抗微管除草剂对玉米单倍体加倍效果研究

用氟乐灵、拿草特两种抗微管除草剂和秋水仙素在不同处理部位、不同处理时间和浓度条件下对玉米单倍体进行单倍体加倍效率研究。结果表明,3种药剂用浸种法处理玉米单倍体的加倍率以氟乐灵在浓度80μmol/L处理20 h最高(35.7%),用浸芽法处理的加倍率以拿草特在浓度60μmol/L处理24 h最高(24.8%),用浸根法处理的加倍率以氟乐灵在浓度40μmol/L处理15 h最高(16.8%)。因此抗微管除草剂氟乐灵对玉米单倍体加倍效果最好。     

药剂诱导玉米孤雌生殖

试验用9种诱导剂配方处理了15份遗传背景不同的材料,研究了影响诱导玉米孤雌生殖诱导率的因素,其中包括材料、诱导剂种类和浓度、处理时期和方法。试验结果表明,药剂处理能提高玉米孤雌生殖结实率,并从所选试材中筛选出最佳诱导剂配方为0.1%COL 0.1%DMSO,孤雌生殖诱导率可达0.237%;组合药剂的诱导效果优于单一药剂的诱导效果;最佳处理时期和方法是吐丝前向苞叶内注射诱导剂;最佳诱导孤雌生殖材料为糯玉米杂交种,其次为普通玉米群体材料。     

药剂诱导玉米孤雌生殖的研究

为加快玉米自交系的选育速度,研究了药物诱导玉米孤雌生殖的方法和效果,结果表明,不同的药物处理对诱导玉米孤雌生殖的影响很明显,８种处理的结实率为０．０６７－０．２５％,以２％ＤＭＳＯ＋４０ｍｇ／ｋｇＭＨ＋０．１％ＣＯＬ诱导效果最好。诱导时期以抽丝前果穗中注射和雌抽丝３ｄ花丝上施药最好,不同基因型孤雌生殖的诱导率不同,杂交种的孤雌生殖诱导率比自交系高粱品系与孤雌生殖后代在遗传上是稳定的。     

玉米自交系及杂交种田间杂草防除试验初报

利用50%的乙草胺对玉米自交系及杂交种在播种后进行土壤封闭处理,以探讨乙草胺对春夏播自交系及杂交种的玉米田间杂草防除效果及药害表现情况,以便为玉米育种、制种单位和玉米大田生产提供参考.试验表明:乙草胺对春夏播杂交种及自交系玉米田间杂草防除效果良好,但对春播自交系在低温多雨的天气条件下易产生药害而出现死苗现象.夏播自交系和春播杂交种也会产生轻微药害,夏播杂交种施用乙草胺比较安全。     

玉米单倍体诱导系JS9诱导率研究

以玉米单倍体诱导系JS9为父本,以外引材料Stock6和CAUHO1作为对照,对不同基础材料进行诱导,并对不同授粉时间对基础材料诱导率的影响进行研究。结果表明,JS9对自交系及杂交种均可诱导并产生单倍体。对自交系的诱导结果表明,JS9的诱导率(8.54%)高于CAUHO1(3.03%)和Stock6(1.12%);在对杂交种的诱导中,JS9的诱导率最高(7.91%),CAUHO1次之(2.87%),Stock6最低(1.30%)。针对不同的基础材料,JS9的诱导率存在差异,自交系中,Reid、No Reid等材料诱导率高;杂交种中,Reid×DOM、No Reid×DOM杂优模式诱导率最高。     

UPLC-MS/MS法检测稻米中苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺的残留量

建立了水稻中提取苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺残留量的液相色谱-质谱/质谱测定方法 UPLC-MS/MS。稻米样品经乙腈匀浆,上清液经氮气吹干浓缩,过PSA固相萃取柱净化,经UPLC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。苄嘧磺隆在稻米中的最低检出量为0.1 ng,最低检出浓度为0.02 mg/kg,添加回收率为77.7%-91.5%,稻米的RSD为2.9%-8.5%;苯噻酰草胺在稻米中的最低检出量为0.05 ng,最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg,添加回收率为94.0%-109.0%,稻米的RSD为5.0%-8.2%。建立方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,能够满足苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺残留量分析的要求。     

化学药物诱导玉米孤雌生殖研究初报

采用4种药物配方、3种使用方法对不同类型玉米材料孤雌生殖诱导效果进行了试验,结果表明4种药物配方以2%二甲基亚砜诱导效果最好,其结实穗率是对照的2.8倍.3种使用方法间其诱导结果差异不大,以注射效果略好.不同类型材料间诱导结果显著不同,大小顺序为玉米群体＞玉米杂交种＞育种中间材料＞自交系,同类材料不同品系间的诱导结果也大不一样,与材料的基因型或纯合程度有关。     

热带、亚热带玉米种质在北方早熟春玉米育种中的利用研究

试验选用地方常用自交系甸骨11A、红玉米、长3、Mo17(未改良自交系)和导入热带玉米种质选育的8份自交系(改良自交系),每份改良自交系分别选定2个测验种,配制16个杂交种(改良杂交种),未改良系与选定2个测验种组配的杂交种(未改良杂交种)作为改良杂交种的相邻对照,对比法设计。改良自交系和未改良自交系、改良杂交种和未改良杂交种的性状观测值作为一对数据,按成对资料统计方法分析,t测验。结果表明:甸骨11A导入Suwan1、5-56的改良自交系与红玉米杂种优势较高,红玉米导入Suwan1、EVT5的改良自交系与甸骨11A杂种优势较高,长3导入Suwan1、墨黄9的改良自交系与海014的杂种优势较高。改良自交系主要性状变化表现为生育时期延后、单株产量增加。未改良自交系熟期越早,改良自交系及改良杂交种生育时期延后时间越长,改良自交系单株产量增加幅度越大。改良自交系及其改良杂交种的玉米大斑病、茎腐病的抗性有了较大提高。     

玉米茎秆与根系抗倒的特性研究

以45份杂交种、69份自交系为材料,研究玉米茎基部抗推力(PRBS)、穗下节间抗折力(BRFI)和拔根力(VRPR)3个抗倒性状的差异。结果表明,自交系3个性状之间呈显著正相关,杂交种PRBS与BRFI呈显著正相关;在自交系和杂交种中,茎秆直径与PRBS、BRFI都呈极显著正相关,茎秆抗折强度与BRFI呈显著正相关,杂交种茎秆弹性模量也与PRBS呈显著正相关;自交系PRBS、BRFI、VRPR在抽雄和灌浆两个时期都表现显著正相关;在不同的自交系中,兰卡斯特群自交系3个抗倒性状表现较差,变异度也较小,其他类型种质中,材料间存在较高多样性,现有的主要种质都存在目标性状比较优异的种质;杂交种PRBS、BRFI与亲本相应性状均值呈显著正相关。     

苗期PCR检测玉米丝黑穗病的取样时期及部位研究

以2份抗病及2份感病玉米自交系为试验材料,模拟玉米丝黑穗病适宜的侵染及田间发病条件,采用室内菌土接种方法培养玉米幼苗,通过PCR检测病原菌侵染率,研究苗期PCR检测抗、感玉米自交系的最佳取样时期和检测部位.结果表明,SSR标记SR3可用于玉米丝黑穗病室内接种鉴定;同一自交系不同的取样时期叶鞘侵染率均显著高于叶片侵染率;感病自交系与抗病自交系三叶期第3叶叶鞘的PCR侵染率差值极显著高于其他取样时期和取样部位,且该期4份自交系的侵染率与田间接种条件下的发病率呈显著正相关,为鉴别抗感自交系最佳的取样时期和部位.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.