炭疽的流行危害及防控

炭疽是1种非常严重的人畜共患病,不仅能致人和动物发病死亡,其病原炭疽杆菌还是1种潜在的生物武器,对国家和社会公共卫生安全造成巨大威胁。文章对炭疽的研究历史、在世界范围和贵州省的流行危害情况、防控措施进行阐述,以期提高广大兽医人员对炭疽的认识与重视,建立科学的防控措施,遏制炭疽的发生与流行。     

高寒牧区牲畜炭疽流行病学调查与防控

炭疽(anthrax)是由炭疽芽胞杆菌(Bacilus anthracis)引起的人兽共患的急性、热性、败血性传染病,主要感染牛、马、羊、驴等草食动物,常呈散发性或地方性流行,被     

2015-2020年全国炭疽流行统计分析

炭疽(anthrax)是由炭疽芽孢杆菌引起的一种人畜共患的急性、热性败血性传染病。各种家畜、野生动物及人均有不同程度的易感性,人感染主要发生于经常接触病畜及畜产品人员。炭疽常呈地方性流行,有明显季节性,多发于吸血昆虫多、雨水多的夏季。为了更好地了解我国炭疽的发生情况,分析影响炭疽发生的各种因素,对2015—2020年我国农业农村部(农业部)《兽医公报》中发布的全国畜间炭疽疫情,以及国家卫健委《我国卫生健康事业发展统计公报》和《国家卫生健康委公报》公布的全国人间炭疽疫情,整理后统计分析,旨在为本病的防控提供参考资料。     

四川省动物炭疽病流行及防控

本文分析了四川省动物炭疽病流行病学特点、流行因素,回顾炭疽防控现状,提出防控对策和措施,对今后防控工作有一定借鉴参考作用.     

炭疽杆菌与炭疽热

通过对炭疽杆菌的形态、生长条件的研究,阐明炭疽发病的最主要原因是炭疽毒素。这种毒素一方面可以引起病理生理学变化,导致人和动物死亡,另一方面可以引发对疾病的免疫反应。同时通过研究炭疽病在人群中和动物间的流行特征,以及人和动物炭疽病的临床表现,提出了相应的诊断与防治措施。     

2001～2005年度青海省家畜炭疽流行概况分析

炭疽（Anthrax）是由炭疽芽胞杆菌（Bacilus anthracis）引起的一种人兽共患烈性传染病,易感动物主要是牛、马、羊、驴等草食动物,人类主要是由于接触患病动物,进食感染病畜肉尸、剥皮、吸入含炭疽芽胞的气溶胶或尘埃,接触污染的皮毛等而感染本病。由于炭疽杆菌在有充足的氧气和适当的温度（25～30℃）下能形成对外界环境具有坚强抵抗力的芽胞,而造成外界环境长期、广泛的污染,     

炭疽杆菌与炭疽热

通过对炭疽杆菌的形态、生长条件的研究，阐明炭疽发病的最主要原因是炭疽毒素。这种毒素一方面可以引起病理生理学变化，导致人和动物死亡，另一方面可以引发对疾病的免疫反应。同时通过研究炭疽病在人群中和动物间的流行特征，以及人和动物炭疽病的临床表现，提出了相应的诊断与防治措施。     

一起炭疽疫情的处理

炭疽（Anthrax）是由炭疽芽胞杆菌（Bacilus anthracis）引起的一种人畜共患烈性传染病,易感动物主要是牛、马、羊、驴等草食动物。人类主要是由于接触患病动物,进食感染病畜肉尸、剥皮、吸入含炭疽芽胞的尘埃,接触污染的皮毛等而感染本病。由于炭疽杆菌在有充足的氧气和适当的温度（25～30℃）下能形成对外界环境具有坚强抵抗力的芽胞,而造成外界环境长期、广泛的污染,形成长久的疫源地,危害极大。2004年10月民和县发生一起牛炭疽,并造成人的感染发病。现报告如下。     

畜间炭疽的流行与防控思考

炭疽是国际上高关注度的一种人畜共患急性传染病,严重危害公共卫生安全。人间炭疽多因接触携带炭疽病原或发病的动物引起,畜间炭疽流行病学资料与人间炭疽的统计报告相比较少,而人间与畜间炭疽具有密切的关联性。文章通过对近年来官方公布的人间、畜间炭疽发生的情况进行统计整理,对其流行形势、流行原因进行分析,同时提出防控建议,以期为畜间炭疽的防控提供参考。     

青海省牛羊炭疽流行情况调查

炭疽是由芽胞杆菌科(Bacillaceae)芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)炭疽芽胞杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)引起的一种人畜共患的急性、热性、烈性、败血型传染病。其特征是以突发高热,可视黏膜发绀和天然孔出血,死后血液凝固不良,尸僵不全,皮下和浆膜下结缔组织出血性胶样浸润和脾脏急性肿大。为切实加强对牛羊炭疽的防控工作,现将近15年来青海省该病的流行情况调查报道如下。     

Spatial analysis of an anthrax outbreak in Saskatchewan, 2006

An outbreak of anthrax in Saskatchewan in 2006 affected more than 800 animals at 150 locations. The purpose of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal patterns among the cases to determine if there were any significant trends associated with this outbreak. Case and population data were first analyzed for each individual farm location and then again as aggregate data per rural municipality using spatial and spatiotemporal statistical methods such as Oden's Ipop, Cuzick-Edwards' test, spatial scan test, and other mapping techniques. East central Saskatchewan was identified as a primary high risk area, particularly during July 2006. The results of the study led to the conclusion that within this high-risk region, flooding in spring followed by hot and dry conditions could have been a factor in the development of the outbreak.     

Clinical impressions of anthrax from the 2006 outbreak in Saskatchewan

Clinical signs and carcass traits observed during the 2006 Saskatchewan anthrax outbreak were largely consistent with those previously published, except for cutaneous anthrax and anthrax mastitis in cows, and subcutaneous edema in bulls and horses. Failure of blood to clot was the most reliable indicator of anthrax in carcasses.     

人兽共患病炭疽的防治与诊断

卫生专家提示公众：中国自然疫源地分布广泛,炭疽病例时有发生。近五年来，全国每年发病数在,400～1000人．主要集中在贵州、新疆、甘肃．四川、广西，云南等西部地区。今年7月在沈阳也出现过炭疽的疫情。     

2014-2015年我国MCCP血清流行病学调查与分析

山羊支原体肺炎(CCPP)为选择性免疫项目,只有受到威胁时才紧急免疫接种,导致该病的流行日趋严重,通过对2014-2015年我国12个省42个地区山羊支原体肺炎山羊亚种(MCCP)血清抗体水平的监测分析我国目前MCCP的流行趋势、流行原因。被调查的878份血清样品中,有112份为抗体阳性,平均阳性率12.76%。目前除山西省没有检测到MCCP血清抗体外,其余省份均有MCCP的流行,其中河南、河北、山东3个省份抗体阳性率最高,分别为35.14%(13/37),27.5%(11/40)及22.5%(9/40);江苏省是阳性率最低的省份,阳性率为2.7%(1/37);定性分析结果显示:当血清效价达到1∶16时,112份阳性中,30份可判定为"++++",42份为"+++";对18份强阳性血清样品定量分析结果显示:CCPP血清抗体效价最高可达1∶256。可见,2014-2015年间,MCCP引起的CCPP在我国流行非常严重,尤其河南、河北、山东等省份,不仅为准确评估MCCP在我国现阶段的流行状况以及造成的危害提供参考,也为有效防控该病提供技术支撑。     

Case-control study investigating an anthrax outbreak in Saskatchewan, Canada--Summer 2006

In 2006, an outbreak of anthrax in Saskatchewan affected several species but most of the losses occurred in cattle. Potential risk factors contributing to this outbreak were investigated through questionnaires involving 117 case farms and 259 control farms geographically representative of the Saskatchewan beef herd. The occurrence of flooding [odds ratio (OR) = 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8 to 6.4], wetter pastures (Good: OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.4 to 8.5; Wet: OR = 7.2; 95% CI: 2.9 to 18.1), shorter pasture grass length (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4 to 6.4), and higher density of the animals on pasture (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.6 to 5.7) were more likely to have been reported for case herds than for control herds. Case farms were more likely than control farms to have vaccinated more than 1 week after the first reported case in the rural municipality (OR = 6.3; 95% CI: 2.6 to 15.3). Timing of vaccination in case herds was also significantly associated with the occurrence of subsequent deaths on these farms (P = 0.001).     

动物源性饲料微生物污染存在的问题和控制措施研究

动物源性饲料是重要的畜牧业饲料来源之一,其优势明显。但是其微生物污染的情况也随着使用数量的增加而引人瞩目。微生物对动物源性饲料的污染会直接进入到畜牧业的产业链,并最终影响到人们的食品安全。因此应从成品处理和安全生产两个方面采取措施,防止微生物对动物源性饲料的污染。     

Preparation, control and application of anthrax vaccine in USSR

Reported in this paper are the preparation, testing and application of two live vaccines against anthrax in the USSR. They were STI live vaccine in liquid and lyophilised forms and GHKI live vaccine in lyophilised form. Official tests for purity were conducted, using growth factors of cultures, whereas harmlessness was tested on rabbit and effectiveness on guinea-pig and later on sheep, after some five years had elapsed. Quantitative methods by which to test the effectiveness of VGNKI are now being prepared. Immunisation for prophylaxis or emergency are undertaken, depending on epizootiological situations. Major importance is ascribed to keeping, feeding, general nutrition and performance, latent infections, and meteorological factors which can all be of impact on immunogenicity and postvaccinal complications. Anthrax has been eliminated in the USSR, with only few sporadic outbreaks left, owing to immunisation and complementary action in veterinary hygiene.     

甘肃省近十年奶牛布鲁氏菌病血清学监测

通过对2006—2015年甘肃省26 789个场点517 172头奶牛样品的血清学检测,发现甘肃省近十年间的平均布鲁氏菌病阳性率为0.26%(阳性样品1 319份),阳性数量和阳性率总体呈上升趋势;不同养殖场点的阳性样品检出率存在差异,其中散养户中的检出率较高;人和奶牛的布鲁氏菌病感染呈正相关。本文综合分析了甘肃省奶牛布鲁氏菌病阳性率上升的主要原因和该病发生的主要风险因素,并提出了相关防控建议。