草鱼幼鱼对饲料中泛酸需要量的研究

研究了饲料中泛酸钙添加量对平均体重(4.80±0.32)g的草鱼幼鱼生长和部分生理指标的影响。在相同基础配方中分别添加泛酸钙0、8、15、30、60、120、240 mg/kg饲料,进行为期8周的养殖试验,每个处理3个重复。结果表明:饲料中添加泛酸钙能提高草鱼幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率,降低饲料系数,对成活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。对照组的总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),各添加组无显著差异(P>0.05)。鱼体灰分含量不受饲料中泛酸钙含量的影响,但能提高鱼体水分、蛋白和脂肪含量(P<0.05)。基于特定生长率折线法分析,草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时的饲料泛酸钙最低需求量为25 mg/kg。     

草鱼Wap65基因的克隆和鉴定

经Poly I∶C诱导的草鱼肝肾cDNA文库中筛选并克隆了一个Wap65(HM629798)。草鱼Wap65全长cDNA为1510 bp,包括5’非编码区55 bp,3’非翻译区327 bp,最大开放阅读框为1128bp。草鱼Wap65是一个376 aa的蛋白质,其中,第56～95 aa、102～153 aa、155～199 aa、200～243 aa、262～305 aa和307～352 aa为重复血红素结合域。进化树显示,草鱼Wap65与斑点叉尾鱼回Wap65-2进化关系最近。定量PCR研究草鱼Wap65的表达特征,Wap65在肝中有较强的本底表达,而在脾、肾、脑和肠等组织中该基因表达非常微弱。34℃热激2 h后,在脾脏中,Wap65的表达量有一定的上调;在肝脏中的该基因的相对表达量大量增加,而在其他受检组织中Wap65的表达无明显变化。因此,草鱼Wap65主要在肝脏中表达。以上结果表明,本研究克隆的草鱼Wap65可能是Wap65-2。     

皇竹草粉对草鱼幼鱼生长、抗氧化反应和肠道健康的影响

为评估皇竹草(Pennisetum sinese Roxb)粉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼生长、抗氧化和肠道健康的影响,配制3组分别含0% (对照组C)、10%和20%皇竹草粉(P1和P2)的等氮等能半精制饲料(蛋白质水平为36%,脂肪水平为9%),饲喂草鱼稚鱼[(28.51±0.04) g] 56 d。结果显示,相比C组,P1和P2组显著提高了草鱼幼鱼的增重率和成活率(P<0.05);P2组草鱼血清丙二醛(MDA)含量比C组草鱼显著降低(P<0.05);P1和P2组草鱼血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性比C组草鱼显著降低(P<0.05);P1和P2组的草鱼血清中补体C3和C4的含量显著提高(P<0.05);同时,这2组肝脏的3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶(HOAD)和细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)的活性也显著高于C组(P<0.05);肠道显微结构显示,P1和P2组显著提高了草鱼幼鱼肠道的绒毛高度和皱褶深度,降低了肌层厚度(P<0.05);基因表达层面,相比C组,P1和P2组下调了肠道促炎细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α (tnf-α)和白细胞介素1β (il-1β)的基因相对表达量。综上所述,饲料中添加一定量的皇竹草粉能增强草鱼幼鱼的生长,降低体内氧化应激和肠道炎症。     

Improvement of Antioxidant Activity of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Protein Hydrolysate by Washing and Membrane Removal Pretreatments and Ultrasonic Treatment

To improve the antioxidant activity of grass carp hydrolysate, washing and membrane removal pretreatments and ultrasonic treatment were applied in this study. Various pretreatment methods (washing methods and membrane removal methods) for removing the prooxidants and phospholipid in minced fish were evaluated. The effects of ultrasonic treatment prior to enzyme hydrolysis on the antioxidant activities of minced carp hydrolysate were investigated. The minced carp subjected to washing with 0.4% NaCl solution and subsequent membrane removal with CaCl₂ and citric acid solution had the lowest content of prooxidants and phospholipid remaining in the minced fish. The hydrolysate produced from washing/membrane removal pretreated carp with ultrasonic treatment for 20 min had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power and scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2?-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. This suggested that the combination approach of washing/membrane removal pretreatment and ultrasonic treatment could improve the antioxidant activity of carp hydrolysate, and this hydrolysate could be a potential antioxidant ingredient for functional foods.     

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)性腺细胞系(GCO)特性和对鲤春病毒的敏感性

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)性腺细胞系(GCO)是中国科学院水生生物研究所在20世纪70年代开展草鱼出血病研究时建立的一株细胞系,迄今已传至300多代,在中国鱼类病毒学研究领域发挥了重要作用.本研究采用形态学观察、细胞生长曲线测定、细胞周期测定、细胞核型分析、细胞凋亡检测、电镜观察等方法,对GCO的生长特性及鲤春病毒血症病毒(SvCv)在该细胞中的增殖特性等进行了研究.结果显示,GCO细胞的最适生长温度为25℃,在M199和MEM等细胞培养液中均能较好地生长,培养液中最适的胎牛血清浓度为10％.测定了GCO细胞系对SVCV病毒的敏感性,发现与鲤(Cyprinus carpio)上皮瘤细胞系(EPC)、肥头鲤(Pimephales promelas)细胞系(FHM)、大鳞大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)胚胎细胞系(CHSE-214)等世界动物卫生组织(OIE)推荐和各检测实验室常用的鱼类细胞系相比,GCO细胞系对SVCV表现出非常高的敏感性.生长盐线、电镜观察和凋亡实验显示,SVCV能引起GCO细胞系出现明显而稳定的细胞病变,引起GCO细胞系出现凋亡,并在细胞质中大量增殖.结果表明,GCO细胞系适用于SVCV病毒的分离、检测以及病毒致病性的有关研究.GCO细胞的适宜生长温度为15-28℃,这一特点将使它可以广泛地用于多种水生动物病毒的分离.     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒AH528株全基因组特征及进化分析

草鱼出血病是由草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus,GCRV)引起的严重危害1~2龄草鱼的一种传染性疾病。本研究从安徽合肥地区患典型草鱼出血病的病鱼组织中分离到1株新的GCRV致病株,暂命名为GCRV-AH528。鱼体人工感染实验结果显示,实验鱼出现典型的出血病症状:体背发黑,鳍基部、腹部、口腔、鳃丝、肠道充血发红。全基因组特征分析显示,GCRV-AH528由11个双链RNA节段组成,节段大小在1027~3925 bp之间,AT平均含量为50.2%,GC平均含量为49.8%。与其他GCRVⅡ型毒株相比,L1节段在701~702位置缺少3个核苷酸(TAT),少编码1个酪氨基;M4节段出现突变,含2个开放阅读框,编码2个非结构蛋白NS9和NS69。所有节段两端均含有6 bp保守的末端核苷酸序列5'-GUAAU/CU…UU/GCAUC-3';另除L1、M6节段外,其余9个节段均在编码区两侧发现5~9 bp的颠倒互补序列。GCRV-AH528与其他呼肠孤病毒核苷酸平均相似度在37.1%~98.1%之间;编码蛋白平均相似度在24.3%~98.3%之间。基于VP1蛋白的聚类分析结果显示,该病毒属于水生呼肠孤病毒属,在氨基酸水平上与典型株GCRV-873株的进化关系较远。本研究结果表明,该毒株为一株新的草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型致病株。     

草鱼头肾发生组织学与免疫组织化学观察

为研究草鱼头肾的组织发生发育,应用组织学技术,对1 ～ 103 dph(day post hatching)的草鱼头肾进行观察分析,描述了头肾的组织结构变化及免疫球蛋白M(IgM)阳性细胞及过碘酸雪夫氏(PAS)阳性细胞的发生和分布.结果显示,6 dph,出现头肾原基,原基中原肾管分化形成的肾小管之间出现散在的干细胞.7 dph至16 dph,造血干细胞逐渐分化成不同类型的细胞,免疫细胞数量逐渐增加;17 dph至103 dph,肾小管逐渐退化至完全消失,网状内皮系统支持下的淋巴造血组织构成头肾的主要部分.40 dph肾上腺细胞团开始出现.65 dph与成鱼头肾的组织结构接近,作为淋巴-肾上腺组织存在.PAS阳性细胞最早在7 dph出现;IgM阳性细胞最早出现于17 dph;之后,IgM阳性细胞及PAS阳性细胞逐渐增多,分布于整个头肾组织.研究表明,65 dph草鱼头肾在组织上发育基本成熟;头肾作为草鱼免疫器官的早期发育可以分为3个阶段:无参与免疫反应的细胞、只具有参与非特异性免疫反应的细胞以及参与非特异性免疫反应及特异性免疫反应的细胞组织结构逐步发育完善.     

草鱼仔鱼耳石茜素络合物标记特征研究

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)是我国主要增殖放流经济鱼种之一,探索有效的标志方法对其增殖放流的技术保障和效果评价无疑至关重要。本研究对草鱼仔鱼耳石进行了1 d茜素络合物(ALC)荧光标记,以确认该方法的可行性及适宜条件。结果显示,微耳石、矢耳石和星耳石均能被标记。标记环在可见光及荧光下均能被观察到。其中,后者使用蓝色激发光(WBS)观察效果最佳。总体上,微耳石的标记效果最好,矢耳石次之。ALC浸泡对鱼体的生存及生长无显著影响,耳石上荧光信号出现和消失与鱼体开始浸泡和结束均存在约12 h的时滞。浸泡标记过的实验鱼在经过长达60 d的恢复续养后,标记环仍清晰可见,表明ALC标记效果明显且可长期存在。该方法对草鱼仔鱼的增殖放流标记具有较强的可行性。     

草鱼消化道碱性蛋白酶的分析鉴定

试验结果表明,草鱼肠道粗提取物在pH 10.3有最高酶活力。SDS-底物-PAGE电泳表明,草鱼肠道粗酶中有4种碱性蛋白酶,其中3种是丝氨酸蛋白酶(胰蛋白酶),1种是非丝氨酸蛋白酶,它们的相对分子质量分别为:26 400、30 750、43 000、约105 000。     

Effects of Dietary Geniposide on Growth,Flesh Quality,and Lipid Metabolism of Grass Carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary geniposide (GP) on growth performance, flesh quality, and lipid metabolism of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (95.2 ± 0.6 g), fed seven different diets, including a control diet; Eucommia ulmoides (EU)–supplemented diet (20 g/kg); and GP‐supplemented diets containing 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg GP, respectively. Weight gain rate was significantly improved (P < 0.05) and feed conversation ratio was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by supplementation of EU. Grass carp fed 100–800 mg/kg GP‐supplemented diets showed significantly higher total collagen and alkaline‐insoluble collagen content in muscle than control (P < 0.05). Contents of total collagen and the alkaline‐insoluble collagen content in the skin of grass carp were significantly increased by dietary 600–800 mg/kg GP and EU (P < 0.05). Fish fed diets containing 600–800 mg/kg GP showed significantly lower muscle crude lipid content than the EU, control, and 100–400 mg/kg GP groups (P < 0.05). Fish fed 400–800 mg/kg GP diets had significantly higher muscle fiber density and lower muscle fiber diameter and serum triglyceride level than the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of GP could improve flesh quality, but not growth of grass carp. The supplemental level of GP for improving flesh quality was estimated to be a 400–600 mg/kg diet.     

草鱼生长相关优势基因型的聚合效果分析

为研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)生长性状相关分子标记聚合效果,本研究选择利用候选基因关联分析方法获得10个与生长性状相关SNP标记,分别位于草鱼载脂蛋白A-I-1基因(apoA-I-1)、丙酮酸激酶1型(PKL)、羧肽酶A1(CPA1)、柠檬酸合酶(CS)、醛缩酶B(Aldo-B)、生长催乳...     

Preparation of Chitosan/Rosemary Extract Nanoparticles and their Application for Inhibiting Lipid Oxidation in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) during Cold Storage

This study investigated a preparation of chitosan/rosemary extract nanoparticles (CS/RE-NPs) based on the principle of ionic gelation and their application for inhibiting grass carp lipid oxidation. CS/RE-NPs were found to have a rosemary extract (RE) encapsulation efficacy of 40.33%, average particle size of 199.90 nm, and zeta-potential of 35.60 mV. Structural analysis using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the RE s were well incorporated into the CS-NPs. Treatment of the CS/RE-NPs inhibited lipid oxidation of the grass carp during cold storage, and the peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) value, and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity of the CS/RE-NP-treated samples were lower than those of RE and CS-NP-treated samples, respectively. CS/RE-NP-treated samples also slowed the growth of bacteria, enhanced the organoleptic quality, and prolonged the shelf life of grass carp. This study suggested that CS/RE-NPs can be used as an antioxidant delivery system to inhibit lipid oxidation and improve food quality.     

投饲蚕豆对草鱼生长和肉质影响的初步研究

分别以配合饲料(对照组)、蚕豆(蚕豆组)饲喂平均体重为496.5 g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)66d,考察蚕豆对草鱼生长和肉质的影响。结果表明:配合饲料组和蚕豆组增重率为82.76%,36.96%;饵料系数为2.17,4.45;肥满度为13.09,7.72;粗脂肪含量为0.89%,1.43%;肌肉失水率为27.14%,15.87%;肌原纤维长度为28.32μm,33.31μm;羟脯氨酸0.12mg/g,0.16mg/g。在生长方面,与配合饲料组相比,蚕豆组草鱼的增重率、肥满度极显著降低,饲料系数极显著增加(P<0.01);在肌肉品质方面,失水率极显著降低;粗脂肪含量、肌原纤维长度、羟脯氨酸含量极显著提高(P<0.01)。结果表明,投喂蚕豆对草鱼肌肉具有特殊的改变作用。     

草鱼和青鱼消化酶的分布特性

选择草鱼(C tenopharyngodon idellus)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)作试验鱼,对它们消化道的酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶以及三酰基甘油脂酶沿消化道及肝脏和胰腺中的活性分布进行了比较研究。研究表明:这些酶在消化道中呈现不同的分布规律,在肝脏和胰腺中酶的活性高于在消化道中相应酶的活性;同种鱼不同消化酶的分布有所差别;两种鱼消化组织中的各种酶活性分布规律也有差别;青鱼和草鱼的主要消化酶在不同消化器官中的分布有较大差别。     

The Effects of Chitosan Coating on Biogenic Amines Inhibition and Microbial Succession of Refrigerated Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Fillets

Chitosan coating and plastic wrap coating were investigated for their effects on the quality of grass carp fillets stored at 4 ± 1ºC for a period of 20 days. The fillets were divided into groups of untreated (Control), wrapped with sterile preservative film (PE), and chitosan-treated (1, 2, and 2.5% w/v corresponding to CH1, CH2, and CH2.5, respectively). The final result demonstrated that chitosan coating has positive effects on the microbial inhibition of total volatile count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, H₂S-producing bacteria (including Shewanella putrefaciens), and Staphylococcus. With regard to the results of biogenic amines (BAs), putrescine (PUT) and histamine (HIS) were the major amines, and their concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Control and PE than in chitosan-coated fillets at the end of storage. The final concentration in Control, PE, CH1, CH2, and CH2.5 was 143.7, 160.1, 83.0, 59.4, and 44.2 mg/kg for PUT and 228.0, 57.1, 4.1 3.2, and 2.9 for HIS, respectively. Chitosan coating was found to inhibit the increase of total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), microbial population, and total BAs and prolong the shelf life of grass carp fillets. However, sterile plastic wrap coating had little positive effect on maintaining the quality of grass carp fillets during refrigerated storage.     

草鱼洄游适宜流速条件与适应阈值

洄游通道的连通性及其水文条件,是制约鱼类正常洄游和产卵繁殖的关键因素,现有的生态流量相关研究更多侧重于产卵场栖息地模拟,忽略了鱼类洄游水流条件的重要性。为了探究流速条件对鱼类洄游上溯的影响,选取体长(55±5)cm的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为实验对象,通过搭建鱼类洄游仿真河道,营造不同的流速工况,观察不同情景方案下实验鱼群上溯洄游情况,并利用模糊逻辑法对鱼类上溯洄游率、平均上溯时间及上溯持续性等实验参数进行综合分析,探索草鱼洄游的适宜流速条件与适应阈值。结果显示,在流速0.20m/s以下时,草鱼基本无上溯行为;流速0.25～0.80m/s,70%样本在15min内完成上溯,但0.25～0.30m/s时,鱼群上溯缺乏明显的持续性;0.90～1.00m/s时,80%以上样本在5min快速完成上溯;流速超过1.1m/s时,上溯成功率明显降低。研究表明,实验草鱼洄游的适宜流速范围是0.40～1.00m/s,而刺激草鱼洄游的最小流速阈值是0.20m/s。相关结果可为河流生态水力学模拟和河流生态修复以及水利工程生态调度提供技术支撑。     

影响草鱼摄食水生植物因素的研究进展

在自然界,草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella大量摄食使水生植物的生物量下降,抑制植物群落的构建,影响利用水生植物修复水体生态系统。本文通过叙述草鱼消化系统的结构和功能、自身质量和放养密度与摄食行为的关系,以及草鱼摄食植物后产生的生理反应;讨论水温、pH和溶解氧、亚硝酸盐及氨氮含量对草鱼摄食的影响;分析水生植物的物理结构、营养成分和化学成分对草鱼摄食行为影响以及不同生长时期草鱼对水生植物的摄食率,以期为生态修复工程中先锋物种选择或水生植物恢复方法提供技术参考。     

草鱼“四联”疫苗在草鱼池塘养殖生产中的应用

利用4口池塘,每公顷放养75～100g/尾的草鱼种31 612尾～36 486尾。其中2口池草鱼种放养时接种草鱼"四联"疫苗,另2口池设为对照。经6个月的饲养试验,结果表明:接种疫苗的试验池草鱼与未接种疫苗的对照池相比,发病率比对照池低10.7%,成活率与平均产量比对照池分别提高12.8%和20.8%。试验初步证明,接种草鱼四联疫苗能有效地增强草鱼对"四病"的抵御能力,提高草鱼养殖成活率,是有效防治草鱼"四病"的有效措施之一。     

饲料蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物水平对草鱼生长和组织营养成分组成的影响

采用蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物含量不同的７种颗粒饲料，饲养初始体重约１６ｇ的草鱼，经６０天后取样分析，发现草鱼相对生长率随饲料蛋白质添加量的升高而显著上升；高蛋白质饲料一定程度上升高全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白含量，并显著增加肝胰脏脂质，主要是中性脂质的积累。全鱼、肌肉和肠－肠系膜脂肪含量随饲料脂肪添加量增加而显著升高。这表明，饲料蛋白质添加量是影响草鱼肝脏脂质积累的主要因素