河西走廊东部冰雹的气候特征及天气特征

利用线性回归分析、Mann-Kendall检验和小波分析法,统计分析河西走廊东部1961-2010年近50 a来冰雹日数的变化规律。结果表明：河西走廊东部冰雹日数时空分布差异较大,从祁连山区到走廊平川区冰雹日数迅速递减;年冰雹日数变化总体呈下降趋势,其线性倾向率为-0.164 3 次•a-¹;一年中冰雹出现时段集中在6-9月,一日集中在12：00-18：00;冰雹持续时间在1～20 min。采用Mann Kendall检验法进行检验,河西走廊东部年冰雹日数从1985年开始减少,突变点出现在2006年,2006年后冰雹日数显著减少。在全球变暖的气候背景下,河西走廊东部冰雹日数呈减少趋势,但开始减少和显著减少的时间均滞后于年平均气温开始上升和显著上升时间。小波分析结果表明,河西走廊东部冰雹日数存在9 a的准周期变化。根据冰雹天气发生的物理机制和高低空环流配置,将冰雹出现的大尺度高空环流形势归纳为西北气流型、西风气流型、低压槽型3大类。对每种大尺度高空环流形势下700 hPa中尺度环流进一步细化,分析了每种冰雹类型的垂直环流特征及影响程度。     

甘肃河东地区降水特征及天气系统分型

利用甘肃1982~2002年逐日降水资料,在统计分析河东地区降水量的年变化及季节变化特征的基础上,结合降水天气过程发生当天的08时500hPa、14时ΔP24地面图为依据,综合考虑西北区高空环流形势、高空和地面影响系统、冷空气路径和强度等天气条件,对4~10月影响河东地区降水的主要天气系统进行了分型,结果表明:河东降水的高空环流可分为三种类型:西高东低型、西低东高型和平直多波动型,其中降水类型以平直多波动型为多见。     

近50年中国不同强度降水日数时空变化特征

利用1957-2006年全国679个测站逐日降水资料,针对不同年降水量的站点,定义了新的降水等级,分析了我国近50年不同强度降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:①不同等级降水占总降水量比重的分布,自西北向东南小雨量在总降水量中的分量逐渐下降,但小雨日数在总降水日数中依然是最主要的;中雨对年降水量的贡献在20%～38%;大到暴雨雨量和日数比重逐渐增加。②年降雨量及不同等级雨日数趋势表现为,在我国西部地区年降雨量及小雨、中雨日数呈正趋势,即在西部小雨、中雨雨日数增加的同时,西部年降水量亦在增加;而大-暴雨区主要集中在南方,华北、东北大-暴雨有不同程度的减少。③各气候区的突变检验结果为,甘新和青藏两个气候区年平均中雨日数增加趋势十分显著,而内蒙气候区在减少;华南区的年平均暴雨日数增加趋势明显。     

近45年宁夏极端气温与太平洋海温的遥相关

利用1961-2005年标准化宁夏极端气温、SST和北半球500 hPa环流特征量资料,采用REOF、小波分析、最大熵谱、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了极端气温的时空变化特征及其与SST和同期北半球500 hPa环流特征量的遥相关。结果表明:宁夏极端气温的年代际气候特征表现为一致的上升趋势,异常敏感区在宁夏北部和六盘山区;极端最低气温在1984年前后发生突变,突变后气温转暖,中部半干旱带增温最明显,有显著的2.32年和4.40年周期;极端最高气温的增暖过程经历了2个阶段,其中1976年的增暖趋势最显著,突变后宁夏中北部增温最明显,有显著的3.14年周期;虽然突变后高温日数明显增加,但仍有异常的低温事件发生;当前一年1~6月加利福尼亚西岸海区温度偏高、同期冬季西太平洋副高西升北抬、面积增大、强度增强、亚洲区极涡面积收缩、青藏高原500 hPa位势高度增高时,极端最低气温偏高;当前一年冬季赤道东太平洋海区呈La Nina型分布、同期夏季北半球极涡减弱时,副高加强北抬,极端最高气温偏高。     

陕西伏旱气候特征及成因分析

利用陕西省15个气象观测站1961～2006年7～8月地面观测资料和美国环境预测中心/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料,分析了陕西伏旱天气气候特征和典型伏旱期的大气环流特征.结果表明:陕西伏旱具有气温高,降水少,持续时间长,以及明显的年代际变化特征,其中1960、1970和1990年代是伏旱多发时期.强伏旱年西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,青藏高压发展加强并向东北方向移动,与西风带长波脊或西太平洋副热带高压合并,形成控制我国大部分地区的青藏高压或带状高压,是陕西典型伏旱期大气环流的主要特征;100 hPa南亚高压、300 hPa高压、500 hPa的青藏高压中心位置基本一致,且与对流层上下层的暖中心相对应,是持续性异常伏旱期所具有近似正压结构的典型环流形势.     

2017年与2014年西安极端高温天气及其环流特征对比分析

借助观测资料与FNL全球分析资料,对比研究2017年与2014年西安高温天气基本特征与有利环流形势,结果表明：① 2 a西安均发生了40 ℃以上的长时间持续高温天气,其中2014年属于常规高温年份,而2017年西安高温则提前1个月发生,高温的提前发生主要是因为南亚高压强于正常年份同期强度;② 不同于我国南方地区的闷湿高温,西安高温属于干性高温,且昼夜温差较小,由此造成24 h对人体的不适;③ 详细描述了西安高温发生的典型环流特征,即南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）同时增强,并在对流层中高层相互贯通;④ 南亚高压是影响我国西北地区的主要热源基地,在较大经向度的有利环流背景下,强风速可将热气团向南向东深度输送至下游地区（即西安）;⑤ 在“上辐合、下辐散”的散度场配置下,西安500 hPa以下高空维持明显的下沉气流,加之有利的局部要素相配合,最终造成该地区高温天气的发生。     

川渝地区夏季干旱气候特征及成因分析

利用1979—2011年英国东英吉利大学气候研究中心（CRU）整理的地面月降水资料和日本气象厅（JMA）加工的全球高空等压面月平均气象场再分析资料,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）,确定了川渝地区典型干旱年,讨论了川渝地区夏季典型干旱的气候特征及其大气环流特征。结果表明：川渝地区夏季典型干旱年具有气温高、降水少的气候特征;东亚中纬度盛行纬向气流,西风锋区偏北,冷空气多偏北东移,川渝地区及其我国北方大部分地区受大陆带状高压控制。500 hPa带状高压与100 hPa南亚高压中心位置基本一致,且500 hPa高压中心与温度场的暖中心相对应,是持续性川渝夏季干旱具有近似正压结构的典型环流特征;同时川渝地区夏季干旱年对流层低层从云贵高原到四川盆地的西南气流明显偏弱,风场距平合成表明,云贵高原到川渝地区为东北距平风,距平风场上华南地区为明显的气旋式环流;川渝地区夏季典型干旱年整层西南气流水汽输送与常年比较明显偏小。     

中国西北地区夏季降水的气候特征

利用西北地区119个气象站1961-2000年夏季降水资料,分析其空间分布特征和时间变化规律.选择典型多雨与少雨年,对美国NCEP/NCAR高空流、地气系统射出的长波辐射(OLR)场、赤道北太平洋海温(SST)与西北夏季降水的关系进行对比分析.结果表明:西北地区夏季降水具有明显的空间差异,最少的是新疆的吐鲁番气象站,为6.7 mm,最多的是陕西的佛坪气象站,为446.9 mm.多雨年北半球500 hPa极涡明显浅,西太平洋副热带高压强,700 hPa矢量风距平场中国西北地区为辐合区,700 hPa比湿距平中心位于中国西北地区,OLR主要负距平中心在西北地区,SST负距平主要在赤道太平洋东部.少雨年500 hPa极涡深,西太平洋副热带高压很弱,700 hPa矢量风距平场中国西北地区为辐散区,700 hPa比湿距正中心位于孟加拉湾西部,OLR主要正距平中心在西北地区;SST正距平主要在赤道太平洋东部.     

南疆西部沙漠边缘汛期两次罕见暴雨过程诊断分析

应用常规观测及NCEP再分析资料(水平分辨率1°×1°,间隔为6h),着重从暴雨发生的环流配置、影响系统、水汽及动热力条件入手,对2010年6月6日和2011年5月30日发生在南疆西部沙漠边缘皮山县汛期的两次历史罕见暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果发现:高空200hPa上中亚及中亚南部西南急流、低空700(850)hPa上南疆盆地偏东急流并存,中空500hPa上南支槽和低空700(850)hPa上喀什至和田切变线是皮山暴雨发生的环流配置和主要影响系统;暴雨过程中存在和显著增大的比湿、中低层强烈的水汽辐合以及自皮山西部、南部持续输入的水汽为其发生提供了充沛的水汽条件;垂直螺旋度较好地反映出了暴雨在时间上的变化,且中层500hPa负值、高低层上"-+"或"+-"的配置结构揭示了暴雨过程强烈上升运动的发生;湿位涡、锋生函数在对流层低层的时空变化对暴雨预报有一定的指示性,暴雨过程中对流层低层MPV1<0,MPV2>0,锋生函数有锋消向锋生过程的转变,暴雨出现在MPV2>0的分布区内、锋生最强时刻的6小时后。     

西北地区东部夏季降水日数的变化趋势及其气候特征

以西北地区东部(95°E～112°E,32°N～41°N)104个测站1960～2000历年夏季(6～8月)降水日数资料为基础,通过EOF和REOF等分析方法,研究夏季降水日数时空分布的异常特征。结果表明西北地区东部夏季多年平均降水日数的地区分布特点是西部多、东部少,沿祁连山山脉存在一个降水日数较多中心区域,并且降水量和降水日数均呈增多趋势。降水日数的空间异常主要表现为一致性异常和南北相反异常两种类型。根据REOF方法可将西北区东部分为5个不同降水日数气候区,即甘肃中东部及河套区、渭水流域区、河西走廊区、青海高原北部区、青海南部区和四川北部区。20世纪80年代以来,西北地区东部大部分地区降水日数呈现减少的趋势。冬季(或夏季)青藏高原地面加热场强度偏强,甘肃河西及祁连山地区、宁夏南部等地夏季降水偏多(或少),青海东南部-甘肃南部-渭水流域夏季降水日数偏少(或偏多)。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.