重金属污染土壤的植物强化修复研究进展

随着工农业生产的快速发展,土壤重金属污染日益严重,土壤重金属污染的高效快速修复技术备受关注。在各种土壤重金属污染修复技术中,植物修复技术因其清洁、简单、高效、低消耗等优点,得到人们的认可,具有良好的发展前景。论文综述了土壤重金属污染来源及现状,植物修复技术的基本原理及特点,植物强化修复技术的研究进展,分析了当前植物强化修复技术中存在的问题,并指明了植物强化修复技术的发展方向,以期为土壤重金属污染的快速、绿色修复提供理论依据。     

植物修复技术中有关土壤重金属活化机制的研究进展

植物修复技术是现在环境污染研究领域的一个热点问题,而植物提取是植物修复技术一个重要分支。本文主要从三个方面综述了植物提取中土壤重金属活化的机制问题。1.植物本身分泌特殊物质来螯合溶解难溶性金属;2.通过某些微生物或微生物和植物的共生体促进植物对重金属的吸收;3.通过一些土壤改良措施如螯合剂、酸性肥料等的施用增加重金属的有效性,从而提高植物对重金属的提取效率。土壤重金属的植物修复涉及到的学科很多,在进行研究时应加强学科之间的协作研究。     

重金属污染农田土壤化学钝化修复的稳定性研究进展

化学钝化修复是一种应用广泛的重金属污染农田土壤修复方法,但钝化修复只是暂时降低了土壤中重金属的移动性和生物有效性,随着时间的推移被固定的重金属有可能重新释放到土壤中,因此钝化修复重金属污染土壤的稳定性是重金属污染土壤原位钝化修复成功的关键。本文探讨了钝化修复剂的种类、修复机制、修复稳定性的影响因素以及修复稳定性的研究方法,深入分析了钝化修复稳定性的研究现状和存在问题,并提出今后应加强钝化修复稳定性机制和修复稳定性预测模型的研究,建立和完善科学的钝化修复稳定性的研究方法。     

三峡库区耕地重金属分布特征初步研究

通过对三峡重庆库区16个市、县(区)旱地和水田土样分析、统计、评价,研究了库区耕地土壤主要重金属元素分布特征。结果表明,库区耕地土壤有不同程度污染,重金属As、Cd、Cu、Ni的含量均有超标,Cd有最大超标;旱地土壤重金属含量略高于水田,紫色土略高于黄壤,各采样点重金属含量差异大;重金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、As、Zn间存在极显著正相关,土壤污染有复合污染趋势;主要淹水区县土壤环境质量评价结果显示,仅巫山县污染综合指数评价为中污染,主城区、开县为轻微污染,涪陵区、长寿区、奉节县为警戒级,其余为安全级;耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量,能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展。同时对三峡库区耕地重金属淹水和非点源污染进行风险分析,指出库区开展淹水重金属形态与非点源污染输出研究意义.     

土壤中颗粒状有机质对重金属的吸附作用

为了解土壤颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属富集机理,用室内分析方法研究了土壤POM对Cu、Cd、Co、Pb、Ni和Zn等6种常见重金属的吸附作用。研究表明,土壤中颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属有较高的吸附潜力,吸附过程是一个快速反应,在100分钟内可接近平衡。POM对重金属的吸附强度随pH的变化而变化,在pH5￣7范围达到较高水平,pH<5和pH>8均可降低POM对这些重金属的吸附;POM对重金属的吸附明显高于相同粒径的矿物质,也高于或接近于细土(<0.053mm)。重金属元素共存时,POM对重金属的吸附强度由大而小顺次为Cu>Pb>Cd>Cr>Co>Zn>Ni。移去土壤颗粒态有机质将显著降低土壤对重金属的吸附,增加土壤重金属的淋失风险。POM对重金属的强吸附性能可能是土壤中POM重金属富集的主要机理之一。     

Field-Scale Assessment of Phytotreatment of Soil Contaminated with Weathered Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Phytoremediation is a remediation method which uses plants to remove, contain or detoxify environmental contaminants. Phytoremediation has successfully been applied for the removal of fresh hydrocarbon contamination, but removal of aged hydrocarbons has proven more difficult. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface can be enhanced by the presence of plant roots, i.e. the rhizosphere effect. Phytostabilization reduces heavy metal availability via immobilization in the rhizosphere. Soils contaminated by both hydrocarbons and heavy metals are abundant and may be difficult to treat. Heavy metal toxicity can inhibit the activity of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms and decrease the metabolic diversity of soil bacteria. In this experiment, weathered hydrocarbon- and heavy metal- contaminated soil was treated using phytoremediation in a 39- month field study in attempts to achieve both hydrocarbon removal and heavy metal stabilization. Materials and Methods: A combination of hydrocarbon degradation and heavy metal stabilization was evaluated in a field-scale phytoremediation study of weathered contaminants. Soil had been contaminated over several years with hydrocarbons (11400±4300 mg kg dry soil)-1 and heavy metals from bus maintenance activities and was geologically characterized as till. Concentrations of soil copper, lead and zinc were 170±50 mgkg-1, 1100±1500 mg kg-1 and 390±340 mg kg-1, respectively. The effect of contaminants, plant species and soil amendment (NPK fertilizer or biowaste compost) on metabolic activity of soil microbiota was determined. Phytostabilization performance was investigated by analyses of metal concentrations in plants, soil and site leachate as well as acute toxicity to Vibrio fischeri and Enchtraeus albidus. Results: Over 39 months hydrocarbon concentrations did not decrease significantly (P=0.05) in non-amended soil, although 30% of initial hydrocarbon concentrations were removed by the last four months of study. In soil amended with NPK fertilizer and municipal biowaste compost, 65 % and 60 % of hydrocarbons were removed, respectively. The soil contained metabolically diverse bacteria, measured as carbon source utilization and extracellular enzymatic activities. Compost addition resulted in a slight increase in enzymatic activities. Diesel fuel utilization potential in Biolog MT2 plates inoculated with a soil suspension was enhanced by both compost and NPK compared to non-amended soil. Soil toxicity to V. fischeri and E. albidus was low. The leachate was not toxic to V. fischeri. Pine (Pinus sylvestris), poplar (Populus deltoides x Wettsteinii), grasses and clover (Trifolium repens) survived to varying degrees in the contaminated soil. All plants suffered from phytotoxicity symptoms and some trees died during the study period. Plants formed a dense cover over the compost-amended soil, whereas non-amended soil had areas devoid of vegetation throughout the study. Vegetation coverage in the NPK-amended quarter was about 50 % after the first four months of study, but increased gradually to 100 %. Heavy metals did not accumulate in plant tissue. Discussion: Removal of hydrocarbons from weathered unfertilized hydrocarbon-contaminated soil was not statistically significant despite the presence of a viable hydrocarbon-degrading microbial community. This effect is attributed to soil heterogeneity and low bioavailability of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon concentrations were not reduced to the desired level, i.e., 1500 mg hydrocarbons (kg of dry soil)-1, in any treatment. . The presence of clay minerals and organic matter within the compost may have limited heavy metal transfer to leachate and plant tissue. Conclusions: Weathered hydrocarbons were partly decomposed in soil fertilized with NPK fertilizer or biowaste compost, but not from unfertilized soil. The active hydrocarbon-degrading microbiota and low toxicity of soil to V. fischeri and E. albidus indicates low availability of contaminants to microorganisms. Despite high heavy metal concentrations, the soil contained metabolically diverse bacteria, measured as carbon source utilization and extracellular enzymatic activities. Heavy metals did not accumulate in test plants. Pine and poplar suffered from phytotoxicity symptoms in the soil and could not enhance hydrocarbon removal in compost-amended soil. Compost addition combined with a grass and legume crop is suggested for stabilization of combined hydrocarbon- and metal-contaminated soil. Recommendations and Perspectives: Both compost and NPK fertilizers can be used to enhance phytoremediation of soil contaminated with weathered hydrocarbons in the presence of heavy metals; however, compost addition is recommended since it enables greater vegetative coverage. This in turn may decrease heavy metal mobility. Phytoremediation can be used for remediation of soil contaminated with weathered hydrocarbons in the presence of heavy metals. However, phytoremediation of weathered contaminants requires extended periods of time; thus, other remediation methods should be considered in the event of soil contamination posing an immediate public health and/or environmental threat.     

北京市朝阳区(五环内)绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其影响因素

为了研究和分析北京市朝阳区（五环内）土壤重金属的分布特征及影响因素,通过居住绿地、公园绿地、街旁绿地以及附属绿地（包括公共设施用地、对外交通用地和市政设施用地）4种土壤利用类型分别进行了土壤重金属铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）以及土壤pH值、有机质的测定。结果表明:表层土壤中的重金属平均含量,除Pb外,均高于中国土壤背景值,尤其是重金属Cd,已达到0.26 mg/kg,超过了国家土壤环境质量1级标准;从土壤利用类型上来看,Cu在附属绿地土壤含量最高,达到33.576 mg/kg,Zn在居住绿地土壤含量最高,达到80.636 mg/kg,Cd在街旁绿地土壤含量最高,达到0.296 mg/kg,Pb在公园绿地土壤含量最高,达到24.706 mg/kg;在空间分布上,重金属Cu和Zn空间分布格局相类似,整体呈由西北向东南递减趋势,而Cd高值区在中部,整体北部高于南部,重金属Pb整体上呈由西南向东北递减趋势;通过相关性分析可知,土壤pH值对土壤重金属含量没有明显的影响,而土壤有机质与重金属Zn,Cd和Pb的含量有明显的相关性;4种重金属呈显著正相关（p<0.01）。     

蚯蚓对土壤中重金属的富集作用研究

通过向供试土壤中添加CuSO4、ZnSO4、Pb（Ac）2、HgCl2以模拟受污土壤,研究接种于其中的微小双胸蚯蚓对重金属的富集作用。以不加重金属盐类为对照,分别研究了不同培养时间和不同重金属浓度对富集量的影响。结果表明,蚯蚓对各种重金属的富集量随着培养时间的增加而变化,且对不同重金属最大富集量的出现时间也不相同。在第2周时蚯蚓对Cu、Pb富集量达到最大,而对Zn的富集量在第4周时达到最大。与Cu、Zn、Pb的富集量相比,蚯蚓对Hg没有明显的富集作用,且对Hg的最大富集量时间不明显。在其耐受浓度范围内,蚯蚓对重金属的富集量随着重金属浓度的增加而增加,且蚯蚓对重金属的吸收顺序为：Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Hg,说明了微小双胸蚯蚓对Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg4种元素有一定的忍耐和富集能力,但其对重金属的忍耐和富集能力是有选择性的,说明不同重金属表现出的毒性是不一样的。研究结果初步推断,影响蚯蚓对重金属富集作用的主要原因可能是体内酶的作用,不同重金属可以从多方面干扰了动物机体内的生理生化功能。     

不同土壤改良剂对大豆富集重金属的影响

在广西环江开展了土壤改良剂对大豆富集重金属的影响研究,结果表明:土壤改良剂(煤灰、菌渣、蚕沙)均能在大豆苗期、结荚期和成熟期有效降低大豆中重金属含量。菌渣对大豆苗期重金属抑制效果最好,蚕沙对成熟期重金属吸收的抑制效果最佳,而煤灰在结荚期抑制重金属效果优于其他的改良剂,并且对减少大豆籽粒中重金属含量作用效果最好。     

合肥大兴地区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征

运用地统计学方法对合肥大兴镇地区土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征进行了定量描述,并探讨了研究区域内重金属空间结构的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区域土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg等6种重金属元素的实验变异函数理论模型拟合效果较好。六种重金属具有明显的空间变异性,受人为影响较大。研究区内众多的工矿企业及农业活动是造成重金属累积的主要原因。同时,研究区存在重金属元素混合污染的潜在危害。     

贵阳市耕地土壤重金属分布特征及评价初步研究

对贵阳市4郊区1市3县耕地土壤重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg污染现状进行了调查和分析。结果表明:土壤中重金属含量在地区内及地区间差异都较大,除Cr外,As、Pb、Cd、Hg富集度较高;1市3县是贵阳市主要工业区,土壤属轻度污染,明显高于4郊区;Cd元素污染十分突出,其次是Hg和As。分析认为磷化工、煤化工及铁合金等工业与之密切相关,需进一步深入研究。     

基于“源-径-汇”关系的土壤重金属污染风险空间区划研究

构建土壤污染风险管控空间区划体系是对《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》“分类分区分阶段管理”思想的深入落实,高分辨率的风险空间区划地图能为划分风险管控优先区和大尺度统筹部署土壤污染防治铺排工作提供科学有效的决策指导。利用正定矩阵因子分析模型（PMF）源解析模型明确了浙江省宁波市某工业集聚区铬、铜、砷、镉、铅、镍、锑和汞等8种重金属的污染源和贡献率,然后基于“源-径-汇”关系和质量平衡理论形成土壤重金属污染风险管控空间区划技术体系。结果表明,土壤重金属的空间分布具有明显异质性,主要排放源包括火力发电燃煤燃烧源（17.08%）、其他工业源（17.94%）、农业活动排放源（26.07%）、自然源（28.61%）和交通排放源（10.31%）等五类;利用构建的空间区划技术体系可将土壤重金属污染风险划分为极高、高、中、低和极低共五个等级,分别占研究区总面积的8.64%、17.28%、18.27%、22.92%和32.89%。区域风险胁迫水平的空间量化表达能有效识别高风险热点,进而采取优先管控措施实现土壤污染精准防治。     

Multiple Metal Resistant Transferable Phenotypes in Bacteria as Indicators of Soil Contamination with Heavy Metals (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Environmental contamination by heavy metals affects microbial communities. The number of single and multiple heavy metal resistant bacteria may be an indictor of the level of contamination. This paper details the isolation and characterisation of metal resistant microorganisms isolated from rhizosphere/soil samples obtained from an abandoned zinc, lead and copper mine and a local unaffected site. This data was compared to the level of heavy metal in the soils to establish the effect of metals on the microbial community and to determine the relationship between pollutant levels and resistant strains. This paper outlines the diversity of transferable resistance determinants between both sites and details the levels of heavy metal resistant bacteria and those expressing transferable multiple heavy metal tolerance.Methods   The sample sites were located in Co. Galway, Ireland. The first sample site (site A) was a former lead, zinc and copper mine, which was closed in 1961 due to exhaustion of ore. The second site (site B) was located two and a half kilometres from the mining site and was not affected by the mining operations. Composite soil samples were characterised for general soil matrix composition, organic content, pH and general chemical parameters. The soil was also enumerated for the total viable heterotrophic counts and tested on Pseudomonas selective agar (PSA) for total Pseudomonas counts and Sucrose Asparagine (SA), which is semi-selective for fluorescent Pseudomonas.Results and Discussion   Samples from both site A and site B were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the presence of heavy metals. In the case of copper, which has a Dutch list recommended minimum permissible level of 190 &#181;g/Kg dry weight, the levels detected at site A were 1270 &#181;g/Kg dry weight while site B was detected at 36 &#181;g/Kg. The arsenic levels detected at site A were eight times the permissible level (416 &#181;g/Kg) while only half the permissible level was found at site B (13 &#181;g/Kg). Zinc concentrations were also high at site A (4460 &#181;g/Kg) while at site B (553 &#181;g/Kg) they were well below the Dutchlist guidelines (720 &#181;g/Kg). A large number of heavy metal tolerant strains were isolated from both sites. 270 isolates (site A (170) and site B (100)) were screened against 8 metals to examine the extent of multiple resistance. 82% of the strains from site A were found to be resistant to 5 metals. A total of 18% showed resistance to all 8 metals and of those examined only 4% were resistant to only one metal. In contrast isolates from site B showed no multiple resistance to more than 5 metals, while 62% showed resistance to individual metals only. Site A had a higher level of multiple heavy metal resistance strains. Stains isolated from site A had 23 (14%) isolates resistant to zinc, copper, nickel, arsenic and cobalt and site B had no bacteria resistant to all five of these selected metals. The transferability of heavy metal resistance was investigated in the case of 60 multiple heavy metal resistant isolates taken from site A and 50 multiple resistance isolates from site B. Transfer was only detected in isolates from site A, 13% showed transfer and expression of copper, zinc and arsenic resistance determinants. In most cases the transconjugants only expressed resistance to copper, zinc and arsenic, which were the metals, used for selection. This co-transfer of all three determinants suggests a genetic link between these resistance determinants.Conclusion   Heavy metal resistant bacteria are present in both sites, however, the number and presence of multiple transferable resistance phenotypes are confined to the isolates from the heavy metal contaminated site. The presence of high levels of heavy metals selects these multiple resistance phenotypes. Within these communities there seems to be little diversity between the microorganisms, which provides a hugely preferable environment for gene transfer of such metal resistant determinants.Recommendation and Perspective   The experiments have shown a microbes ability to mobilize heavy metal determinants and a relationship between heavy metal resistance and metal contamination has been identified These multiple heavy metal resistant bacteria could eventually be used for detection and qualification of the level of heavy metal-polluted soil/water environments.     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Marine Sediments of Palermo Gulf (Sicily, Italy)

Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn have been measured, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the fine fraction (<63 μm) of surface sediments collected in 30 sites in the Palermo Gulf (Sicily, Italy) in order to assess the levels and the spatial distribution of these elements. Enrichment factors calculated with respect to clean areas have been considered to discriminate between levels due to background or to pollution contributions. The sampling stations, which form a grid inside these areas, are characterized by geographic proximity and by the presence of pollution sources. Ratio matching technique along with hierarchical clustering, minimum spanning tree and principal component analysis have been used for the statistical analysis of data, allowing to better describe the spatial distribution of metal levels. Our work allowed to assess the anthropogenic contribution to the pollution of the area under investigation through industrial and domestic wastes, presence of an harbour area and river inflow.     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils using Enhanced Electrokinetic Soil Processing

In order to remediate contaminated land, a new process of electrokinetic purging of heavy metals from saturated soil is examined by laboratory experiments. Electrokinetic soil remediation is one of the most promising soil decontamination processes as it has high removal efficiency and time-effectiveness in low permeability soils such as clay. Being combined with several mechanisms-electromigration, electroosmosis, diffusion and electrolysis of water, electrokinetic soil processing can remove non-polar organics as well as ionic contaminants. This study suggests that the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd are significantly influencedby applied voltage and current, type of purging solutions, soilpH, permeability and zeta potential of soil. The removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were 75–85% for the kaolinite soil and 50–70% for the tailing soil over the duration of 4 days. For heavy metals, their adsorption capacities on the soil surface and mobilities in soil have significant effects on the removal efficiency.     

农业土壤重金属污染及防治

土壤是人类赖以生存的物质基础,土壤污染对人类的危害极大,它不仅直接导致粮食减产,而且通过食物链影响人体健康.在论述土壤重金属污染现状、污染迁移途径以及危害的基础上,阐述了土壤重金属污染的防治方法.     

Chemical Detection of Heavy Metals Applied at High Rates to Soil

Abstract

The detection of eight micropollutants was studied in a field trial. Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn soluble salts were applied at rates of 30, 90, and 270 kg ha^?1. The total element content was measured using HNO₃+H₂O₂, and the exchangeable/soluble content was measured with NH₄‐acetate+EDTA extraction. After 1 year, nearly all of the applied Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and As could still be detected in the plow layer in an exchangeable form, but the Cr and Hg were not detectable. Two years later, approximately two‐thirds of the added Cd and only about one‐third of the applied Cu, Pb, Zn, and As were found in exchangeable forms, whereas Cr and Hg were only marginally detected. With time, fixation of these elements in less exchangeable forms occurred. Cadmium remained exchangeable for a longer time than the other elements and could be measured by both analytical methods.     

城市土壤重金属有机酸淋溶特征与动力学机制

以典型工业城陕西省铜川市土壤为研究对象,采用BCR(欧共体标准物质局)连续形态分级法和Hakanson潜在风险指数法分别研究了人类活动性元素Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn的形态分布特征、环境迁移与生态风险;利用振荡浸提动力学试验(25℃平衡振荡24h)探讨了人工合成低氨基多羧酸(APCAs)乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)和低分子有机酸(LMWOAs)抗坏血酸(Vc)对重金属Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn的淋溶解吸特征与动力学机制。结果表明,铜川市工业区土壤重金属污染程度严重,总体潜在生态风险程度较强;重金属Zn和Cu的环境迁移趋势较大。淋溶动力学试验表明,不同类型有机酸对土壤Pb,Cr,Cu和Zn的淋溶解吸具有相似的动力学过程,但淋溶速率和解吸量随有机酸的不同各异。重金属Pb,Cr,Cu和Zn各形态量之和与有机酸EDTA和DTPA淋溶解吸量呈指数关系,而与低分子有机酸Vc淋溶解吸量成线性关系。从而进一步表明低分子有机酸Vc与氨基多羧酸类有机酸EDTA和DTPA对土壤重金属Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn淋溶解吸机制不同。     

Heavy Metals in Soil, Crops and Grass as a Source of Human Exposure in the Former Mining Areas (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   In the former mining area of Northern France, the number of diseases (cancers, malformations, backwardness...) is about ten times above the national average. Environmental surveys conducted by the Ministry of Health have showed that more than 10% of children living around a lead smelter located in this area had lead levels higher than 100 μg L-1 of blood (25% in the closest city). Two main factors contribute to the population exposure: the ingestion of plants produced in the contaminated area, and also the ingestion or the inhalation of contaminated dust or soil. It is usually known that these particles are key routes of exposure to lead for younger children, in particular via hand-to-mouth transfer. For a better understanding of this problem, researchers investigated different exposure sources like soil and vegetable contamination. Materials and Methods: All these parameters that contribute to the assessment of environmental and health risks of metal contamination have been measured. About 170 composite samples of soils around the smelter or from reference areas have been analysed, mainly from fields (70), kitchen gardens (60) and lawns (38). Total contents of Cd and Pd were measured in the organo-mineral layer (0-25cm) of soils. Composite grass samples were also taken on the lawns. Crops and vegetables were sampled from fields and kitchen gardens and then, parts of the plant intended only for consumption were washed and analysed. Results: For the organo-mineral horizon of the studied sites and located in various environmental contexts (contaminated or reference), we found a very broad range of metal concentrations. Generally, the data showed a strong variability of the physicochemical parameters of the urban soils (kitchen gardens, lawns), in particular with regard to lead. This work showed that cultivated plants (agricultural or kitchen garden) or lawn grass are also significantly contaminated by heavy metals, especially lawn grasses, cereal grains (wheat, barley) and lettuces sampled around the smelter. Moreover, the proportion of lead present on lawn grasses could reach 50% of the total contamination of the plants because of the deposition of contaminated dust. Discussion: The values of pollution in agricultural field and kitchen garden soils located near the smelter were respectively about 20 and 30 times above the agricultural regional reference values, probably due to the atmospheric emissions from a smelter that significantly increases the concentrations of metals in the upper horizons of the neighbouring soils. This pollution results in a high level of contamination of plants grown of these soils. Conclusions: The results showed that heavy metals in soils, particles (dust and soil) or plants of kitchen gardens, lawns or playgrounds could be potentially transferable to the users, and in particular to young children, and could then contribute, to a considerable share, to the exposure of the population living in a contaminated area around a smelter brought about through inhalation, direct ingestion of particles or consumption of plants. Recommendations and Perspectives: These results highlight that the consumption of home-grown vegetables can constitute a risk of exposure, in particular for cadmium, and especially in children. This work also underlined the role of the contaminated soil particles in the Pb contamination of the human food chains and their environment. Because of the complexity of the various methods of population exposure, it will be necessary to complete the data base, in partucular in urban areas. The main objective of this future work will be to relate the degree of environmental contamination with the lead level in child bood, and to integrate other environmental compartments like outdoor and indoor dust of the dwellings into the model of pathway exposure.     

重金属污染土壤清洗导致几种营养元素流失的研究

通过HCl、柠檬酸、EDTA这3种提取剂对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn污染土壤的漫提试验，研究了土壤清洗洗脱重金属的效果，并探讨了土壤清洗导致K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn这几种营养元素的流失和有效性的改变。试验结果表明，土壤清洗能有效地洗脱土壤中的Ph、Cd、Cu、Zn，伺时也造成了土壤中K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn的流失，降低了其中部分营养元素的有效性。EDTA对重金属的洗脱能力大于HCl和柠檬酸。HCl漫提造成的K、Ca、Mg的流失量大于柠檬酸和EDTA，柠檬酸浸提造成的Fe流失量大于HCl和EDTA，EDTA漫提造成的Mn流失量大于HCl和柠檬酸。HCl和柠檬酸浸提降低了土壤K、Ca、Mg的有效性EDTA浸提提高了土壤K的有效性。降低了土壤Ca的有效性。在高浓度时（50mmol／L），EDTA显著地降低了土壤Mg的有效性。HCl漫提导致土壤K的有效性下降比柠檬酸严重，高浓度的EDTA浸提导致土壤Ca的有效性下降比HCl和柠檬酸严重。HCl、柠檬酸、EDTA浸提都能提高土壤中Fe的有效性．且EDTA的效应大于其它2种萃取剂；在低浓度时，3种提取剂都能提高土壤中Mn的有效性，且以柠檬酸的作用最为明显，当提取剂浓度增加时，Mn的有效性有所回落。