福建省(超)轻型飞机防治森林病虫害应用现状及发展对策

总结了福建省近20a来超轻型、轻型飞机防治森林病虫害的基本情况,阐述了我省利用超轻型、轻型飞机防治森林病虫害的发展过程、应用现状和发展对策。     

海燕650C轻型飞机喷药防治马尾松毛虫试验

使用海燕650C轻型飞机和HU2-HFl型超低容量喷洒设备，喷洒卡死克、苦烟碱、维松令3种生物农药防治丘陵区马尾松毛虫。在简易机场，应用GPS卫星导航近距离作业，当飞机作业参数为作业时速ll0km／h、作业高度6～l0m、有效喷幅达30m时，雾化均匀度0．79，每亩喷洒卡死克7g、苦烟碱40ml、维松令10g，防治效果分别达915．2％、99．7％、99．4％。试验证明海燕650C轻型飞机和HU2-HFl型超低容量喷洒设备，具有安全性高、机动灵活、使用简单、喷洒效果好等特点，可在森林病虫害防治中推广应用。     

森林病虫害防治的新手段——飞机防治

随着社会的发展,森林病虫害的防治方法和手段也相应地发生了变化。飞机防治是适应新的森林病虫害防治形势,具有防治效果好、技术含量高等特点的一种森林病虫害防治新技术、新手段,已普遍运用在大面积森林病虫害的防治上。目前,运用于防治森林病虫害的飞机类型有:运五、R44、运十一、AD200N、蜜蜂3型、海燕650-B等机型。在进行飞机喷药防治前,要进行大量而细致的准备工作,首先是对飞防作业区进行GPS定位,除了对飞防区域的四至用GPS进行定位外,还要对计划飞防的每一块片林或每一条林带进行GPS定位。在定位完成后,要绘制飞防作业图。飞机…     

轻型飞机喷撒白僵菌粗菌粉试验

采用地面捕捉孢子和接收粗菌粉的方法,测试海燕650Cs(超)轻型飞机喷撒白僵菌粗菌粉的效果,结果显示:飞机飞行速度100～120 km／h;有效喷幅60～80 m;菌粉喷撒速度6～8 min／架次;载药量120 kg／架次;每架次有效防治面积80 hm2。与喷洒白僵菌高孢粉悬浮液和地面人工投放白僵菌粉炮相比较,具有对菌粉细度要求低、施药方式简便、菌粉分布均匀等优点;但防治作业时对天气条件要求较高,适合于能见度大、风速小于4m／s、无雨的天气飞行作业。是丘陵山区使用生物制剂防治森林害虫一种十分理想的施药方式。     

6HW-12A高射程自行式森林病虫害防治喷雾机的研制

介绍了一种全新的森林病虫害防治设备.该设备具有机动灵活性强、自动化程度高、稳定性好、操控简单、维修方便、使用安全、作业效率高、使用成本低等诸多优点.在丘陵和平原地区发生大面积森林病虫害时,该设备完全可以取代飞机防治.     

(超)轻型飞机防治森林病虫害选型的研究

通过对 3种 (超 )轻型飞机的主要技术性能比较、作业技术指标对比和其使用、作业情况和实用性、适用性研究 ,结果表明蜜蜂 3、A - 1B超轻型和海燕 6 5 0B轻型飞机都适合闽北林区的防治作业 ,但海燕 6 5 0B具有更多的优越性 ,适应性更强 ,实用性更高 ,是 3种机型中防治作业较理想的一种轻型飞机     

发展我区飞防事业 搞好森林病虫害防治工作

近年来,由于航空事业的迅速发展以及飞机超低量喷雾技术的应用,利用飞机喷洒各种菌剂和化学药剂防治森林病虫害工作得到了推广。从我国四化建设长远观点来看,利用飞机进行生、化防治是一种重要的现代化手段,势必有较快的发展。一、飞机防治森林病虫害的优越性利用飞机防治森林病虫害,速度快,成本低,效果好,而且飞机活动的范围广,能深入到一些交通不便的地区。如使用一架超低量飞机防治病虫害,每亩用药量为0.1～0.25公斤,害虫受药后一分钟就被击倒,一小时内死亡率达50％,八小时死亡率达90％以上。一架运五型飞机满载1000公斤药液,每架次防治1万亩左右,一天可以防治4～5     

航空录像遥感技术在森林病虫害监测中的应用*

航空录像遥感技术在森林病虫害监测中的应用主要是利用高机翼轻型或小型飞机；装备高质量视频摄像系统；与全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）连接，在影像上自动记录瞬时的精确地理坐标；并应用数字图像处理技术处理，分析影像，获取森林病虫害信息。该项技术成本较低，易掌握，能主动选择飞行作业时间及地面影像的分辨率，在多云天气亦可作业，并能实时得到图像，即时进行分析处理，作为一种空中平台可与其它监测手段互相补充，在森林病虫害的     

利用白僵菌高孢粉飞机防治刚竹毒蛾试验

运用海燕650C轻型飞机喷洒白僵菌高孢粉飞机防治专用药防治刚竹毒蛾中、重度危害面积5 000 hm2,结果表明飞机喷洒白僵菌高孢粉是一种高效、稳定、安全、持效期长的生物措施,使用喷洒量为150 g/hm2飞机防治作业16 d后,第1代虫口减退率80.44%以上,防治效果好;对第2代刚竹毒蛾也具有一定的防治效果;飞机防治对林间生物多样性的影响可忽略不计。     

森林病虫害烟雾载药防治设备研究

1　研究概况烟雾载药技术主要用于森林、风景园林及水源涵养林的病虫害防治 ,是一种防治森林病虫害的简单、有效的施药方法。该技术具有效率高、成本低、超低容量、污染小、防治效果好等显著特点 ,适用于交通不便、林木高大、水源缺乏的林区 ,而且便于组织实施 ,使用方便、安全 ,是地面防治机械的更新换代产品 ,正逐渐取代飞机防治。南京林业大学于 1991年开始对“森林病虫害烟雾载药防治技术和设备”进行攻关研究 ,1994年取得初步成功并通过了林业部组织的成果鉴定。随后数年推广过程中 ,研究人员又对该项研究的关键成果———烟雾载药防治…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.