稻水象甲的发生规律及防控措施

2014年5月26日在大竹县城西乡茶园村7组首次发现稻水象甲虫害,并已呈扩展蔓延之势。在各级农业局的指导下,采取一系列措施控制住了稻水象甲。为了减缓稻水象甲的扩散蔓延速度并对其进行有效防控,最大限度地减少水稻生产损失,总结稻水象甲防治工作的一些经验措施,以供借鉴。     

稻水象甲综合防控技术措施探讨

目前,稻水象甲已在麻江县水稻种植区域有局部发生,对水稻生产和粮食安全造成严重威胁。为有效遏制稻水象甲扩散蔓延,根据在实践中所掌握的当地行之有效的防控技术,以供各地结合实际情况,参考防治。     

稻水象甲综合防控技术要点

1稻水象甲的发生趋势 稻水象甲属于国家植物检疫对象,原产美国东部平原和山林中,自1988年传入我国,吉林省于1993年在集安首先发现,近几年随着水稻种植范围的扩展和引种等自然、人为因素,其危害逐步向中西部水稻产区蔓延。     

稻水象甲的发生规律及防控措施探析

水稻是我国重要的粮食作物,在我国大部分地区都有种植,其种植的安全性是我国粮食供应的重要保障。稻水象甲是一种生活在水稻田中的害虫,主要以水稻的叶片和根为食,严重影响了水稻的生产和发育,且传播速度快,影响范围广。稻水象甲虫害疫情一旦大规模暴发,将会对我国粮食安全造成一定影响,应引起相关部门的重视。基于此,分析稻水象甲的发生规律,并提出相应的防治措施。     

文山市农作物病虫害监测预报工作现状与对策分析

近年来,由于受气候异常变化、农业产业结构调整、种子市场放开、农产品流通贸易、耕作制度变化等因素影响,农作物病虫害发生异常,表现为稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟等重大病虫暴发频繁,水稻纹枯病、稻曲病等次要病虫害上升为主要病虫害,南方水稻黑条矮缩等新病害时有发生并逐年加重;细菌性条斑病、稻水象甲等检疫性病虫害传入文山市的危险越来越大。农作物病虫监测预警工作任务加重,难度加大,使病虫测报工作面临着严峻的挑战。基于此,重点分析了文山市农作物病虫害监测预报工作现状与发展对策。     

农业部重点实施入侵生物灭毒除害综合防治措施

目前已知我国至少有 380种入侵植物、40种入侵动物和 2 3种入侵微生物 ,其中对我国农业带来严重危害的植物有水葫芦、水花生、豚草、紫茎泽兰、飞机草、大米草、薇甘菊和银胶菊等 ,虫害有美国白蛾、松突圆蚧、湿地松粉蚧、稻水象甲、蔗扁蛾、苹果绵蚜、葡萄根瘤蚜、二斑叶螨、马铃薯甲虫和桔小实蝇等 ,动物有福寿螺和非洲大蜗牛等 ,微生物或病害有水稻细菌性条斑病、玉米霜霉病、马铃薯癌肿病、大豆疫病、棉花黄萎病、柑橘黄龙病、木薯细菌性枯萎病和番茄溃疡病等 ,这些外来物种给我国农业生态系统、畜牧和鱼类栖息环境、农业生物多样性保护…     

稻鸭共生对土壤养分和水稻病虫害防控的影响

在上海淀山湖稻区,设置稻鸭共生田间试验,研究稻田养鸭对水稻土壤养分、田面水和水稻病虫害防控的影响.试验分为四个处理:(1)稻鸭共生(DR);(2)受稻鸭共生区田面水影响,但无鸭子进入(ND);(3)受稻鸭共生区田面水影响,无鸭子进入,但人工除草(NDW);(4)不受稻鸭共生区田面水影响,水稻单作(CK).结果表明:无论...     

不同施肥、栽插期与水稻品种对稻茎毛眼水蝇发生的影响

调查了不同施肥处理、水稻不同栽插期稻茎毛眼水蝇危害状况。结果表明,同一品种不同施肥处理稻茎毛眼水蝇危害株率差异不明显,水稻不同载插期稻茎毛眼水蝇危害株率差异较大,随栽插期推迟危害株率明显增加。并优选出对稻茎毛眼水蝇具有一定抗性的81个水稻品种（系）。     

湘北丘陵林-稻系统稻田表面水质量效应及评价研究

为了研究并评价中南丘陵区林地-稻田复合生态系统稻田表面水的环境质量效应,以河滨平原稻田为对照,于2013年4月中旬到9月上旬对湘北汩罗市桃林林场两类林-稻(松-稻、混-稻)系统稻田进行表面水原位研究,基于不同时期各系统稻田表面水总氮、总磷、NO-3-N、NH+4-N、有机氮、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(WPOC)、COD、总Pb、总Cd、pH等指标的监测结果,用通径分析法研究了不同林-稻系统稻田表面水的环境机制,同时用模糊数学综合评价法对稻田表面水质量进行了评价。结果表明:(1)在非稻季,人为干扰少的混-稻系统稻田表面水污染风险低于松-稻系统及对照,其中前者稻田表面水属Ⅲ类水,后两者表面水属Ⅴ类水;(2)在稻季,两类林-稻系统稻田表面水水质优于对照,前者稻田表面水平均总氮、COD、总Cd、总Pb含量仅分别是对照的75.0%,78.4%,62.6%,87.6%。在研究中发现,稻田表面水有机质依循"生物有机质→胶体有机质→颗粒有机质→稻田土壤"途径循环转化;稻田表面水颗粒有机质含量规定了稻田表面水85.7%的COD和77.3%的镉、76.2%的铅,是影响稻田表面水质量的关键因素。综上所述,丘陵林-稻复合系统稻田表面水质量优于平原区,林-稻复合系统具有阻断污水灌溉、屏蔽病虫传播的环境优势;稻田表面水水质受水体有机质循环机制调节。     

不同施肥,栽插期与水稻品种对稻茎毛眼水蝇发生的影响

调查了不同施肥处理,水稻不同栽插期插茎毛眼水蝇危害状况。结果表明,同一品种不同施肥处理稻茎毛眼水蝇危害株率差异不明显,水稻不同栽插期稻茎毛眼水蝇危害株率差异较大,随栽插期推迟危害株率明显增加。并优选出对稻茎毛眼水蝇具有一定抗性的８１个水稻品种（系）。     

不同虫态米象侵害对小麦蛋白理化和结构特性的影响

为探索不同虫态米象侵害对小麦蛋白品质的影响，该研究以米象侵害后的小麦为研究对象，对米象不同虫态（卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫期）侵害后的小麦粗蛋白、尿酸、蛋白组分、湿面筋、面筋吸水量、乳酸溶剂保持力（solvent retention capacity，SRC）、蔗糖SRC、巯基（-SH）、二硫键（-S-S-）、蛋白质二级结构、面筋蛋白显微结构以及制成全麦面条的色泽和质构特性等进行测定与分析。结果表明，米象的侵害会使小麦蛋白的理化特性和形态结构变差。随着米象的生长发育，小麦籽粒中粗蛋白的含量显著上升，湿面筋、面筋吸水量，乳酸SRC、蔗糖SRC，- SH和- SS -的含量下降，小麦蛋白组分和二级结构比例发生显著变化(P<0.05)，小麦的食用品质和营养价值降低。面筋蛋白显微结构显示：随着米象在小麦籽粒内部生长发育，面筋表面粗糙程度加重，断裂面和毛刺增多，到达成虫期后，部分面筋结构已经严重断裂，无法识别。制成全麦面条后，面条的色泽加深，L*值、蒸煮损失率增大，a*值、b*值、硬度、黏附性、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性和回复性降低。该试验结果进一步阐明了米象侵害后小麦品质的劣变机制，为小麦贮藏期间及虫蚀小麦的品质改良提供了一定的理论基础。     

Stored wheat insect infestation related to uric acid as determined by liquid chromatography

Liquid chromatography is used to measure the uric acid content of wheat internally infested by various growth stages of granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), and lesser grain borer (Ryzopertha dominica). Good correlation exists between numbers of insects and uric acid content of grain infested by a given stage of an internally infesting stored product insect, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.970 to 0.998. Uric acid content of infested grain increases as the insect life cycle progresses, with granary weevil producing the greatest quantities of uric acid followed in order by rice weevil and lesser grain borer. A detection limit for the analytical procedure of less than 1.0 ppm uric acid allows detection of infestation levels as low as one kernel per 100 g grain for late instar granary weevil larvae. This limit is sufficiently sensitive to detect levels of infestation that may be commonly encountered in commerce.     

Effects of mulch location on banana weevil,soil and plant nutrients,soil water and biomass in banana fields

Major constraints to banana (Musa spp., genome group AAA) production, a dietary staple for over 70 million people in sub-Saharan Africa, are pest infestations, poor nutrition and inadequate water. Although mulch can improve soil water and nutrient status, many farmers believe it also promotes the proliferation of banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus), one of the most serious banana pests. In this study, we evaluated the effects of mulch location (mulch to base of banana pseudostem; mulch recessed 1 m from the pseudostem) on banana weevil, soil and plant nutrient status, soil water, and banana growth and development. After 3 years, the fully mulched plots had significantly more soil Ca and Mg than plots that did not receive mulch. Banana foliar K concentration was significantly higher in both mulch treatments (full and recessed) than in the control (no mulch) plots. The mulched plots had greater recharge after rainfall events and higher soil water contents during dry periods due to increased infiltration in the mulched plots. However, the mulched plots also exhibited significantly higher banana weevil densities and greater plant damage than the control plots. There was no difference in weevil damage with mulch location, although weevil density was higher in the fully mulched plots throughout most of the trial. Despite greater weevil damage, the treatments that were mulched yielded significantly heavier bunches. Hence the effects of the mulch on soil water infiltration and banana foliar nutrient status outweighed the detrimental effects of banana weevil damage.     

华恢1号衍生系旱恢3T的选育及抗虫表现

水稻作为世界上主要的粮食作物之一,容易受到螟虫、稻飞虱、稻象甲等主要害虫为害造成减产.为改良节水抗旱稻的抗虫性,以华恢1号(TT51)为cry1Ab/Ac基因供体,与节水抗旱稻恢复系品种旱恢3号杂交,利用分子标记辅助选择技术对目标基因进行筛选,最终获得BC3F4纯合、稳定株系.通过对Cry1Ab/Ac蛋白的定性和定量检...     

Effect of Presoaking on Textural,Thermal, and Digestive Properties of Cooked Brown Rice

Brown rice kernels (japonica type) were soaked in water at different temperatures (25 or 50°C) before cooking to a moisture content of 20 or 30%. Soaked brown rice was cooked in either the soaking water (SW) or in distilled water (DW) (rice solids to water ratio 1:1.4). Color, texture, and in vitro digestive properties of the cooked rice were examined. When the soaking temperature was higher (50°C vs. 25°C), water absorption and starch leaching were greater. To reach 20% moisture, the rice required 1 hr of soaking at 50°C but 2 hr of soaking at 25°C. Both the moisture content of the soaked rice and the soaking temperature affected the texture of the cooked brown rice. Rice that attained 20% moisture content during soaking was harder and less adhesive when cooked compared with rice that attained 30% moisture content. The rice soaked at 50°C was slightly softer but more adhesive when cooked than rice soaked at 25°C. The soaking temperature and moisture content of the rice kernels also affected the digestive properties of the cooked rice. The cooked brown rice that had attained 30% moisture before cooking was digested to a greater extent than rice that had attained 20% moisture. Even at equal moisture content, the rice soaked at the higher temperature (50°C) was digested more readily. It was assumed that the amount of soluble material leached during soaking differed according to the soaking temperature and moisture content, which subsequently affected the texture and digestive properties of the cooked brown rice. The rice cooked in its own soaking water was harder and more adhesive, had higher levels of resistant starch (RS), and exhibited smaller glycemic index (GI) values than its counterpart cooked with distilled water. This result indicated that the soluble material leached during soaking made the cooked rice harder and less digestible, perhaps due to interactions between these molecules and the gelatinized rice during cooking.     

圆形多轴多旋翼电动无人机辅助授粉作业参数优选

圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机与单轴单旋翼无人直升机相比,结构上有很大差异,因而其旋翼所产生气流到达作物冠层后形成的风场参数亦有所不同。该文采用3种圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机,根据正交试验设计法设计了3因素(飞行高度、飞行速度以及飞机与负载质量)3水平的正交试验,通过考察平行于飞行方向(X)、垂直于飞行方向(Y)、垂直地面(Z)3个方向上的峰值风速、Y向风场宽度(越宽越好)、动力电池的压降(放电越慢越好)3个指标,对该机型用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数进行优选,试验结果分析表明:圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机在水稻冠层形成的X向风场宽度明显大于Y向的风场宽度;有别于单旋翼无人直升机,圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机X向风场只有1个峰值风速中心,Y向风场存在2个峰值风速中心,这一现象主要由飞行器多个旋翼的侧向气流叠加形成,相互之间存在干扰,而且也影响了Y向风场的有效宽度。在实际应用中,对于能实现GPS自主导航飞行的机型,应根据作业的便利程度尽量利用X向的风力,更有益于辅助授粉作业;而对于未采用GPS自主导航飞行的机型,为便于飞控手对飞机位置的判断与姿态操控而必须沿父本行方向进行飞行作业时(即利用Y向风力),应充分考虑垂直于飞行方向风场宽度较窄的实际情况,通过降低作业效率来弥补。圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机在水稻冠层所形成风场的峰值风速主要受飞机的飞行速度、飞机与负载质量、飞行高度影响。结合有效风场宽度及电池电量消耗程度来考量,3种主要因素的主次排序及其较优水平依次为飞行速度1.30 m/s、飞机与负载质量18.85 kg和飞行高度2.40 m。该结果可为其他圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数设置提供参考,而且也可为制定基于农用无人直升机的水稻制种辅助授粉作业技术规范提供依据。     

单旋翼电动无人直升机辅助授粉作业参数优选

不同类型的农用无人直升机的结构不同,旋翼所产生气流到达作物冠层后形成的风场也有较大差异,对应的风速、风向和风场宽度等参数对花粉的运送效果直接影响到授粉的效果(母本结实率)、作业效率及经济效益。该文采用单轴单旋翼电动无人直升机,根据正交试验设计法设计了3因素(飞行高度、飞行速度和飞机及负载质量)3水平的正交试验,通过考察平行于飞行方向(X向)、垂直于飞行方向(Y向)、垂直地面(Z向)3个方向上的峰值风速(X、Y向越大越好,Z向越小越好)、Y向风场宽度(越宽越好)、动力电池的压降(放电越慢越好)3个指标,对单旋翼电动无人直升机用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数进行优选,试验结果分析表明:SCAU-2型单轴单旋翼电动无人机在峰值风速1 m/s时对应的水稻冠层有效风场最宽可达8.1 m,最窄为4.9 m,该机型在所设计的试验条件下基本能满足传播花粉的需求;该机型在水稻冠层所形成风场的峰值风速主要受飞机的飞行速度、飞机及负载质量、飞行高度影响,且随着飞行速度的降低、飞机及负载质量的增加、飞行高度的降低,其峰值风速有逐步增大的趋势。结合有效风场宽度及电池电量消耗程度来考量,3种主要因素的主次排序及其较优水平依次为飞行速度1.56 m/s、飞机及负载质量14.05 kg和飞行高度1.93 m。该结果可为其他单轴单旋翼电动无人直升机用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数设置提供参考,而且也可为制定基于农用无人直升机的水稻制种辅助授粉作业技术规范提供依据。     

供氮形态和水分胁迫对苗期—分蘖期水稻光合与水分利用效率的影响

采用室内营养液培养及聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫处理的方法,在3种供氮形态(NH4+/NO3-比为100/0,50/50和0/100)和2种水分条件(非水分胁迫及水分胁迫)下,研究了水稻苗期—分蘖期的生长及其水分利用效率。结果表明,苗期—分蘖期水稻在非水分胁迫条件下,NH4+/NO3-比为50/50处理(NH4+、NO3-混合处理)的生物量最大,比单一供NH4+-N和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高49.63%和63.25%。而在水分胁迫条件下,单一供NH4+-N的处理生物量最大,比NH4+、NO3-混合处理和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高5.76%和484.0%;单一供NH4+-N其水分利用效率也最高,比NH4+、NO3-混合处理和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高11.36%和81.63%,而比非水分胁迫条件下的相应处理高12.39%。此外,单一供NH4+-N较单一供NO3--N的处理水稻有较强的抗旱性,主要与其能保持相对较高的叶绿素含量、叶面积、分蘖数和净光合速率有关。     

Effects of Germination Duration on Milling,Physicochemical, and Textural Properties of Medium‐ and Long‐Grain Rice

Germinated brown rice is popular in Asia for its increased γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and sweeter and softer texture compared with conventional brown rice. However, most studies investigated germinated rice properties on medium‐grain or aromatic rice. The objective of this study was to compare differences between a medium‐grain (Jupiter) and a long‐grain (Wells) rice under similar germination conditions on their milling, physicochemical, and textural properties over the course of germination. Rough rice was soaked in water at 25°C for 12 h and then incubated at 30–34°C for four germination durations. Wells had a higher breakage percentage and a greater weight decrease than Jupiter during germination. Wells had a significantly lower GABA content before germination and at the first two germination durations than Jupiter, but the GABA content in Wells significantly increased at the third germination duration to become significantly higher than that of Jupiter. There were no significant changes in gelatinization temperatures and pasting properties of germinated rice from both cultivars at different germination durations. The cooked rice hardness from Wells decreased at the longest germination duration, whereas Jupiter showed a more significant decrease in cooked rice stickiness from germination. The results demonstrate that the impacts of germination on physical, chemical, and textural properties of rice were affected by grain type and germination duration.     

Impact of Soaking Temperature and Duration on Fissure Incidence of Rough Rice Kernels

Internal stresses owing to moisture and temperature gradients often result in the development of rice kernel fissures. Fissured rough rice kernels tend to break upon milling and potentially reduce the market value of rice. This work was conducted on the premise that fissures may be healed by soaking in water at a specific temperature and duration. Fissured rough rice kernels of a long‐grain cultivar, Wells, were selected by X‐ray imaging. Fissured kernels were soaked in a water bath at six soaking temperatures (22, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80°C) and three soaking durations (1, 2, and 3 h) and then gently dried for characterization. X‐ray images revealed that soaking at 75°C for 3 h healed up to 70.0% of the fissured kernels. Soaking at 22, 60, or 65°C did not result in healing. For normal kernels, soaking at different temperatures for 3 h created fissures. Bending tests using a texture analyzer showed that brown rice breaking force increased from 18.5 N (fissured kernels) to 43.7 N (healed kernels). Soaking rough rice in water at a temperature slightly above its onset gelatinization temperature may potentially heal fissures.