an experimental CPI vaccine and challenge exposed with CPI virus. Group B dogs were vaccinated IN with avirulent CPI virus-B bronchiseptica live antigens and challenge exposed with virulent CPI virus and virulent B bronchiseptica. The IN vaccination (group B) significantly reduced (P less than or equal to 0.001) the occurrence of clinical tracheobronchitis by 96%. The combined challenge exposure of virulent CPI and virulent B bronchiseptica produced a synergistic enhancement of the clinical signs of kennel cough. The percentage of days after challenge exposure that virus shedding was detected for controls equaled 70% as compared with 50% and only 1% for parenterally and IN vaccinated dogs, respectively. Isolation of virulent B bronchiseptica microorganisms was reduced 89% in dogs vaccinated IN compared to controls. The geometric mean humoral antibody titers to CPI virus after 2 parenteral vaccinations and 1 IN vaccination were 1:43 and 1:34, respectively.     

Protection of dogs for 13 months against Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus with a modified live vaccine

Twelve specific pathogen-free (spf) puppies were vaccinated intranasally with a bivalent, modified live vaccine against infectious tracheobronchitis (group 1) and six puppies of the same age and from the same source served as unvaccinated controls (group 2). Both groups were challenged with wild-type Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus by the aerosol route 56 weeks after group 1 had been vaccinated, and at the same time six 10-week-old spf puppies from the same source (group 3) were also challenged. Oronasal swabs were taken regularly before and after the challenge, for the isolation of bacteria and viruses, and the dogs were observed for clinical signs for three weeks after the challenge. The control dogs became culture-positive for B bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus, but the isolation yields from the vaccinated group were significantly lower (P<0.05). The mean clinical scores of the vaccinated group were 61 per cent lower than the scores of group 2 (P=0.009), and 90 per cent lower than the scores of group 3 (P=0.001).     

Strain- and growth condition-dependent variability in outer membrane protein expression by Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize strain-dependent and growth condition-dependent variability in outer membrane protein (OMP) expression of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from dogs and evaluate the systemic immune response to OMP of B bronchiseptica among infected dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 8 strains of B bronchiseptica isolated from dogs, including a historic reference strain, 2 commercially available vaccine strains, and 5 field strains, and serum samples collected from 3 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) dogs before and 1 month after infection with B bronchiseptica. PROCEDURE: OMP were isolated from cultures in the late exponential phase of growth and compared among strains and, within strains, among growth conditions by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Serum samples were probed with OMP from 1 of the field strains. RESULTS: Strain-dependent variability in OMP profiles and growth condition-dependent and strain-dependent variability in expression of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin was found, along with heterogeneity of the pertactin proteins produced by these B bronchiseptica strains. All 3 SPF dogs seroconverted to proteins with estimated molecular masses of 200 and 66 kDa, suggesting that FHA and pertactin were involved in the immunologic response of these dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that there is growth condition and strain variability in expression of OMP, FHA, and pertactin proteins produced by B bronchiseptica. This information could be useful in the improvement of vaccines for prevention of bordetellosis in dogs.     

Comparison of the mucosal immune response in dogs vaccinated with either an intranasal avirulent live culture or a subcutaneous antigen extract vaccine of Bordetella bronchiseptica

Healthy dogs with low antibody titer to Bordetella bronchiseptica were vaccinated intranasally with an avirulent live vaccine, subcutaneously with an antigen extract vaccine, or subcutaneously and intranasally with a placebo. Intranasally vaccinated dogs developed B. bronchiseptica-specific IgA titers in nasal secretions that remained at high levels until the end of the study; dogs vaccinated subcutaneously with the antigen extract or placebo did not develop measurable antigen-specific IgA titers in nasal secretions. Dogs were challenged with virulent live B. bronchiseptica 63 days after vaccination. Intranasally vaccinated dogs had significantly lower cough scores (P < or =.0058) and shed significantly fewer challenge organisms (P <.0001) than dogs in either of the other groups. Cough scores of subcutaneously vaccinated dogs were not significantly different from placebo-vaccinated dogs.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica from dogs and cats as determined in the BfT-GermVet monitoring program 2004-2006

A total of 92 canine/feline Pasteurella multocida strains form respiratory tract infections or infections of skin/ear/mouth as well as 42 canine/feline Bordetella bronchiseptica strains from respiratory tract infections were investigated for their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. While the P. multocida strains were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested - except sulfonamides -, a considerable number of the B. bronchiseptica strains was resistant or exhibited high MIC values against a number of antimicrobial agents including penicillin G, oxacillin, cefazolin, ceftiofur, cefquinome, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.     

Protection of dogs against death from experimental rabies by postexposure administration of rabies vaccine and hyperimmune globulin (human).

Two experiments on simulated postexposure treatment were carried out in dogs using human rabies immunoglobulin (RIGH) and human diploid cell vaccine for human use. In one experiment, when animals were challenged by injecting street virus into the masseter muscle and treated with a combination of RIGH and vaccine, 50% of the animals were protected from rabies. In the other trial, in which animals were challenged by injecting the virus into the femoral muscle, treatment with RIGH and vaccine protected all the animals against rabies. To our knowledge this is the highest rate of postexposure survival in animals reported to date. In addition, five out of eight (62.5%) dogs that received RIGH alone after the virus challenge were protected, while none of the animals receiving vaccine alone were protected from rabies. These trials suggest that animals can be protected from rabies by postexposure treatment. The route of exposure and timing of the administration of vaccine and hyperimmune serum would seem to be important.