农民土地权利保护研究：以农户认知与行使为视角

以全国26个省份问卷抽样调查得到的890个样本农户的数据为基础.从土地产权的土地使用权、转让权和收益权3个维度出发,以法律赋予农户土地权利的相关法律条例为基准,将农户对土地权利的认知情况与现实生活中农户对土地权利的行使情况进行对比,对全国东、中、西三大地区样本农户的土地权利保护情况进行区域比较.结果表明,各地区土地使用权缺乏稳定性:土地转让权的执行力度仍然不够;农业经营收益权和农地流转收益权基本得到保障;征地收益权受损比较严重.     

Gender and property rights in the commons: Examples of water rights in South Asia

In many countries and resource sectors, the state is devolving responsibility for natural resource management responsibility to ``communities' or local user groups. However, both policymakers and researchers in this area have tended to ignore the implications of gender and other forms of intra-community power differences for the effectiveness and equity of natural resource management. In the irrigation sector, despite the rhetoric on women's participation, a review of evidence from South Asia shows that organizations often exclude women through formal or informal membership rules and practices. Women may have other ways to obtain irrigation services, but even if they are effective, these other informal ways of obtaining irrigation services are typically less secure. As resource management – and rights to resources – are transferred from the state to local organizations, ensuring women's participation is essential for gender equity in control over resources. Greater involvement of women can also strengthen the effectiveness of local organizations by improving women's compliance with rules and maintenance contributions. Further detailed and comparative research is required to identify the major factors that affect women's participation and control over resources, if devolution policies are to be both equitable and sustainable. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

品种权开放许可——理论阐释、规范构造与运行保障

品种权开放许可是一种遵循自愿原则,体现开放共享、责任规则精神的品种权许可创新模式。品种权开放许可制度具有减少交易成本、加速育种成果转化、促进育种开放式创新的功能。本文从理论阐释、规范构造和运行保障方面对我国引入品种权开放许可问题进行了学术探讨,认为应围绕申请主体、开放许可声明与合同订立、年费减免与撤回等方面构造品种权开放许可制度,通过明确行政部门职能,完善多元纠纷解决机制,建立失信行为惩戒机制等保障品种权开放许可制度的运行。建议在我国植物新品种保护制度中引入开放许可制度,同时考虑该制度的运行成本、吸引力,以及与我国国情的契合性,以充分发挥其制度功能,促进品种创新与转化,更好地保障国家粮食安全。     

Lessons learned from pesticide drift: a call to bring production agriculture, farm labor, and social justice back into agrifood research and activism

I use the case of pesticide drift to discuss the neoliberal shift in agrifood activism and its implications for public health and social justice. I argue that the benefits of this shift have been achieved at the cost of privileging certain bodies and spaces over others and absolving the state of its responsibility to ensure the conditions of social justice. I use this critical intervention as a means of introducing several opportunities for strengthening agrifood research and advocacy. First, I call for increased critical attention to production agriculture and the regulatory arena. Second, I call for increased attention to ‘social justice’ within the food system, emphasizing the need to rekindle research on the immigrant farm labor force.

Sustainability and multifunctionality in French farms: Analysis of the implementation of Territorial Farming Contracts

Sustainable agriculture and ways to achieve it are important issues for agricultural policy. However, the concept of sustainability has yet to be made operational in many agricultural situations, and only a few studies so far have addressed the implementation process of sustainable agriculture. This paper provides an assessment of the Territorial Farming Contracts (TFC) – the French model for implementing sustainable agriculture – and aims to give some insights into the ways to facilitate the development of sustainable farming. Using a systems approach, the founding concept of the TFC model, an analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France. The results show that the first aspect of sustainability apparent in farmers’ projects referred to economic objectives. The environmental and social aspects were not foremost in the farming changes undertaken. In addition, the territorial dimension of the TFC was under-addressed. The majority of TFCs reveal a moderate or even low convergence with territorial priorities. These results are explained partly by the dominance of professional farming organizations in the implementation of TFC, and they imply that the organizational social dimensions of sustainability must not be neglected. Mohamed Gafsi is an assistant professor of farm management at the National School of Agronomic Training. He received his PhD in management science at the University of Bourgogne. His research interests include farm management and protection of natural resources, corporate environmental management, sustainable agriculture, and African family farms. Geneviève Nguyen is assistant professor in rural economics at the National Polytechnique Institute – National Superior School of Agronomy, in Toulouse. Her research interests include the dynamics of agrarian institutions in uncertain economies, the supply and organization of services in remote rural areas. Her research has been carried out in Europe, Africa, and Asia. She received her MA in Economics and her PhD in Agricultural Economics from the Ohio State University. Bruno Legagneux is assistant professor of farm management at the National Polytechnique Institute – National Superior School of Agronomy, in Toulouse. His research interests include farm management and the entry of young farmers into farming. Patrice Robin is an engineer agronomist. He received his diploma from the National Superior School of Agronomy, in Montpellier. He is currently a doctoral candidate at the University of Toulouse. His research interests include agriculture and rural development, environmental issues, and food quality.     

中国农村集体产权制度改革政策的变迁与趋势——基于2010—2020年76份政策文本的量化分析

以手工搜集的2010—2020年中国政府颁布的76份农村集体产权制度改革政策文本为研究对象,综合运用政策文献计量法和内容分析法,刻画农村集体产权制度改革政策的变迁与发展趋势。结果表明:1)中国农村集体产权制度改革政策绝大多数以部门规章的形式发出,反映出中国农村集体产权制度改革处于由点及面有序推进的进程中;2)参与农村集体产权制度改革政策制定的部门逐年增多,形成了多部门共同推进改革的局面;3)不同阶段的农村集体产权制度改革政策内容聚焦点各不相同,政策演进具有明显的阶段性特征:政策形成阶段(2010—2016年)主要聚焦于以清产核资、确权登记颁证为重点深入推进农村集体产权制度改革,政策深化阶段(2017—2020年)主要聚焦于制定相关配套政策从而确保集体资产保值增值和农民增收致富;4)当前农村集体产权制度改革政策体系在清查集体财产、核定集体资金、身份确认和农村集体资产财务管理等方面还存在政策供给不足的问题。     

Not in my body: BGH and the rise of organic milk

The advent of rBGH (recombinant bovinegrowth hormone) has spurred the establishment of anorganic milk industry. The food systems/commoditychain analytical framework cannot fully explain therise of this new food. An adequate understanding ofthe consumer's role in the food system/commodity chainrequires more attention to consumption as a form ofpolitics. One way to do this is to look at thepolitics of other new social movements, especiallythose contesting mainstream notions of risk. From thisapproach, organic milk consumption challenges rBGHfrom a ``Not-in-my-Body' or ``NIMB' politics of refusal,similar to the political refusal of neighborhoodresidents in ``Not-in-My-Backyard' or ``NIMBY'environmental movements. The NIMB form of politics isnot a social movement of politically consciousconsumers, yet it is still a political activity inwhich consumers participate in the formation of theindustry through a process of ``reflexive consumption.'An analysis of producer-consumer discourse on milkcartons reveals the nature of this political formation.     

三权分置下多元农业经营主体农地利用行为与逻辑 ——基于长江中下游地区的调查数据

随着三权分置农地制度改革的深入,更多的非集体成员可以进入到农业生产行业,农业经营主体正在经历着剧烈的转型,新型农业经营主体的表现值得关注。本文基于三权分置农地制度改革背景,利用长江中下游地区617个农业经营主体调研数据,从农地利用方式、农地投入配置和农地生产率3个方面分析不同农业经营主体的农地利用行为,探讨其行为特征与逻辑。结果表明,从农地利用方式上来看,经营主体的经营规模显著扩张,且存在非粮化的趋势;从农地投入来看,生产资料、雇工工资和土地租金已经成了各经营主体最重要的三大成本;从农地产出来看,土地生产率最高的是种田大户、劳动生产率最高的是资本农场,而资本生产率最高的是传统农户。三权分置下各经营主体的农地利用逻辑是传统农户将土地作为生计保障,获得一些安全的农产品供自家消费并实现自我价值;种田大户利用耕作技术、地方性知识不断提高劳动质量,以此提高产出和每个劳动对象的附加价值;家庭农场主从追求土地生产率向劳动生产率转变,通过合理利用劳动力达到最佳经营规模,降低单位成本、取得更多收入;资本农场使生产要素聚集产生规模效应以获取更多利润,向生产的上游科技化、下游品牌化方向延伸。因此,未来农业现代化的基本趋势应该是依靠广泛的农业技术进步,适度扩大农场规模,稳步提高农业生产效率。