苹果黑星病在辽宁省的分布及其发生规律

苹果黑星病是辽宁省植物检疫对象。目前主要分布于小苹果栽植区及大、小苹果混栽区,已接近辽宁南部的大苹果主产区。经自然感病和人工接种证明,大、小苹果上的黑星病菌可以交互侵染,目前一些主栽的大苹果品种均能感染此病。辽宁地区苹果黑星病的初次侵染来源是落地越冬病叶上于翌春产生的子囊孢子。分生孢子不能越冬成活。苹果枝条及芽鳞不带菌。黑星病菌的两种孢子随气流传播,使病害逐步扩大蔓延。经过6年的观察,苹果黑星病发生始期早晚及发病轻重,与早春和夏季的降水量多少成正相关。田间药剂防治试验结果,以托布津、乙磷铝、多菌灵、特克多等药剂防治效果良好。     

临沂苹果主要病虫的发生与防治

一、苹果腐烂病该病是临沂苹果树上的一种重要病害。病菌在染病树皮内越冬 ,主要借风雨传播 ,从树皮伤口侵入。在长势旺盛、抗病力强的苹果树上 ,病菌侵入后可长期潜伏 ,当树体衰弱 ,抗病力降低时 ,病菌开始活动 ,侵害活组织后使果树腐烂。在临沂 ,从２月下旬开始发病 ,３月中旬至４月上旬出现第１次发病高峰 ,５月初病部逐渐停止扩展 ,并产生大量分生孢子进行再侵染。到１１月份 ,苹果树逐渐进入休眠 ,抵抗力减弱 ,病疤迅速扩展 ,形成第２次发病高峰。管理粗放、施肥不平衡、大小年严重、早期落叶的果园发病重。防治措施 :１．加强管理强壮…     

不同龄期枝条对苹果轮纹病菌的抗病性研究

本研究采用轮纹病菌分生孢子和菌丝接种不同龄期的苹果枝条,检测枝条皮孔发病率,以明确不同龄期苹果枝条对轮纹病菌的抗病性差异.结果表明,当年生‘富士’苹果枝条的幼嫩部分接种后发病最重,皮孔的发病率达80％以上,随枝条的生长发育,抗病性逐渐增强,枝条发育成熟后,皮孔发病率降至40％左右.在7月份接种的1～5年生‘富士’苹果成熟枝条中,皮孔的发病率没有显著差异.在8月份接种的‘富士’苹果枝条中,1年生枝条的皮孔发病率显著高于5年生枝条的发病率.未发育成熟的苹果枝条对轮纹病菌的抗侵入能力差,枝条发育成熟后抗病能力明显增强.1～5年生枝条上发育完整的皮孔对轮纹病的抗侵染能力没有显著差异,但在枝条的迅速加粗生长期,低龄枝条上皮孔结构变化更大,对轮纹病菌的侵入也更敏感.     

芦笋茎枯病发生规律及防治研究

芦笋茎枯病菌以分生孢子器在病株残茬上越冬,成为翌年发病的主要初侵染源。分生孢子释放高峰为4月26日至7月9日。分生孢子释放、萌发、侵染必须在有水的条件下进行。孢子萌发需有芦笋组织液做营养激发,在清水中不萌发。病菌从侵入到形成新的分生孢子一个侵染周期在23—27℃为10—12天,17—22℃为15—20天。采笋田茎枯病发生发展经过扩展期(7月—8月上旬),盛发期(8月中旬—9月)两个阶段。雨日雨量是决定茎枯病消长流行的主导因素,降雨后5—7天田间即出现一次新侵染高峰,大雨或连阴雨后尤为明显,秋季早上植株结露有利茎枯病菌后期侵染。在化学防治上,日本产别腐烂(Befran)和国产复方多菌灵胶悬剂是防治芦笋茎枯病较理想药剂。     

黄瓜黑星病侵染和发病规律及其生态防治的研究

黄瓜黑星病菌以菌丝体在病残株内于田间或土中越冬,成为第二年初侵染来源。黄瓜种子内的菌丝也可越冬,带菌率最高可达37.76%。种子各部位均可带菌,以种皮为多。接种试验证明黄瓜黑星病菌主要是从叶、茎、果实的表皮直接穿透侵入,也可从气孔或伤口侵入,但极少。黄瓜黑星病菌的分生孢子产生必须具备90%以上的相对湿度(RH)和15℃以上的日平均温度。分生孢子在5—30℃下均可萌发,适温15—25℃,但萌发必须有水滴,在无水滴的情况下即使RH达100%也不能萌发。吉林省大棚内发病重是由于5月中旬以后棚温达到黑星病菌生长的温度范围,RH长时间(12小时以上)在90%以上。露地黄瓜黑星病的发生则与当年的降雨量和降雨日数多少有关。大棚内采用降低湿度的生态防治措施,可有效地控制病情,从而减少喷药次数而达到防治目的。     

渭北旱塬苹果黑星病的初侵染来源

 苹果黑星病是世界各苹果产区的重要病害之一,也是我国渭北旱塬苹果产区的新病害。近5年调查研究证明,渭北旱塬苹果落叶上分生孢子数量随时间推移呈急剧下降趋势,在春季苹果芽鳞萌动之前,分生孢子呈无色透明薄片状,均已失去存活力,芽鳞内外检测到分生孢子的数量很少,且均已丧失萌发力。果园中孢子捕捉结果表明,子囊孢子出现在先,分生孢子在后,两者出现时间相差15d以上,且捕捉到分生孢子的日期是在黑星病发病以后。对洛川县、白水县、长武县、永寿县、泾川县和平凉市等地苹果黑星病普查中未发现发病枝条,以菌丝体在枝条上越冬的可能性极小。综合以上试验结果,初步确定子囊孢子是渭北旱塬苹果黑星病的初侵来染,分生孢子不能越冬。     

新疆伊犁地区苹果金纹细蛾生物学特性观察

苹果金纹细蛾是新疆北疆地区苹果园新发生的害虫。2013-2014年,在新疆伊犁地区苹果园对苹果金纹细蛾发生为害情况进行调查,并结合室内饲养,对其形态特征及生活史等生物学特性进行了观察研究。结果表明,苹果金纹细蛾在新疆伊犁地区1年发生4代。以蛹在被害叶片中越冬。翌年5月下旬出现越冬代成虫,7月中旬为第1代幼虫始发期;8月中旬和9月下旬第2、3代幼虫盛发期时,对苹果园为害率较高,可达25%~55%。     

剪口龄期和水分胁迫对轮纹病菌从剪锯口侵染的影响

为了明确剪口龄期和水分胁迫对轮纹病菌从剪锯口侵染的影响,本研究采用脱脂棉蘸取轮纹病菌分生孢子悬浮液接种不同龄期和断水处理的‘富士’苹果枝条剪口,研究了剪口龄期和水分胁迫对轮纹病菌从剪口侵染的影响。结果表明,春季修剪形成的剪口在2个月内对轮纹病菌都较为敏感,接种发病率较高。夏秋季节形成的剪口在2周内对轮纹病菌非常敏感,2周后抗病性逐渐增强。苹果修剪前后,干旱能明显降低剪口对轮纹病菌的抗侵入和抗扩展能力。保护剪锯口不受侵染既能降低苹果苗木带菌率,又能有效控制轮纹病的危害。     

黑龙江省小苹果黑星病Venturia inaequalis(cooke)winter的初侵染来源

 1958-1963年调查研究证明黑龙江省小苹果黑星病病叶上的分生孢子全部不能越冬。在早春也没有发现带病的枝条,因此以菌丝在病枝上越冬、春天产生分生孢子的可能性极小。每年春天在去年病树的干枯落叶上能找到大量子囊壳及子囊孢子,经人工接种后侵染率都极高。空中孢子捕捉的结果是:子囊孢子出现在前,分生孢子的出现是在田间发病以后,两者相距半个月以上,说明所捕捉到的分生孢子是受子囊孢子侵染后产生的。可以得出结论:黑龙江省小苹果黑星病的初次侵染来源是子囊孢子。
早期调查发病情况说明离地面越近的叶片发病越早,越重。初步认为,清扫落叶是减轻病害的重要措施之一。     

苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada)潜伏侵染研究

苹果树腐烂病(Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada)是我国北部苹果产区的主要病害之一,每每在周期性冻害之后盛发,一般在管理粗放、树势衰弱的果园为害严重。在早期的工作中,试图用常规研究方法探索病菌侵入的集中时期,采用适期喷布保护剂防止病菌侵入的方法来预防发病,未获预期的结果。1961—1963年,作者等继续研究侵染问题。在5—9月间果树生长季内,采集外观无病的健康苹果枝条,置-10℃以下环境中冻死,涂石硫合剂杀死枝条上可能附留的孢子,隔绝外来侵染,在室温下插湿砂盘中保持枝条不乾。经一定时间,树皮腐解,呈现腐烂病变特徵,并产生分生孢子器。取分生孢子接种,能致病。试验证明,正常的苹果树皮上带有潜伏病菌,它在寄主失却抗性时扩展。苹果树腐烂病菌具潜伏侵染特点。幼树和成年树同龄枝条带菌枝率无显著差异。2—5年枝,带菌枝率随枝龄增长而增高。辽宁、河北、山东、山西、河南、安徽、湖北等省苹果枝条都带潜伏病菌。文中讨论了潜伏侵染在腐烂病研究和防治上的意义。作者等强调了增强树势,提高抗扩展能力,应作为基本的防治措施。药剂防治的研究应从保护的应用研究改变为筛选具有铲除效能的杀菌剂或内吸杀菌剂。文中还提到探索生物防治的可能性和侵染研究的方法问题。     

山楂花腐病的研究Ⅰ.山楂花腐病的病原菌

 山楂花腐病是我国山楂生产上的一种新病害。病原菌在病僵果内越冬,翌年春季从地表潮湿处的病僵果上产生子囊盘。子囊盘肉质,灰褐色,盘径3~12毫米,盘柄长1~18毫米。子囊棍棒形,无色,子囊间有侧丝。子囊孢子椭园形或卵园形,单胞,无色,子囊孢子大小为7.4~16.1×4.9~7.4微米。分生孢子单胞,柠檬形,串生,孢子串可分枝,分生孢子大小为12.4~21.7×12.4~17.3微米。经观察及接种试验表明,除山楂外,接种的其他树种均不发病。根据形态特征及致病性山楂花腐病菌鉴定为Monilinia johnsonii(Ell.etEv.) Honey,在我国尚属首次发现。     

Epidemiology of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on apple: infection of fruits by conidia

Effects of fruit maturity, wound age, temperature and the duration of wetness periods on infection of apple fruits by conidia of the brown rot fungus, Monilinia fructigena , were studied. Inoculation of fruits on potted apple trees and harvested mature fruits showed that wounding was essential for infection by M. fructigena . On potted trees, there was a significant difference between the susceptibility of cvs Cox and Gala and this difference depended on wound age. The incidence of brown rot was affected greatly by fruit maturity and wound age. Wounds on younger fruits were more resistant to infection than those on older fruits, whilst the older the wound, the more resistant it was to infection. Furthermore, the degree of wound age-related resistance was greater on younger fruits than on older fruits. These relationships were well described by regression models. The effect of the duration of wetness periods was very small: increasing the duration of wetness periods reduced the incidence of brown rot on older wounds. For detached fruits, all those wounded were rotted after inoculation, except for those in two treatments under 20°C on fruits with wounds which were 8 days old. The incubation period of the fungus was generally very short. Wound age was the single most important factor influencing the length of the incubation period; the incubation period increased as wound age increased.     

Role of Cylindrosporium-type conidia of Mycosphaerella pomi (Pass.) Lindau: cause of Brooks fruit spot of apple, as an infection source in apple orchards

Ascospores of Mycosphaerella pomi, the pathogen of Brooks fruit spot of apple, were produced in pseudothecia on previously infected and overwintered apple leaves from late April through early August in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. In June 2003, the ascospores were germinating and producing Cylindrosporium-type conidia on apple fruit and leaf surfaces in an orchard. After ascospores were sprayed on apple leaves, Cylindrosporium-type conidia developed on the leaf surfaces. Such Cylindrosporium-type conidia caused typical symptoms of Brooks fruit spot on apple trees after inoculations. These results suggested that the Cylindrosporium-type conidia also serve as an infection source, in addition to the ascospores, for Brooks fruit spot in apple orchards.     

香蕉刺盘孢及其所致香蕉炭疽病的化学防治

 广东中山省未成熟"中把"蕉果发生的炭疽病,是由香蕉刺盘孢的一个强毒力菌系所致。该菌系在田间明显为害青蕉,在六至七成肉度的果指上引起深褐色、中央纵裂的梭形大斑。人工接种可使有伤口的苹果发病,轻微为害有伤口的橘子,但不为害甜橙和椪柑。在柠檬酸铵做氮源的基础上生长良好。分生孢子在果皮汁液中萌发时可两端萌发。
农用高脂膜水乳剂200倍液与多菌灵1000ppm混用,有很大的增效作用。从抽蕾开花期起开始喷药,每隔10天1次,连喷4次,只喷果穗,可有效减轻香蕉炭疽病的为害,货架期第5天的防效达90.12%。     

Viability and release of Neonectria ditissima ascospores on apple fruit in Brazil

During European canker monitoring in an apple experimental orchard, 14 mummified fruit (two and three trees with 10 and four positive records in 2018 and 2019, respectively) showed perithecia. Perithecium production on apple fruit, confirmation of pathogenicity of Neonectria ditissima isolated from mummified fruit, and ascospore release from fruit tissues has rarely been reported, and their role in the epidemiology of European canker has been largely overlooked. Thus, the objectives of our study were to (a) prove the presence of both conidia and ascospores of N. ditissima in mummified fruit in an experimental field, confirming pathogenesis in different apple cultivars, and (b) monitor production of the two types of inoculum in infected apple fruit over time. Canker incidence in this orchard was 47% of trees with symptoms in 2018 and 48% in 2019. Molecular and morphological tests confirmed that the fungus detected in the mummified apple fruit was N. ditissima. Apple fruit with sporodochia and perithecia washed immediately after collection from the orchard showed conidia but no ascospores of N. ditissima. However, after 4 days’ incubation, perithecia on mummified fruit showed many ascospore cirri. Koch's postulates were fulfilled on apple plants and mature fruit. Fruit inoculated with N. ditissima released spores for over a year under Brazilian field conditions. The release of both spore types peaked in May (Brazilian leaf fall) and October (spring); release of conidia also peaked in February (early harvest). These results support our hypothesis that fruit can serve as primary inoculum for European canker in Brazilian apple orchards.     

Sensitivity of Red Delicious Apple Fruit at Various Phenologic Stages to Infection by Alternaria alternata and Moldy-core Control

The fungus Alternaria alternata, is considered to be the predominant fungus involved in moldy-core of Red Delicious strains of apple. In this paper, we report on the sensitivity of various phenologic stages to infection by A. alternata, and on the efficacy of various fungicides in controlling moldy-core disease in apple orchards. Artificial inoculations conducted in the orchard during 1999 and 2000 seasons revealed that the beginning of bloom (10–30%) and full bloom were the most susceptible developmental stages for infection. Natural infection with A. alternata in fruits was relatively high, reaching 44% and 46% of the fruits on control non-treated trees in 1999 and 2000. Four foliar applications of polyoxin B, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin, starting from the beginning of bloom until fruit set, reduced the number of infected fruits by 54–70%, 61–70% and 50–65%, respectively, compared with non-treated trees. Four or eight foliar applications of each fungicide provided similar levels of control. There were no significant differences between two, four or six foliar applications of difenoconazole, neither between two or four applications of polyoxin B. Adding CaCl₂, as a tank mixture with difenoconazole at full rate, did not improve efficacy. Alternaria was recovered from the inner part of the core region of 71–88% of the fruits of the non-treated control, but was recovered less frequently from the outside part of the core region. Fruits of difenoconazole and polyoxin B treated trees were less colonized with A. alternata at both the inner and outside parts of the core region, as compared with controls. Results indicate that a control programme based on spray applications of difenoconazole or polyoxin B, during bloom period, can effectively reduce Alternaria on Red Delicious.     

Spatial pattern of black spot incidence within citrus trees related to disease severity and pathogen dispersal

Guignardia citricarpa , the causal agent of citrus black spot, forms airborne ascospores on decomposing citrus leaves and water-spread conidia on fruits, leaves and twigs. The spatial pattern of diseased fruit in citrus tree canopies was used to assess the importance of ascospores and conidia in citrus black spot epidemics in São Paulo State, Brazil. The aggregation of diseased fruit in the citrus tree canopy was quantified by the binomial dispersion index ( D ) and the binary form of Taylor's Power Law for 303 trees in six groves. D was significantly greater than 1 in 251 trees. The intercept of the regression line of Taylor's Power Law was significantly greater than 0 and the slope was not different from 1, implying that diseased fruit was aggregated in the canopy independent of disease incidence. Disease incidence ( p ) and severity ( S ) were assessed in 2875 citrus trees. The incidence-severity relationship was described ( R ² = 88·7%) by the model ln( S ) = ln( a ) +  b CLL( p ) where CLL = complementary log-log transformation. The high severity at low incidence observed in many cases is also indicative of low distance spread of G. citricarpa spores. For the same level of disease incidence, some trees had most of the diseased fruit with many lesions and high disease severity, whereas other trees had most of the fruit with few lesions and low disease severity. Aggregation of diseased fruit in the trees suggests that splash-dispersed conidia have an important role in increasing the disease in citrus trees in Brazil.     

Population structure of Valsa ceratosperma, causal fungus of Valsa canker, in apple and pear orchards

On the basis of mycelial compatibility, the population structure of Valsa ceratosperma, the causal fungus of Valsa canker on broadleaf trees, was investigated in apple and pear orchards in Japan. Field strains of V. ceratosperma from a single canker on trunks or scaffold limbs belonged to different mycelial compatibility groups. Thus, the population structure of this fungus was complex in most orchards. Because mycelia of strains originating from different conidia from the same pycnidium were compatible, infection by this fungus is thought to be ascospores.     

苹果树腐烂病的发病过程和药剂防治研究

本文分两部分。第一部分概述了陕西风县秦岭高地苹果树腐烂病的发生发展过程,指出腐烂病菌主要是先在树皮的落皮层内潜伏侵染,进而侵害健组织。第二部分为防治试验。根据腐烂病的发生发展过程,于6月下旬和11月中旬对主干和大枝下部涂40%福美砷可湿性粉剂50倍悬浮液二次,获得了施药部位新病减少90%,“病疤重犯”减少80%的防治效果。与在辽宁兴城的试验,防效近似。