培育天麻蜜环菌的新原料及方法

在价格和科技进步双重因素推动下,近几年全国天麻种植业有很大发展。由于各生产区培育菌材的原料单一,只采用壳斗科的几个树种,因而使培育天麻蜜环菌菌材的资源日趋枯竭,为了解决天麻生产的原料问题,从1991年开始采用多种原料进行培菌试验、均获得良好效果。1·松材 包括马尾松和黄山松。将新鲜松材锯成长度80～100厘米段木,及时削去外层粗皮,再将去皮段木楞于通风处干燥,如在野外堆楞应加盖防雨,以防止松材青腐和霉变。经2～3个月后,待松材表面的松脂小块用手一捏即成粉状,松材相互敲击有脆响声即可用于培菌。培菌时可用50×10~(-6)2.4D溶液喷洒松材,以促进发菌,培菌方法同常规。采用上述方法处理的松材,发菌快,菌丝生长旺盛,产量优于栎类树种。     

蜜环菌材培养的适用技术

天麻的营养来源于蜜环菌。这是人工栽培天麻的基础。蜜环菌在天麻生长发育进程中的重要作用是不容置疑的。为此栽培天麻之前，必须先培养蜜环菌材。笔者连续栽培天麻数年，现将蜜环菌材培养的适用技术介绍如下。１蜜环菌的形态特征１．１菌丝：是蜜环菌的营养体。在腐烂或半腐烂的树枝、树根或其它植物上，可以看到白色的束或块的菌丝集合体。１．２菌索：是蜜环菌菌丝体度过不良环境的一种特殊结构，是长期演化过程中逐步转化而形成的。菌索常附于天麻表皮、菌棒表面及快腐朽的菌棒、树皮与木质部之间。幼嫩的菌索为棕红色，前端有黄白色或…     

蜜环菌林下栽培技术及生物学特性观察

蜜环菌 [Armillariella mellea （Vahl ： Fr. ） Karst.又名榛蘑、栎蘑、草蘑、根索蕈,属真菌门、担子菌亚门、层菌纲、伞菌目、白蘑科、密环菌属。种系多、分布广,是一种在夏、秋季节发生,能兼性寄生于多种木本、草本植物的食用菌。密环菌在世界许多地方都有分布,在非洲、欧洲、北美、澳大利亚等地均有分布。中国的辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、河北、河南、陕西、山西、四川、云南、贵州、西藏等省也有分布。     

芥黄蜜环菌交配型复等位基因的研究

从大兴安岭长白山采集１７号芥黄蜜环菌,用分离的单孢菌株进行交配型测定,证实中国该种为双因子异宗配合机制,选取各号标本的４种交配型菌株进行循环配对实验,结果发现该种的交配型基因座的多样性很高,共有１３对复等位基因,证明该种在世界分布区域内具有较强的生态适应能力。是目前国际首次用实验测定的蜜环菌交配基因数目。     

黑龙江省牡丹江林区蜜环菌的调查与鉴定

在黑龙江省牡丹江地区10个林业局内进行了蜜环茵生物种的调查和标本采集，共采集分离出41个菌株，用东北5个蜜环茵生物种与之交配测定的结果表明这些菌株大部分为高卢蜜环菌，少数为CBS F。     

芥黄蜜环菌交配型复等位基因的研究

从大兴安岭长白山采集17号芥黄蜜环菌,用分离的单孢菌株进行交配型测定,证实中国该种为双因子异宗配合机制,选取各号标本的4种交配型菌株进行循环配对实验,结果发现该种的交配型基因座的多样性很高,共有13对复等位基因,证明该种在世界分布区域内具有较强的生态适应能力。是目前国际首次用实验测定的蜜环菌交配基因数目     

一个天麻共生蜜环菌菌株的培养基筛选

为给天麻的共生蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)菌株MC4筛选最佳的母种培养基和栽培种培养基,将菌株MC4接种到不同的培养基上,测定MC4在不同培养基上的生长速度、生物量,并观察培养特性,结果表明：在以马铃薯淀粉为碳源、以酵母粉为氮源、以KH₂PO₄为无机盐的母种培养基上,菌株MC4的生长速度及生物量显著较其它培养基上的高(P<0.05);在以栎木枝条和马铃薯汁制成的Ⅳ号栽培种培养基上,菌株MC4菌丝萌发所需时间较短,生长速度快,分枝茂密,且菌索粗壮,直径达0.45cm。天麻共生蜜环菌菌株MC4最佳的母种培养基应以马铃薯淀粉为碳源、酵母粉为氮源、KH₂PO₄为无机盐,而以栎木枝条和马铃薯汁配制的Ⅳ号培养基更适合作为MC4的栽培种培养基。     

蜜环菌群体遗传规律的初步研究

在长白山保护区天然针阔混交林和张广才岭地区红松人工林内,设立5个样地,采集蜜环菌样本331号.利用体细胞非亲和性的试验方法,鉴定出东北地区林木病原菌奥氏蜜环菌在林间的遗传体密度较低,是以菌索的形式存在,并为主要传播方式.在防治中应以切断病原菌的土壤传播为主要原则.     

奥氏蜜环菌杂交双倍体子实体的人工诱导

用产自北半球的奥氏蜜环菌Armillaria ostoyae(Romagn.) Herink单倍体菌株进行杂交，选育出25个增效交配的杂交双倍体菌株，使用3种培养料，分别在全自动和半自动人工气候室中培养诱导子实体。结果表明，在全自动人工气候室中，奥氏蜜环菌杂交双倍体产生子实体的概率是47％，而半自动人工气候室中的概率为20％。从杂交子实体中都分离到了F1代单倍体菌株。环境条件分析表明湿度是蜜环菌子实体发育的重要影响因子；培养条件分析表明蜜环菌干菌丝体可促进蜜环菌的营养生长和子实体发育。     

无公害轮叶党参林地栽培技术

介绍了轮叶党参的形态特征、生态习性、无公害栽培、采收与加工技术。轮叶党参宜选在半阴半阳坡、土壤肥沃、土层深厚、腐殖质含量较高的森林土壤中栽培,采用挖根栽植或种子繁殖。轮叶党参是营养价值很高的山野菜,是我国出口韩国等国的主要山菜之一。     

Studies on Armillaria mellea in East Africa

The effect of unsterile soil leachates on the colonisation by Armillaria mellea of cylinders of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica was studied and is discussed with relevance to East Africa.     

Armillaria mellea: Growth and distribution of rhizomorphs in the forest soils of Newfoundland1

The growth and distribution of rhizomorphs as shown by their amount and length, amount and type of branching, and depth of soil up to which they can grow, depend on the type of site and soil conditions, and host species.     

The production of rhizomorphs by Armillaria mellea from stumps

The production of rhizomorphs by Armillaria mellea from stumps samples collected in East Anglia was studied: those of broad-leaved trees produced greater yields than those of pines and, in the absence of poisoning, over a much longer period after felling. The ability of A. mellea to form rhizomorphs is often reduced after prolonged growth in pine tissues. The interaction of A. mellea and other fungi is briefly considered. Some implications of these observations for forestry practice are discussed.     

Identification and partial characterization of an extracellular manganese-dependent peroxidase in Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria mellea

Laccase and manganese-dependent peroxidase (Mn peroxidase) activities were detected in the culture media of Armillaria ostoyae and A. mellea. Mn peroxidase was produced in significantly higher quantity by the A. ostoyae isolates and was purified by chromatography from one isolate of this species. Some properties of the purified enzyme were examined (absorption spectrum, H₂O₂ and MnSO₄ optimal concentrations, pH optimum and lactate stimulation). Enzymes of potential importance in the lignin degradation (especially Mn peroxidase) by Armillaria sp. are compared to those of other root-rotting fungi. The possible role of Mn peroxidase in modulating the pathogenicity of Armillaria sp. is discussed.     

Penetration of Picea sitchensis root bark by Armillaria mellea,Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum

Penetration of root bark tissues of Picea sitchensis by Armillaria ostoyae, Armillaria mellea and Heterobasidion annosum was examined in the absence of wounds, in superficial wounds (rhytidome tissues removed to expose the secondary phloem) and in wounds to the depth of the vascular cambium (deep wounding). Both species of Armillaria penetrated bark without prior wounding, but neither species formed rhizomorphs in this treatment. Armillaria ostoyae penetrated to 39 cell layers in depth by 48 days after inoculation of unwounded bark, whereas A. mellea penetrated 25 cell layers in the same time. Armillaria mellea penetrated superficial wounds significantly more rapidly than did A. ostoyae. Both species produced rhizomorphs within wounded host tissues. Inoculation of deep wounds with Armillaria resulted in a greater depth of bark necrosis with A. mellea than with A. ostoyae. In the absence of wounding, H. annosum failed to penetrate root bark tissues, but in both superficial and deep wounds hyphae penetrated beyond the ligno–suberized boundary zone (LSZ) by 12 days after inoculation. Where no inoculations were made, superficial or deep wounding led within 25 days to the restoration of a structurally continuous LSZ, and by day 48 the wound periderm (WP) was fully differentiated. In inoculated wounds, however, formation of the LSZ and WP was delayed or inhibited in most trees, particularly following inoculation with A. ostoyae or A. mellea. Suberization in the LSZ and WP remained diffuse and discontinuous 48 days after inoculation. Moreover, the presence of WP did not prevent further penetration of the tissues by the pathogens. Variations between trees in the depth of pathogen penetration were noted, possibly indicating differing susceptibilities of individual host genotypes. The possible host factors involved in resistance to penetration of root bark tissues by Armillaria and Heterobasidion are discussed.     

Penetration and colonization of oak roots by Armillaria mellea in Wisconsin

The level of Armillaria mellea activity on root systems of living and herbicide-killed oâks was assessed. Epiphytic rhizomorphs were almost always present on living and dead oak roots. After an oak was killed or completely defoliated, A. mellea usually penetrated directly through the root-collar bark and spread rapidly in the cambium. Sapwood in the root collar and main lateral roots was colonized within 2 years. The production of thizomorphs from this region was assessed on trees that had been killed by herbicide sprays 2 to 14 years before sampling.     

Armillaramide, a new sphingolipid from the fungus Armillaria mellea.

A new C(18)-phytosphingosine ceramide containing non-hydroxy fatty acid, armillaramide (1), has been isolated together with ergosterol peroxide from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea. Its structure was established as (2S,3S,4R)-2-hexadecanoylamino-octadecane-1,3,4-triol by spectroscopic and chemical methods.     

The influence of fertilizers on the occurrence of Armillaria mellea in Scotch pine plantations

The chemical analysis of needles and wood of roots of trees belonging to four stages of disease caused by A. mellea in fertilized (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and non-fertilized three Scotch Pine plantations were made. The attack caused gradual interruption of absorption and resulted in the exhaustion of some elements (N, P) and concentration of other ones (K, Ca) in needles and in the decrease of P and transitional growth of Mg-level in wood of roots. Considerable growth of concentration of some chemical substances in wood of roots of dead trees was observed. This referred to the fertilized and nonfertilized trees as well. The rate of these changes, however, was different after treatment: fertilization had no effect on the concentration of K in needles of trees in intermediate stages of disease, but it influenced in the lower rate the exhaustion of Mg in wood of roots. The role of K and Mg in defensive reactions is discussed.     

The influence of fertilizers on the occurrence of Armillaria mellea in Scots pine plantations

The spread of Armillaria mellea inside fertilized (with NPKCaMg) and non-fertilized roots of pine was evaluated by: growth of mycelium on extracts from roots with bark, de-barked roots and from bark with bast, hygroscopic property, water saturation, weight loss and microscopical observations. Negative as well as positive influences of fertilizers were observed. The problems of the multi-aspect influence of fertilizers on the development of disease are discussed.