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1.
In order to understand the occurrence and the developmental regularity of seabuckthorn carpenterworm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus) and predict its population density, the developmental threshold temperature (C) and effective accumulative temperature (K) of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs were analyzed under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results
show that the values of C and K of the carpenterworm pupae are (12.1±0.2) °C and (295.2±4.1) day-degrees at constant temperatures, and (15.5±0.4) °C and
(202.4±13.1) day-degrees at variable temperatures. However, the values of C and K of the eggs at variable temperatures are (16.7±0.8) °C and (101.5±12.6) day-degrees. The differences of developmental threshold
and effective accumulative temperature under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures of the carpenterworm pupae
accord with the developmental regularity of most insects in nature. By comparing five different constant temperatures, the
conclusion is that the optimum developmental temperature of the pupae is 21 °C when both the pupation of the mature larvae
and the eclosion of the pupae are very accordant. Moreover, the percentage of eclosion is over 90%. The average developmental
durations of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs are 31 and 16 d at variable temperatures. 相似文献
2.
Gilberto Santos Andrade Dirceu Pratissoli Leandro Pin Dalvi Nicolas Desneux Hugo José Gonçalves dos Santos Junior 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(3):313-320
Trichogramma spp. are major parasitoids of lepidopteran pest eggs, but there is large variation in efficacy toward a given pest among
the numerous described Trichogramma species. It is important to select the Trichogramma species that most effectively parasitize and develop in target pest eggs for biological control. In this context, Trichogramma pretiosum, T. exiguum, T. atopovirilia and T. acacioi were studied in Heliothis virescens eggs under different thermal conditions. The parasitoids were reared at constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C and tested
at these respective temperatures, while parasitoids reared at 25°C were also tested at 20 and 30°C, for a total of 20 species–temperature
combinations. About 30 H. virescens eggs were offered to the parasitoids for 24 h. Among the four species, parasitism rate by T. atopovirilia was highest at all temperature conditions, whereas T. acacioi had the lowest rates of parasitism at 25°C and 25/30°C. Parasitism ranged from 13.8 to 43.8% among all species–temperature
combinations. Viability (emerged parasitoids) ranged from 80.8 to 98.4%, and was deemed satisfactory. The emergence rates
of T. exiguum and T. acacioi were affected by temperature. Temperature also affected the sex ratio of T. exiguum at 25/30°C, whereas T. pretiosum and T. acacioi produced females predominantly independent of temperature. Overall, the parasitoid T. atopovirilia was the most efficient in parasitizing H. virescens eggs, though the levels of parasitism obtained might not ensure its successful use in biological control programs. The temperature-related
differences in biological traits observed in the four Trichogramma species tested hint at the importance of making careful choices regarding climatic conditions where the parasitoid is going
to be used when selecting a species for biological control programs. 相似文献
3.
Pear lace bug, Stephanitis pyri (F.) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) is a pest of apple and pear trees and ornamental Rosaceae plants in Mediterranean countries
and palearctic region. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of temperatures on S. pyri in the laboratory. Development and fecundity of S. pyri reared on apple leaves (Pyrus malus L.) were investigated at five constant temperatures (20, 23, 26, 29 and 32 ± 1°C) and a 16L:8D photoperiod. Longevity was
determined to be 12.6 days at 32°C and 58.7 days at 20°C for females, and 9.7 and 37.7 days for males. Females laid 186.9
eggs per female with the highest number achieved during 28.5 days of oviposition period at 26°C. Female lifetime fecundity
was reduced at 32°C (40.0 eggs per female). While the net reproductive rate (R
0) was highest at 26°C, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m
) was highest at both 26 and 32°C. The mean generation time (G) was estimated to be 27.2–78.4 days at 20 and 32°C, respectively. The longest development times for egg and total nymph stages
were obtained as 22.0 and 24.9 days, respectively, at 20°C. S. pyri developed fastest from egg to egg in 24.3 days at 32°C. The lower developmental threshold (T
0) was 9.7°C and the thermal constant (K) was 517.3 degree-days for S. pyri. Thus, S. pyri is calculated to have 3.8 theoretical generations in Tekirdag. The optimum developmental temperature for S. pyri was 26°C. 相似文献
4.
Effective accumulated temperature and developmental threshold temperature for Semanotus bifasciatus (Motschulsky) in Beijing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In order to understand the occurrence and development of Semanotus bifasciatus (Motschulsky), a borer insect of Platycladus orientalis in parts of northern and eastern China and to improve its prediction, the developmental threshold temperature (C1) and effective accumulated temperature (K) of S. bifasciatus were determined under conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results show that under constant temperatures the value of C1 has a range of 8.90±1.77℃and the value of K lies between 95.19±13.14 degree-day for eggs; the values for larvae are C1= 13.26±3.06℃ and the number of degree-day is K 2,885.07±187.87 degree-day; for pupae the ranges are C1 = 8.93±2.49℃ and K= 131.20±25.63 degree-day. Under the condition of ambient temperatures, the values for eggs are C1= 17.33±1.24℃ and K= 70.79±8.99 degree-day. It is suggested that S. bifasciatus adults over-winter in a state of dormancy, not at a diapause. Warm winter may accelerate the life cycle ofS. bifasciatus. Equations can be used to predict an early occurrence ofS. bifasciatus. 相似文献
5.
Balbir Singh Rawat Vinod Prasad Khanduri Chandra Mohan Sharma 《林业研究》2008,19(2):125-130
研究赤霉素(GA3),冷湿和温度 对五个种源的印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana)种子萌发的影响.种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,然后在3(5(C温度的条件下冷藏15天.设计4个温度(10(C, 15(C, 20(C 和 25(C)条件来促进种子的萌发.结果表明,浸泡和冷湿处理明显增加种子的萌发率.在10 (C时种子的萌发率最高.总体结果表明,种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,冷湿藏15天,可以有效地促进印度冷杉和长叶云杉的种子萌发.统计数据表明,浸泡处理、温度和种源以及与温度的相互作用都对种子的萌发有明显的影响. 相似文献
6.
The clover root weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyll. is a pest of clovers (Trifolium spp.), particularly white clover (T. repens). Larva feeding severely impairs the capacity of white clover to fix atmospheric nitrogen, by attacking the nitrogen-fixing
root nodules. Development of the egg stage was studied at six different constant temperatures ranging from 9 to 30°C to improve
the basis for phenological forecasts. Development occurred over the entire range of temperatures, although hatching percentage
at 30°C was only 24.4% compared to 90.1% at 28.5°C. Developmental time decreased with increase in temperature from 9 to 28.5°C
but increased markedly at 30°C. At 28.5°C, the embryo development period was the shortest (10.35 days); whereas at 9°C, this
parameter was the longest (55.08 days). Using linear regression, the lower threshold temperature was calculated 4.38°C and
the thermal constant was 236.45 degree-days. The relationship between constant temperature and developmental rate was evaluated
using nine models. The suitability of the models was evaluated based on eight indicators (R
2, RSS, R
adj2, AIC, BIC, AICC, W
j
, and Z
i
). Of the nonlinear models, the Logan-6, Sharpe and DeMichele, and Lactin models were the most accurate at calculating t
opt of 27, 27.50, and 28°C, respectively. The results suggest that of the three models (Lactin, Briere, and Hilbert and Logan),
that estimated critical temperatures, (t
min, t
opt, and t
max), Lactin gave the most suitable fit of data. This response of S. lepidus to temperature can be used for developing phonological models to predict the timing of egg hatch which are important for
management programs targeting the weevil. 相似文献
7.
Jeannine Pizzol Bernard Pintureau Othman Khoualdia Nicolas Desneux 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(4):447-452
Parasitoids’ efficiency in controlling pests depends not only on their ability to parasitize their hosts but also on how much
they are adapted to climatic conditions (notably temperature) of the area where they are planned to be released. In addition,
the optimal conditions for production of parasitoids used for inundative releases like Trichogramma spp. may also vary largely as a function of strains. Using the parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal as biological model, we studied how temperature affects important parasitoid efficiency-related biological traits
under laboratory conditions. Emergence, mortality rates and fecundity of two strains of T. cacoeciae, one originating from France (Alsace) and the other one from Tunisia (Degache), were compared at constant temperatures of
15, 20, 25 and 30°C. The parasitoids of the French strain showed highest fecundity at 25°C with wasps that had been reared
at 20 or 25°C. The Tunisian strain showed the highest fecundity at 25°C, but only when wasps were previously reared at 25
or 30°C. For both strains, the highest mortality occurred among wasps that had laid eggs at 30°C. Emergence rates were relatively
high at all temperatures, although the French strain did better at 15–25°C and the Tunisian one at 20–30°C. Because of the
differences in biological traits of these two T.
cacoeciae strains in relation to the temperature, a judicious choice must be made among the various strains when using this species
in biological control programs. 相似文献
8.
Developmental thresholds and thermal requirements for development of post-dormancy larvae of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Cerambycidae; Monochamini) were studied at ten constant temperatures ranging from 7 to 35°C. The relationship
between temperature and development duration in days was linear between 15 and 30°C (r
2
= 0.98). The lower threshold for development was determined to be 12.2 ± 0.8°C and an average of 822 degree-days (DD) above
that value was required for 50% adult emergence under laboratory conditions. The rate of larval development decreased above
30°C and the lethal upper threshold was between 32 and 35°C. Degree-day rate summation was initiated in the first of March
and model predictions were validated with records of field emergence for the years 2001 to 2004. The modified sine wave predicted
median emergence with an average error of 3.8 days from emergences in the field and a zero-day difference for two of the years.
Model predictions were always within 10% of actual observed emergences. Predictions for early emergences (cumulative percentiles
1 and 10) were less accurate than predictions for median and late emergencies. The results suggest that a simple linear method
driven by air temperatures can predict the emergence of M. galloprovincialis with sufficient accuracy to improve the pest management programmes currently implemented on the pine wilt disease affected
zone in Portugal. 相似文献
9.
Mostafa Haghani Yaghoub Fathipour Ali Asghar Talebi Valiollah Baniameri 《Journal of pest science》2007,80(2):71-77
The development of Diglyphus isaea (Walker), a parasitoid of leafminers, was studied under laboratory conditions at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20,
25, 30, 35, and 40°C) on Liriomyza sativae Blanchard reared on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The total development period (oviposition to adult emergence) decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 35°C.
In 10 and 40°C no development rate was found in D. isaea, so that it may be claimed that these temperatures fall outside the temperature range for development. Linear regression
was used to describe the relationship between development rate and temperature. For egg to adult development, males of D. isaea required 153.8 degree-days (DD) above the theoretical threshold of 9.2°C and females required 161.3 DD above 9.4°C. Data
were fitted to four nonlinear temperature-dependent models. Evaluation of the models took place based on the following criteria:
fit to data, number and biological value of the fitted coefficient, and accuracy on the estimation of the thresholds. It could
be concluded that the Briere-1 and Briere-2 models are suitable for estimating the minimum, maximum and optimal temperature
thresholds of D. isaea. Thermal requirements and temperature thresholds can be used to predict the occurrence, number of generations and population
dynamics of D. isaea. 相似文献
10.
The insecticidal effect of low temperatures for the control of all life stages of two stored-product insects, Plodia interpunctella and Liposcelis bostrychophila, was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The temperatures tested were 0, ??5, ??10 and ??15 °C, and, at these temperatures, the insects were exposed for 2, 4 and 8 h and also for 1, 2, 3 and 7 days. Regarding P. interpunctella, the most cold-tolerant life stage was larvae, given that 2 days of exposure were needed for complete (100%) mortality at ??10 °C. Moreover, all larvae were dead at ??15 °C even after 2 h of exposure. Eggs of P. interpunctella were susceptible to cold, as mortality was complete after 7, 1 day, 2 and 2 h at 0, ??5, ??10 and ??15 °C, respectively. L. bostrychophila was by far less susceptible than P. interpunctella. For this species, adults were still alive even after 7 days at ??10 °C, while complete mortality was achieved only after 1 day at ??15 °C. Eggs of L. bostrychophila were the most cold-tolerant life stage, as survival was observed even after 3 days at ??15 °C. The results of the present study provide the first data set on which all life stages of P. interpunctella and L. bostrychophila are evaluated for their susceptibility to cold treatments in a standardized series of exposures and temperatures. These results are expected to further encourage the “real world” application of cold treatments for the disinfestation of durable stored-products. 相似文献
11.
12.
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin.) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is a pest on olives (Olea europea) in the Mediterranean basin. An olive fruit fly colony was maintained on olives at 24 ± 1°C, 60% RH, and 16:8 h (light:dark)
photoperiod with fluorescent lighting. We investigated oviposition behavior, developmental duration and weights of the biological
stages, and adult longevity. A single female laid an average of 19 eggs/day and 200–350 eggs in her lifetime. The maximum
number of oviposition stings in a single olive was 156.0 ± 5.77, and 28.00 ± 3.62 larvae out of it completed their development,
all pupated, and all emergence successfully. Although the development period was similar for larvae and pupae, adult longevity
varied. Male and female emergence percentages ranged as 38.7–52.8, and 32–39.9%, respectively. The results are presented in
relation to published studies on olive fruit fly rearing. 相似文献
13.
The objective of this study was to find an effective method for treating ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) using new water-based reagents containing copper. The effects of green-color protection using various treatments on bamboo
culms were examined in this study. Two methods were used: heating in a water bath and ultrasonic dipping. The results revealed
that excellent green-color protection (a* value of −6.2) was obtained when ma bamboo culms were treated with 0.25% ammoniacal copper quaternary compound-type B (ACQ-B)
in a water bath at 100°C for 2 h. It was also found that the wettability of bamboo epidermis increasedsignificantly after
pretreatment in a mixture of 1% KOH and surfactant in a water bath at 100°C for 30 min. Furthermore, pretreated moso bamboo
culms exhibited excellent green-color protection after they were treated with 0.25% ACQ-B at 100°C for 2 h (a* value of −8.2). This novel treatment method definitely endows the bamboo culms with a fascinating green skin color and consequently
could increase the economic value of bamboo products. No improvement in green-color protection was found when ultrasonic energy
was added to the water bath at ambient temperature. 相似文献
14.
Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia farnesiana are tree species used for several agricultural purposes in the Mediterranean region. The seeds of these species exhibit dormancy,
causing delayed germination. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of pre-sowing treatments (scarification,
hot water, or soaking) on seed germination of L. leucocephala and A. farnesiana. In one experiment, seeds were exposed to three pre-sowing treatments: control, sandpaper scarification, or soaking in 70°C
water for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 min. In another experiment, seeds were soaked in 70°C water for 20 min, and then soaked
in water at room temperature for an additional 24, 48, or 72 h or blade scarified. In general, soaking the seeds of the two
species in hot water was more effective in breaking seed dormancy than scarification. Sandpaper scarification was not effective
for either species. Blade scarification increased A. farnesiana seed germination to 56%, indicating that seed dormancy was mainly a consequence of hardseededness.
L. leucocephala seeds collected from Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) site and soaked in 70°C water for 20 min and then
soaked for 24, 48, or 72 h had germination rates above 97%. Our results suggest that blade scarification of A. farnesiana seeds and soaking of L. leucocephala seeds in 70°C water for 20 min are effective treatments to break seed dormancy and enhance seed germination of these vital
species. 相似文献
15.
The predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as an important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture and vineyards at below 25?°C. However, sufficient biological data was lacking on its efficiency at temperatures above 25?°C. Therefore, the purpose of the present laboratory work was to obtain experimental data on prey consumption during development as well as longevity and reproduction of T. pyri on apple leaf discs and in Plexiglas cells at constant temperatures of 25?±?2?°C and 30?±?2?°C with P. ulmi as prey. 相似文献
16.
Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of Trioxys angelicae Haliday (Hym.: Braconidae) age and host density (Aphis fabae Scopoli) (Hem.: Aphididae) on selected attributes of parasitoid reproductive biology. The number of hosts parasitized per
day was used as an estimate of wasp fecundity. Parasitoid longevity was not affected by host density and at host densities
of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 or 60 aphids per day; the parasitoids lived an average of 8.96 ± 0.82 days at 21°C. At host
densities of ≤20 aphids per day, lifetime fecundity of a single Trioxys angelicae female was limited by the number of hosts available. Lifetime fecundity was highest with an average of 158.14 ± 20.33 at
a density of 30 aphids per day; the maximum number of aphids parasitized by any female was 235. Daily fecundity and sex ratio
were affected by parasitoid age and host density. Age-specific fecundity at different host densities fitted well to a nonlinear
model. In conclusion, the fecundity and female progeny production of Trioxys angelicae as an important biological control agent of A. fabae is influenced by host availability. 相似文献
17.
The morphology of charcoals was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Charcoal of Quercus variabilis was prepared in an electric furnace under nitrogen gas atmosphere at 400, 600, 800 and 1,000°C. Charring temperature greatly affects the structure of charcoal. In charcoal prepared at 400°C, most of the morphological characteristics remained relatively unchanged with the exception of the cell-wall layering. The cell walls appeared homogenous and glass-like. Above 400°C, there was an increase in cell-wall thinning and volumetric shrinkage with an increase in the charring temperature. These two factors were responsible for most of the observed changes in structure. Fracture surfaces became increasingly rough and disrupted. Vessel elements were increasingly distorted and tyloses disintegrated with increases in temperature. Parenchyma cells exhibited greater shrinkage except at the pits. This resulted in the appearance of distinctive small protuberances over the surface of the parenchyma cells. Rhomboidal calcium crystals were found to be abundant at all the temperatures studied, but at 800 and 1,000°C the crystals had a sponge-like appearance. 相似文献
18.
The olive psyllid, Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster is one of the most destructive pests on buds and flowers of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in May when the olive growers cannot apply any insecticides against the pest. Temperature-dependent development of the
psyllid was studied at constant temperatures ranged 16–26°C. A degree-day (DD) model was developed to predict the larval emergence
using the weekly cumulative larval counts and daily mean temperatures. Linear regression analysis estimated a lower developmental
threshold of 4.1 and 4.3°C and a thermal constant of 164.17 and 466.13 DD for development of egg and larva, respectively.
The cumulative larval counts of E. phillyreae approximated by probit transformation were plotted against time, expressed as the sum of DD above 4.3°C, the starting date
when the olive tree phenology was the period of flower cluster initiation. A linear model was used to describe the relationship
of DDs and probit values of larval emergence patterns of E. phillyreae and predicted that 10, 50 and 95% emergence of the larvae required 235.81, 360.22 and 519.93 DD, respectively, with errors
of 1–3 days compared to observed values. Based on biofix depends the development of olive tree phenology; the DD model can
be used as a forecasting method for proper timing of insecticide applications against E. phillyreae larvae in olive groves. 相似文献
19.
Akram Taghizadeh Saroukolai Saeid Moharramipour Mohammad Hadi Meshkatalsadat 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(1):3-8
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper
alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil
was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the
major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4
and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT50) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT50 values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC50 values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects. 相似文献
20.
The aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), is an important predator in many agricultural ecosystems. However, information on the influence of the prey’s host
plant species on its life history characteristics is still absent in the literature. Therefore, five host plant species of
Aphis gossypii Glover, viz. Cucumis sativus L., Cucurbita pepo var. medullosa L., Cucurbita moschata var. melonaeformis Poiret, Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis L. and Lagenaria siceraria var. gourda Standl., were selected to study the influence of the prey’s host plant species on the development, survival, reproduction
and life table parameters of H. variegata in the laboratory at 25°C. The results showed that all of A. gossypii from five host plant species used were acceptable for the growth, development and reproduction of H. variegata. However, the suitability of aphids from various host plants was different for this ladybird beetle. The complete pre-imaginal
development was longest (14.51 ± 0.17 days) when reared with aphids on C. melo var. cantalupensis and shortest (12.60 ± 0.11 days) on L. siceraria var. gourda. Total immature survival from egg to adult was highest (58.97%) on L. siceraria var. gourda and lowest (44.06%) on C. melo var. cantalupensis. Based on the intrinsic rate of increase as an index of suitability of prey host plant species on the population increase
of H. variegata, the suitability in decreasing order was: L. siceraria var. gourda > C. moschata var. melonaeformis > C. pepo var. medullosa > C. melo var. cantalupensis > C. sativus. This study offered opportunities for better understanding the tritrophic interactions of the plant–aphid–predator relationship. 相似文献