猪断奶后多系统衰弱综合征（PMWS）

猪断奶后多系统衰弱综合征（PMWS）是由猪圆环病毒引起的传染病。猪圆环病毒最早是在1974年首次从猪连续肾细胞系PK-15中作为一种污染物分离出来的病毒，直到1996年才陆续有该病的报道。主要发生于5-12周龄仔猪，断奶可能是重要的诱导因素。主要表现为体质下降、呼吸困难、贫血、皮肤苍白，有的还表现腹泻、咳嗽和中枢神经症状。可以根据临床症状和病理变化做出初步诊断，确诊需要实验室进一步检查。防治本病的疫苗，尚在研制之中。     

猪圆环病毒2型引起急性肺水肿新症状

猪圆环病毒(PCV)是迄今发现的最小动物病毒之一,现已知PCV有两个血清型,即PCV-1和PCV-2。PCV-1为非致病性的病毒,PCV-2为致病性的病毒。PCV-2是断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征(PMWS)的主要病原,PMWS最早发现于加拿大。最近在美国有学者报道,猪圆环病毒出现一种新的表现症状,称为急性肺水肿型(APE),它主要影响刚出生和刚断奶的小猪,     

表达猪圆环病毒2型辽宁分离株ORF2基因核酸疫苗的小鼠免疫试验

<正>猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2)主要引起断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征(PWMS)、猪皮炎肾病综合征(PDNS)、猪呼吸系统综合征(PRDC)、仔猪先天性震颤(CT)等疾病,统称为猪圆环病毒相关疾病(PCVAD)[1]。PCVAD在临床上可能仅仅表现散发的个别症状,也可能混合感染几种病毒或细菌而使病情加速和严重,表现出严重的综合征,临床症状以     

猪圆环病毒病的流行、诊断与防治

<正>猪圆环病毒病是由猪圆环病毒感染所引起,以免疫抑制为特征的病毒性传染病,主要感染仔猪或青年猪。因本病容易继发或并发其他传染病,给养猪业带来较大的损失。1病原猪圆环病毒属圆环病毒科圆环病毒属,是目前发现动物病毒中最小的一种。其无囊膜,为单股环状脱氧核糖核酸病毒,对外界环境的抵抗力较强。本病相应的临床症状和病理表现为仔猪断奶后多系统衰竭综合症、猪皮炎肾病综合征、猪呼吸道疾病复合征及A2型先天性震颤。     

猪链球菌2型和猪圆环病毒2型混合感染的检测

2006年9月,温州某猪场断奶仔猪出现消耗性综合征,剖检的仔猪主要表现为淋巴结肿大和脑膜炎等。分别设计针对猪圆环病毒2型CAP蛋白和猪链球菌2型溶血素蛋白基因的特异性引物,用PCR技术从患病仔猪的肺脏、脾脏、淋巴结和脑组织中扩增出了猪链球菌2型和猪圆环病毒2型特异性片段。结合本病的临床症状和病理变化,病例确诊为猪链球菌2型和猪圆环病毒2型的混合感染。     

圆环病毒疫苗免疫前后的情况对比及未来控制方向

<正>疫苗是控制疾病很好的工具,但疫苗公司的建议让农户困惑。在泰国,大多数厂家主导扩大市场份额,而非如何帮农民解决问题。一、圆环病毒疫苗历史圆环病毒病及其综合征1999年在台湾发生,2000年首次被报道。最先表现出的症状就是断奶后多系统衰竭综合征,当时的学术研究者分为两派,一派认为断奶后多系统衰竭综合征就是圆环病毒,另一派认为是圆环病毒的并发症。不同颜色和品种的猪均可感染圆环病毒2型,表现为苍白、消瘦、背毛竖立、衰竭、空腹、背部没有肌肉。2002年诊断     

猪圆环病毒病的流行与诊治

猪圆环病毒病是由猪圆环病毒(PCV)引起新的疾病.该病毒是迄今发现的最小的动物病毒.现已知PCV有2个血清型,即PCV1和PCV2,PCV1为非致病性的病毒,PCV2为致病性的病毒,是断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征.其临床特征是新生仔猪出现先天性仔猪震颤,断奶后仔猪和青年猪出现猪多系统衰竭综合征.本病对新生仔猪的危害性不大,一般表现愈后良好,但对断奶仔猪的危害性较大,一般表现愈后不良.断奶仔猪大群的发病率一般在5％～8％,症状严重的最终死亡.     

猪圆环病毒病的流行与诊治措施

正猪圆环病毒病是由猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型引起的一种猪慢性传染病,可出现多系统衰竭综合征、皮炎-肾病综合征等多种病症。本病在临床上有两种表现:断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征和皮炎-肾病综合征。猪圆环病毒病的诊断主要采用聚合酶链式反应试验。传染病重在预防,治疗可应用抗生素,并配合其他药物。1病原本病病原为猪圆环病毒,是最小的无囊膜环状单链DNA病毒,包括猪圆环病毒Ⅰ型和猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型。猪圆环     

猪圆环病毒2型的流行病学及影响

一、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)在猪群中属于一种"新型"的病毒吗?人们为了寻找1991年所记载的在猪群中所暴发的临床案例的病因,结果从1998年以后开始认识到了猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)的存在。这些发病案例主要是引起发育阶段的猪群出现生长缓慢,断奶仔猪以及育肥初期的猪群出现死亡率增高等症状,于是人们给符合这种临床条件的疾病统称为断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合     

重视猪圆环病毒病的防治

<正> 猪圆环病毒是近年来新发现的一种病毒,主要引起猪断奶后多系统衰竭综合征(PMWS),由于本病的广泛分布,危害日益严重,已引起人们的密切关注。为了尽早地做好防治工作,特概述该病的一些情况,供同道者参考。病毒特性猪圆环病毒属于圆环病毒科,本科有植物病毒和动物病毒,动物病毒有鸡传染性贫血病毒、鹦鹉喙羽病毒和猪圆环病毒等。猪圆环病毒有两个血清型:PCV-1和PVC-2,其中PVC-1不引起细胞病变,感染猪也不出现临床症状,而PVC-2是引起断奶猪多系统衰竭综合症(PMWS)的主要病原。本病毒对环境的抵抗力较强,在70℃可存活15分钟,56℃不能将其灭活,PCV抗血清不能抑制细小病毒(PPV)的红细胞凝集。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -