奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测及其治疗方法

奶牛乳房炎是困扰奶牛养殖业发展最严重的疾病之一,特别是隐性乳房炎,临床症状不明显,不仅导致奶牛产乳量和乳质量的降低,还可能传染给其他奶牛,导致疾病的扩散.因此,只有对乳汁进行检测,通过其生理、生化等指标变化来判断乳房炎的发生情况.为减少该病的发生、提高乳质量,本文总结了奶牛隐性乳房炎的微生物学检验、细胞学检查、酶学指标...     

硒与奶牛隐性乳房炎相关性的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是我国奶牛疾病中发病率最高的疾病之一,严重影响奶牛产奶量和乳制品质量,给奶牛养殖业造成巨大经济损失。有证据表明,多种营养物质的缺乏都会增加奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率。其中,微量元素硒能改善奶牛乳腺免疫功能,对奶牛乳腺健康和降低隐性乳房炎发病率具有重要意义。主要阐述硒与奶牛隐性乳房炎的相关性,以期为通过调控乳腺免疫功能和防控乳腺炎提供依据。     

中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖业常见的疾病之一,尤其是隐性乳房炎对奶牛生产造成了巨大的经济损失,文章对奶牛乳房炎的发病情况和致病机理,传统治疗方法存在的缺点和中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的进展作一综述。     

Mastitis control programme in the developing dairy industry of tropical lowland Bolivia

Mastitis is an important disease in developing dairy industries. This paper describes a commercial mastitis control programme in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, based upon the five-point mastitis control plan and bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) monitoring. Twelve farms which participated on the programme for 6 years are considered. Mean annual BTSCC fell steadily from 1200000 cells/ml to 461000 cells/ml over this time. This progressive improvement was probably a result of increasing use of and attention to detail in mastitis control practices. The control of subclinical mastitis improved in both hand-milked and machine-milked herds, though hand-milked herds consistently produced milk of higher BTSCC. The mastitis programme did not appear to influence the incidence of clinical mastitis. The paper concludes that a simple mastitis programme based on the five-point plan and BTSCC monitoring can be commercially implemented and effectively control subclinical mastitis in a tropical, developing country.     

Association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle

The objective of this research was to explore the potential association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. In two separate studies, we identified an association between PCR-based detection of C. burnetii in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. These studies were conducted in a commercial dairy herd where there was ongoing intensive monitoring of subclinical mastitis by aerobic bacteriology, but no prior knowledge or management of C. burnetii infections. In a case-control study, quarter level C. burnetii status determined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was strongly associated with chronic subclinical mastitis as measured by milk somatic cell counts. In a subsequent cross sectional study, 147 (45%) of 325 lactating cows were positive for C. burnetii by RT-qPCR of composite milk samples. In a generalized linear model, accounting for the effect of covariates including aerobic intramammary infection status, C. burnetii PCR status was a significant predictor of linear somatic cell count score. In agreement with a small number of previous reports, this research provides evidence that there may be mammary gland specific manifestations of C. burnetii infections in dairy cattle.     

中兽药散剂治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎的研究

奶牛乳房炎严重影响奶业生产。本试验使用中兽药散剂替代抗生素对临床型奶牛乳房炎进行治疗,并对治疗过程中的奶牛乳房炎病程情况、奶牛免疫情况和牛奶品质进行观察,评估中兽药散剂的治疗效果。结果显示：中兽药散剂可有效通乳消痈;可降低牛奶中体细胞数量;可提高粒细胞含量（从2%以下提高到46.3%）;可抑制炎症,降低IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的含量（降低66.3%~71.0%）。得出结论：中药散剂可提高奶牛的免疫功能,治疗乳房炎。     

Evaluation of the on-line electrical conductivity of milk in mastitic dairy cows

Mastitis is a persistent, inflammatory reaction of the udder tissue, which entails a decline in potassium, and is also responsible for a higher somatic cell count (SCC) and electrical conductivity (EC) of milk. The measurement of EC is an indirect, rapid method to detect subclinical mastitis from milk. The aim of this study was to analyse the EC of milk throughout the lactation, around the day of mastitis detection, and also to estimate its heritability based on data from a large-scale dairy farm. Shortly after calving the EC value generally decreases; however, it was discovered that from the thirteenth week onwards, substantial differences arise between the mastitic and healthy groups of cows. The authors observed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in EC before the detection of clinical mastitis. This higher value (around 11 mS) persisted for 4 days, then it gradually returned to the normal level. The EC of milk from daughters sired by different bulls responded differently in case of mastitis. The heritability of EC seems to be high (h2 = 0.56). Therefore, the EC trait can be a beneficial indicator in detecting mastitis and should be considered in sire selection.     

辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎发病情况监测

[目的]为了摸清辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,[方法]本研究应用美国加州奶牛乳房炎检测方法(California mastitis test,CMT)对规模化奶牛场奶牛定期采集奶样进行隐性乳房炎动态监测.通过临床检查和CMT方法对辽西地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场共1 326头泌乳期奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的监测,...     

A review of prevention and control of heifer mastitis via non-antibiotic strategies

Clinical and subclinical mastitis is a significant problem in primiparous dairy cattle (heifers) with a higher prevalence and incidence in heifers than cows, especially early in lactation. Differences in management (e.g. nutrition, pasturing, no use of dry cow therapy) as well as differences in physiological status (e.g. continuing growth in heifers) are likely contribute to the observed differences between heifers and cows. These differences may result in the requirement for different approaches for mastitis management in heifers than for cows. Mastitis is a multifactorial disease, hence control requires an understanding of the risk factors before effective interventions can be defined. Control strategies are aimed at reducing the incidence of new intramammary infections and eliminating existing infections. Potential strategies can include improved environmental and animal hygiene, application of internal and external teat sealants, prepartum application of teat antiseptics, prepartum milking and control of horn fly in environments where it acts as vector. Other less well-proven strategies to control heifer mastitis include management of heifers as a physically separate group from older cows and not feeding mastitic milk to calves. It is concluded that several well-proven strategies are available to manage heifer mastitis. However, further research is likely to improve understanding of heifer mastitis and lead to novel managerial approaches to mastitis control in this age group.     

进口荷斯坦牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

调查了新疆石河子某奶牛场的隐性乳房炎的发病情况，采集200份乳样进行细菌的分离鉴定，共检测出隐性乳房炎病牛58头，检出率29％；分离到5种7株病原菌，其中主要的致病菌为链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌。     

凉州区奶牛乳房炎主要病原分离鉴定及药敏试验

乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病,随着奶牛产业的蓬勃发展,乳房炎已经成为制约该产业的瓶颈之一。从甘肃省武威市凉州区5个奶牛养殖场采集了1 000头荷斯坦奶牛共计3 991份奶样,对临床型和非临床型(隐性)乳房炎分别通过临床症状和兰州隐性乳房炎诊断液(LMT)进行诊断。结果显示:该地区奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率18.20%,亚临床型乳房炎发病率36.50%,总阳性率54.70%,总阳性乳区率54.72%。从阳性奶样中分离纯化得到的主要病原菌为链球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌,且在不同类型乳房炎中的分布情况不同,临床型中链球菌属最多(54.37%),亚临床型中金黄色葡萄球菌最多(48.56%)。对主要病原菌进行药敏试验,结果表明治疗凉州区奶牛乳房炎的最佳药物应为喹诺酮类和庆大霉素类。     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5．82％,4．17%,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0．01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0．05)。     

乳酸菌防治奶牛乳房炎的作用效果及前景展望

乳房炎是奶牛常见的疾病之一,患病奶牛因其废弃奶的产生,以及治疗和淘汰等相关费用的增加,给奶牛养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失.目前,对于奶牛临床性乳房炎的治疗主要依赖于抗生素,而抗生素的长期大量使用会导致耐药性病原菌的产生和牛奶中的药物残留等问题.作为抗生素的潜在替代品,乳酸菌在防治病原微生物方面很有潜力,现综述了乳酸菌防治...     

干奶期奶牛乳房炎防控

乳房炎是影响奶牛健康、牛奶产量及品质、造成牧场经济损失最严重的疾病之一。约2个月的干奶期是防治奶牛乳房炎最关键的时期。本文基于干奶期的乳腺变化,分析干奶期乳房炎高发原因,提出全群及选择性干奶治疗、乳头末端保护方法、营养及卫生方面的饲养管理方法,为防控奶牛乳房炎、提高牛群生产表现及牧场经济效益提供科学参考。     

Prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows in north and south regions of Bangladesh

The purpose of the study was to identify the potential risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCM) in lactating dairy cows in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was carried out on randomly selected 212 smallholder dairy farms of Sadar upazilas of Rangpur, Mymensingh, and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh during January to October 2011. The direct interview using a structured questionnaire and physical examination of the cows were done to collect data on 15 variables. Milk samples collected from study cows were subjected to California Mastitis Test (CMT). The diagnosis of SCM was based on the results of CMT and physical examination of udder and milk. The bivariable followed by multivariable analysis was done using SPSS 17.0. Of the total cows examined, 20.2 % had subclinical mastitis. In bivariable analysis, eight risk factors were identified. However, in the final model of multivariable analysis, four potential risk factors were identified. These were history of previous clinical mastitis (odds ratio (OR) 10.51, p?<?0.001), pendulous type of udder (OR 2.26, p?=?0.008), no grass feeding (OR 1.84, p?=?0.039), and body condition score (BCS) 2.5 or less (OR 7.25, p?=?0.054). Four different factors were significantly associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, which need to be considered in the control of the disease. However, particular emphasis should be given on grass feeding and BCS because these traits can be modified or improved to allow prevention of SCM.     

Risk Indicators Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Smallholder Dairy Cows in Tanzania

Smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania appear to be unaware of the subclinical mastitis situation in their cows. A cross-sectional study was carried out between June and September 2002 on smallholder dairy herds in the Dar es Salaam region. The study objectives were to establish the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and related risk indicators, and to assess their contribution to the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. Three field procedures based on the principles of herd health and production management were followed: clinical, farm and data inspection. The California mastitis test (CMT) was carried out on quarter milk samples to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. A total of 182 lactating cows from 62 herds were investigated. Clinical inspection indicated that 3.8% of the lactating cows had clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis was detected in 90.3% of lactating cows screened. Farm inspection revealed that water scarcity, barn size, residual suckling, single udder-towel and dairy labourers as the most substantial (p < 0.05) risk indicators. Although most of the risk indicators studied were not found to be statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, possibly owing to sample size and the presence of confounders, the epidemiological need to address such risk indicators cannot be overemphasized.     

微生态制剂防制奶牛乳房炎的研究进展

乳房炎是奶牛业最常见的疾病之一,该病不仅给奶牛业造成巨大经济损失,且严重影响牛奶的质量。微生态制剂因其安全、绿色,有望替代抗生素而被广泛应用。文章对奶牛乳房炎的发病机制、微生态制剂防制奶牛乳房炎的作用机理及国内外对微生态制剂防制奶牛乳房炎的研究进展作一综述。     

Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Three Dairy Herds in Southwest Germany

The objective of this study was to analyse the occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in three dairy herds in the southwest of Germany that had experienced individual cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis associated with MRSA. The herds were identified by the detection of MRSA during routine resistance testing of mastitis pathogens. All quarters of all cows in the herds that were positive on California Mastitis Test were sampled for bacteriological analysis on two occasions. Bulk tank milk samples were also tested. Furthermore, nasal swabs were collected from people working on the farms and from cattle. Environmental samples were collected from associated pig holdings. Isolates were characterized using spa‐typing and testing for antimicrobial resistance. Our results revealed a substantial spread of MRSA in the three dairy herds. In the first of the two investigations carried out on all cows in the three herds, milk samples of 5.1–16.7% of dairy cows were found positive for MRSA. The respective proportions in the second herd level investigation were 1.4–10.0%. Quarters harbouring MRSA had higher somatic cell counts than quarters that were negative on culture. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus were also detected in nasal swabs of staff (7/9), cows (7/15) and calves (4/7), bulk tank milk samples (3/3) and environmental samples from pig premises (4/5) on the farm. Herds B and C had no contact to herd A. However, in all three herds MRSA of spa‐type t011 were detected in milk samples. Results show that MRSA of spa‐type t011 is a problem in dairy farms that needs urgent attention.     

Mastitis detection in dairy cows by application of fuzzy logic

The aim of the present research was to develop a fuzzy logic model for classification and control of mastitis for cows milked in an automatic milking system. Recording of data was performed on the University of Kiel's experimental dairy farm “Karkendamm”. A data set of 403,537 milkings from 478 cows was used. Mastitis was determined according to three different definitions: udder treatments (1), udder treatment or somatic cell counts (SCC) over 100,000/ml (2) and udder treatment or SCC over 400,000/ml (3). Mastitis alerts were generated by a fuzzy logic model using electrical conductivity, milk production rate and milk flow rate as input data. To develop and verify the model, the data set was randomly divided into training data (284,669 milkings from 319 cows) and test data (135,414 milkings from 159 cows). The evaluation of the model was carried out according to sensitivity, specificity and error rate. If the block-sensitivity was set to be at least 80%, the specificities ranged between 93.9% and 75.8% and the error rate varied between 95.5% and 41.9% depending on mastitis definition. Additionally, the average number of true positive cows per day ranged from 0.1 to 7.2, and the average number of false negative positive cows per day ranged from 2.4 to 5.2 in an average herd size for the test data of 39.7 cows/day. The results of the test data verified those of the training data, indicating that the model could be generalized.

Fuzzy logic is a useful tool to develop a detection model for mastitis. A noticeable decrease in the error rate can be made possible by means of more informative parameters.