荒漠化监测与评价指标研究进展

适宜的指标体系是高效开展荒漠化监测与评价工作的关键。文中从地面调查和遥感监测两个方面综述了荒漠化监测与评价的指标体系。地面调查的指标体系一般从三个层次上构建:以单一植被盖度指示荒漠化,综合植被、气候、土壤、土地类型等监测荒漠化状态,基于"压力-状态-响应"理论框架系统构建荒漠化监测与评价体系。遥感监测与评价指标主要包括多期影像分类指标、植被参数和土壤参数三个方面。最后总结当前研究中存在的问题,并提出了"多类型-多尺度-多维度"的荒漠化监测与评价指标框架,可为遥感与地面相结合的多类型和多尺度荒漠化过程监测与评价提供科学参考。     

基于主成分分析和参数设计的畦灌技术参数优化

针对畦灌灌水质量评价指标较多、自然因素存在时空变异性和技术参数有控制误差而造成的灌水质量评价不合理、灌水质量不高且波动大的现状,在田间灌水试验的基础上,利用主成分分析计算灌水质量综合主成分作为评价指标,采用参数设计的方法对畦灌灌水技术参数进行了优化。结果表明,灌水质量综合主成分可以代表99.99%的灌水质量变异信息,且服从正态分布,同时自然参数的变异和技术参数的误差对灌水质量及其稳健性产生了较大影响,经模拟和实测结果验证,泾惠渠灌区畦灌技术参数优化组合为畦宽3.5~4.5 m,畦长120 m左右,单宽流量9 L·s~(-1)·m~(-1)左右,改水成数7成左右,此时具有很好的灌水质量和稳健性。     

基于主成分分析的黄土沟壑区土壤肥力质量评价——以长武县耕地土壤为例

以陕西省长武县所处的黄土高原沟壑区土壤为研究对象,通过主成分分析并结合Norm值的方法,筛选出活性有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、粘粒、CEC、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和转化酶等12项指标,建立了黄土沟壑区土壤综合质量评价的最小数据集(MDS)。采用客观方法(主成分分析法)以及主客观相结合的方法确定了两种类型的权重系数,分别计算了土壤综合质量指数,发现两种方法计算所得的土壤综合质量指数之间具有很好的一致性。另外,把由主成分分析法计算的土壤综合质量指数与利用偏相关系数法计算出的土壤综合质量指数进行了线性回归分析,两者之间达到极显著相关,说明用主成分分析法在该地区进行土壤质量综合评价是客观可行的。各因子的隶属度表明,活性有机质是该地区主要的限制性因子,全氮次之。几种不同方法计算的土壤质量表明,果园土壤质量优于农田土壤的,不同地形部位土壤质量比较发现,塬面的土壤质量相对最高,坡地(梯田)次之,河滩地相对最低。     

阿拉善地区荒漠化遥感监测及动态变化

以内蒙古阿拉善地区为研究区,利用20世纪70年代末、80年代末、90年代末、2010年4个时期的Landsat MSS/TM遥感资料为信息源,运用人机交互目视解译方法以及地理信息系统的空间分析功能,获得了荒漠化景观数据,并在此基础上进行了阿拉善地区荒漠化现状与动态变化分析。结果显示:20世纪70年代末-90年代末,研究区荒漠化土地面积由168330km2增至178519km2,20年间增加了10189km2,平均每年增加509.5km2;而20世纪90年代末至2010年间,研究区荒漠化发展趋势总体得到遏制,生态环境治理速度超过了荒漠化扩展速度,荒漠化土地面积减少了3175km2。     

基于IRSEI的石羊河流域生态环境质量时空变化及驱动力分析

基于绿度、湿度、热度、盐度、荒漠化程度五个指标，构建了改进遥感生态指数IRSEI,提出了完全基于遥感数据的石羊河流域生态环境质量综合评价方法。以2000-2020年为时间序列，对石羊河流域生态环境质量时空分布特征和驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明：石羊河流域生态环境质量整体偏低，空间差异显著；近20年间，流域生态环境质量整体有所改善，绿洲边缘、上游林地和草地区域改善较显著；流域生态环境质量受自然因素和人为因素共同影响，年平均气温、年降水量、海拔、土地利用类型是流域生态环境质量空间分异的主要驱动力因子，驱动因子之间的交互作用表现为双因子增强和非线性增强，土地利用类型和其他驱动因子的交互作用最为明显。     

青海土地荒漠化评价及动态监测

应用RS与GIS技术,利用1976年的MSS数据和2000年TM遥感数据,对青海境内的荒漠化土地现状与动态变化进行监测研究,并对其时空特征进行分析.结果表明:青海荒漠化土地面积2000年为2.22×105 km2,占总面积的31.11%,其中沙质荒漠化面积为1.89×105 km2,占荒漠化总面积的84.83%.1976年荒漠化总面积为2.20×105 km2.近30年来,青海荒漠化土地总面积变化不大,但荒漠化程度明显加重,重度沙质荒漠化土地面积和沙漠面积分别增加了254.13%和94.78%.     

基于AHP的渭河流域用水水平评价及计算机实现

依据渭河流域用水特点和系统工程的思想,建立了渭河流域用水水平评价指标体系,研究基于AHP方法的指标权值确定的步骤和方法,探讨分析多层次灰关联综合评价中最优指标集、指标集规范化、灰色关联系数、评判结果矩阵等关键问题;采用VC 和数据库技术开发了C/S模式的渭河流域用水水平评价系统。选择渭河流域典型区域2003～2005年的用水数据进行验证。结果表明:评价结果与实际情况相符,研究方法和手段有一定的推广价值。     

河道流量对疏勒河中下游河岸带植被变化的影响评价

应用多源遥感数据与遥感水文站技术,结合野外大范围水文和植被调查,分析了2015年和2020年疏勒河因生态输水而导致河道流量变化的河岸带植被响应,定量评价了疏勒河流量变化对中下游植被恢复和生长的影响.结果 表明:1)主成分分析(PCA)显示,在植物指数、径流要素、地形和人为干扰度等10个指标中,流量是疏勒河河岸带植被生态...     

基于主成分分析和层次分析法相结合的陕西省农业干旱风险评估

农业干旱灾害发生机理复杂,评价指标众多,为确定合理的干旱风险评价指标,以陕西省为研究对象,提出基于主成分分析和层次分析法(AHP)相结合的农业干旱风险评价指标体系和评估方法。运用主成分分析,结合陕西省干旱成因及特点,基于风险四要素(危险性、暴露性、脆弱性和抗旱能力)筛选并构建了农业干旱风险评价指标体系,采用AHP评估了陕西省农业干旱风险。结果表明,在考虑地区抗旱能力情况下,陕西省农业干旱风险从北向南,从东向西均呈现出递减趋势,北部榆林地区和东部渭南、商洛地区,农业干旱风险较高。通过主成分分析和AHP相结合的评价体系,可以合理选取评价指标,缩减指标个数;准确评估干旱风险,指出风险要素来源,为抗旱部门有效识别致灾因子,提出相应的抗旱减灾方法。     

石羊河流域北部平原区生态安全评价

论文采用主成分聚类分析的方法对石羊河流域北部平原区生态安全进行评价,并对影响指标进行了分类。在建立生态安全评价指标体系的基础上,用主成分分析剔除存在相关性、信息重叠的指标,得到具有代表性的主成分指标代替原来的评价指标,对流域生态安全进行聚类分析。所得符合实际,可为石羊河流域生态环境综合治理提供参考。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.