长期施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土氮素分布和矿化特性的影响

为明确长期施肥和秸秆还田对稻田土壤生态系统氮素循环过程的影响,探索维持稻田土壤长期供氮潜力的途径,利用始于1990年的湖南红壤水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥和秸秆还田对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,比较了不同温度下土壤氮素矿化曲线变化和不同施肥方式氮素矿化动态差异,分析了氮素累积矿化量与有效积温的关系。结果表明,长期施肥或秸秆可以促进红壤水稻土氮素的积累,其主要影响020cm土层,而化肥和秸秆配合施用作用更明显;长期施NPK化肥使土壤C/N降低,而秸秆还田使土壤C/N明显升高。在两种温度下的土壤矿质氮含量和累积矿化量曲线比较相似,10℃下土壤矿化速率达到稳定所需的时间要比30℃下长;30℃下不同施肥处理之间的矿化过程存在显著差异,而10℃下的差异较小,其在56d内矿化出来的矿质氮是10℃下的近两倍。化肥NP（仅施化肥NP）及NP+C（施化肥NP+秸秆还田）处理均有较高氮素矿化量,秸秆还田对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用比仅施化肥明显。在30℃下,土壤积累矿化量与有效积温的关系较好地符合有效积温方程式（EATM）（p0.01）。仅施化肥处理和对照方程中的K值相差不大,而秸秆还田与化肥配施处理方程的K值则有增大趋势,NPK+C（施化肥NPK+秸秆还田）处理的矿化潜力较大,且养分供应能力较强;秸秆配施化肥处理方程中n值的绝对值有减小趋势。随着培养时间延长,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤的累积矿化量保持在一个较稳定范围。     

地下水位和长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化特征的影响

以1982年开始的长期定位试验红壤性水稻土为对象,采用室内模拟培养试验方法,对耕层土壤有机碳矿化特征进行分析,以探究两个地下水位(20 cm、80 cm)下,长期不同施肥处理(高量有机肥+化肥(2/3OM)、常量有机肥+化肥(1/3OM)、单施化肥(NPK))红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化特征和差异。结果表明,较高的地下水位促进土壤有机碳累积,提高了高量有机肥和常量有机肥处理的土壤有机碳矿化速率,且增加了其有机碳累积矿化量(C_t)及潜在可矿化有机碳量(C_0),但土壤有机碳累积矿化率在施用化肥的条件下表现为减少。长期不同施肥的红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳矿化特征在不同地下水位条件下变化明显,2个地下水位的土壤有机碳含量、土壤有机碳矿化速率及有机碳累积矿化量高低排序均表现为:2/3OM1/3OMNPK;20cm地下水位长期施用2/3OM和1/3OM土壤有机碳累积矿化率分别较NPK高出53.32%(P0.05)、15.44%,80 cm地下水位则分别低出5.56%、17.95%(P0.05);20 cm地下水位2/3OM和1/3OM处理的土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量(C_0)显著高于NPK处理,而80cm地下水位C_0表现为1/3OM处理显著低于NPK处理;地下水位对相同施肥处理土壤有机碳周转常数(k)影响不明显,而在同为80 cm的地下水位条件下,长期施用有机肥可显著提高k。因此,长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳累积矿化率、潜在可矿化有机碳量及周转常数的影响在不同地下水位条件下发生变化。     

长期不同施肥处理对水稻土有机碳分布变异及其矿化动态的影响

基于持续26 a的太湖地区水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面有机碳分布、有机碳密度和变异幅度、及有机碳矿化动态的影响。结果表明:(1)长期施肥使水稻土表层有机碳含量显著升高,施有机肥和秸秆还田较单施化肥更能促进表层有机碳累积。施化肥处理10~30 cm土层有机碳含量相对稳定,施有机肥处理20~40 cm土层有机碳含量相对稳定;(2)0~25 cm和0~50 cm土层,施有机肥处理的有机碳密度均高于施化肥处理,有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)和化肥氮+磷+钾处理(CNPK)的有机碳密度均为最高,秸秆+化肥氮处理(CRN)高于有机肥+秸秆+氮处理(MRN)。各施肥处理0~25 cm和25~50 cm土层有机碳变异幅度均高于对照C0。施有机肥处理的有机碳密度变异幅度均高于施化肥处理。化肥氮+磷处理(CNP)和有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)有机碳密度的变异性最大;(3)各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率在培养第2~4天均达到最大,第3周后达到稳定,有机肥处理的最大矿化速率均高于化肥处理,各处理平均矿化速率为CO255.36~75.46 m l kg-1d-1,稳定矿化速率为CO210~20 m l kg-1d-1。在8周培养期内,施有机肥处理的累积矿化量始终大于施化肥处理,有机肥+秸秆+氮处理(MRN)的累积矿化量最大,各施肥处理土壤的矿化强度和稳定矿化率仍保持稳定。     

长期施肥对水稻土碳氮矿化与团聚体稳定性的影响

水稻土有机碳、氮矿化过程对水稻土质量和作物养分吸收具有重要的作用,但是它们对施肥措施的响应及其与土壤结构之间的关系尚不清楚。本研究基于红壤性水稻土长期施肥定位试验,分析了不施肥(CK)、施用常量化肥(NPK)、2倍化肥(NPK2)和常量化肥配施有机肥(NPKOM)等处理下水稻土碳氮矿化特征,并研究了其与土壤团聚体稳定性的关系。结果表明NPKOM处理显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量(P0.05),而单施化肥处理(NPK2和NPK)则同CK处理没有显著差异。土壤有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率均为NPKOMNPK2NPKCK处理,其中NPKOM处理显著高于其他处理(P0.05),而后3个处理间没有显著差异。土壤氮矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率同土壤碳矿化的规律一致,NPKOM、NPK2和NPK处理累积矿化氮量较CK处理分别提高110.0%、29.4%和8.8%,矿化率分别提高110.8%、25.6%和13.0%。单施化肥处理(NPK和NPK2)的平均质量直径(MWD)分别降低了17.1%和15.5%,而NPKOM处理则增加了19.4%。相关分析表明,土壤碳氮矿化主要取决于土壤有机碳氮含量,而与土壤团聚体水稳定性无直接关系。在今后研究中,应重点分析土壤孔隙结构与有机碳氮周转的关系。     

长期施肥潮土在玉米季施肥初期的有机碳矿化过程研究

以黄淮海平原长期定位试验地2007年玉米播种期土壤为研究对象,通过室内37天的培养实验并选择4个应用比较广泛的方程对土壤有机碳矿化过程进行拟合,其目的主要是为了比较研究长期不同施肥土壤在玉米季施肥初期有机碳矿化过程及主要矿化参数的差异,并评估矿化参数和主要土壤性质之间的相关关系.结果表明,37天培养期内各施肥处理土壤CO2-C累积释放量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量和微生物活度均呈显著正相关,大小依次为OM＞1/2OM+1/2NPK＞NPK＞NP＞PK＞CK＞NK,有机碳矿化过程均呈曲线形式,与Jones(1984)改进的一级动力学方程拟合效果最好.拟合所得土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量(C0)、易矿化有机碳量(C1)和初始潜在矿化速率(C0k)均表现出有机肥处理高于化肥处理,施肥处理高于不施肥处理(NK处理除外),与土壤有机碳、全氮和土壤微生物活度均呈显著正相关;有机碳矿化速率(k)和土壤潜在可矿化有机碳占土壤总有机碳的比例在处理间差异均不显著,除k与有机碳呈显著负相关外,其他与土壤性质均无显著相关性.因此,我们推测有机肥和化肥的平衡施用均能显著增强土壤有机碳的矿化作用,有利于土壤无机养分的释放,同时使部分有机碳在土壤中积累.     

不同施肥模式对南方黄泥田耕层有机碳固存及生产力的影响

【目的】探讨南方丘陵黄泥田不同施肥对耕层土壤有机碳固存及生产力的影响,促进区域农田固碳减排和作物高产。【方法】基于32年的长期定位试验,研究不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+全部稻草还田(NPKS)处理下,历年水稻产量、代表性年份耕层土壤有机碳含量及固碳速率的变化。【结果】NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理下水稻历年平均产量分别较CK高67.1%、88.1%和84.2%,差异显著,且NPKM、NPKS处理与NPK处理间亦具有显著差异。NPK、NPKM与NPKS处理耕层土壤有机碳历年平均含量比CK高8.9%~36.8%其中NPKM最高且亦显著高于NPKS与NPK处理。与初始土壤相比各处理有机碳含量增加1.84~5.26g/kg。以每10年为评价周期,NPKM、NPKS处理的固碳速率与CK及NPK差异均显著,其中双季稻年份NPKM与NPKS处理固碳速率分别是CK的2.38倍和1.98倍,是NPK处理的1.59倍与1.32倍但NPK处理与CK间差异不显著。稻田系统年均有机碳输入与有机碳固存间存在极显著幂函数关系,施肥土壤有机碳含量变化与籽粒产量变化间亦呈极显著正相关。【结论】南方黄泥田化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥稳步提升水稻产量。长期不施肥土壤有机碳仍可维持低幅度增长,随着土壤有机碳含量升高,固碳效率逐步降低。化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥明显提高了土壤的固碳速率二者均是提高黄泥田生产力与固碳能力的双赢措施。     

长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响

利用太湖地区26a的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素分布和C/N的影响,分析了10℃和30℃下不同施肥处理土壤氮素矿化过程的差异,拟合了30℃下土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的方程式。结果表明:(1)长期施肥使表层土壤氮素累积量明显增加,0～20cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理。20～30cm土层,化肥氮+磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮+磷+钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆+氮处理(CRN)及不施肥对照CK的含氮量高于有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)、有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆+有机肥+氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40～50cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)施有机肥或秸秆还田使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0～10cm表层土壤的C/N,CNPK>MNPK,CK>M0,而施秸秆处理MRN的C/N最低。20～50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。(3)在30℃下,土壤矿化过程达到稳定状态需要时间较短,且累积矿化量较高。在10℃下,培养后期的矿化速率高于30℃下的速率,但累积矿化量较低,低温条件引起了土壤氮素矿化率的降低。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式(p<0·01),K值较接近反应矿化初期各处理的矿化潜力,n值的差异反应MRN、MNP以及CNPK、CNP处理在矿化后期有更高潜力。     

长期施肥对红壤稻田剖面土壤碳氮累积的影响

为了研究长期施肥对红壤稻田剖面土壤碳氮累积的影响,基于中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)桃源农业生态试验站网络监测数据,分析了不施肥(CK)、高量氮磷钾肥(NPK)、减量化肥加秸秆还田优化施肥(OF)对红壤水稻土剖面有机碳、全氮含量及其储量的影响。结果表明:(1)OF处理土壤碳氮含量及其储量随着土层深度的增加呈显著下降趋势(p<0.05)。(2)11 a施肥后,各处理表层(0-20 cm)土壤有机碳含量及碳储量差异显著,且OF>NPK>CK;表层全氮含量及氮储量在NPK与OF处理中无显著差异;40-80 cm土壤氮储量NPK处理显著大于OF处理。(3)各处理0-80 cm土体总有机碳储量差异不显著,NPK处理全氮储量显著大于OF处理。(4)与试验初期相比,各处理在20-40 cm土层,各指标含量增加幅度最大。(5)0-80 cm土体中,有机碳和全氮储量存在极显著正相关关系(y=11.644 x-0.8737,R²=0.9759)。综上所述,红壤稻田土壤有机碳、全氮及碳氮储量对长期不同施肥措施的响应在表层更灵敏;在20-40 cm土层碳氮累积速率最大,并有向深层累积的趋势;OF处理更显著增加表层土壤有机碳氮储量,而NPK处理对深层土壤碳氮储量增加较多。因此,长期高量化肥使用增加了氮素向土壤深处迁移的风险,减量施肥配以秸秆还田措施对保持红壤水稻土碳氮可持续变化更有利。     

长期施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳及作物产量演变

为明确长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳和作物产量演变特征,依托始于1990年的灰漠土肥力长期定位监测试验,选择对照(CK,不施肥)、施氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配合常量有机肥(NPKM)、氮磷钾配合高量有机肥(h NPKM,有机肥施用量为NPKM的2倍)、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田(NPKS)6个处理,分析不同处理下土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量演变特征,探讨碳投入及有机碳与作物产量的关系。结果表明:1)长期耗竭种植(CK)、连续施用NP或NPK肥,灰漠土有机碳含量持续下降,年均下降速率分别为0.094 g·kg~(-1)、0.043 g·kg~(-1)和0.053 g·kg~(-1),表明施化肥(NP、NPK)不能维持土壤有机碳含量,不利于土壤肥力的保持。NPKM和h NPKM处理,土壤有机碳显著增加,年均增加0.360 g·kg~(-1)和0.575 g·kg~(-1),增施有机肥是快速提高灰漠土肥力的重要措施。秸秆还田处理(NKPS),土壤有机碳年均增幅0.006 g·kg~(-1),与NPK处理对比,秸秆还田虽没有大幅度提高土壤有机碳,但维持了土壤肥力。2)较CK,长期化肥有机肥配施(NPKM、h NPKM)显著增加了作物产量(P0.05)。与NP和NPK比较,长期化肥有机肥配施显著提高了小麦产量(P0.05),但玉米产量与施化肥处理差异不显著(P0.05),玉米产量以平衡施肥(NPK)的增幅最高,达到220 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。小麦的产量变异系数(29.1%~43.9%)高于玉米产量变异(19.0%~32.7%)。化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)处理的小麦增产幅度与高量施用有机肥(h NPKM)处理接近,喻示了秸秆还田对作物增产的作用不可忽视。3)碳投入与土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量有显著线性正相关(P0.05)。基于以上分析,在干旱区灰漠土增加土壤碳投入(有机肥或秸秆)仍然是最基本的土壤培肥措施。     

长期施肥对红壤有机碳矿化及微生物活性的影响?

为评价不同施肥条件下红壤有机碳矿化和微生物活性及两者之间的关系,对长期定位试验施有机肥（M）、施用氮、磷、钾化肥（NPK）、有机肥配合化肥（NPKM）、秸秆配合化肥（NPKS）和不施肥（CK）共5个处理的红壤进行室内培养,分析不同施肥处理下红壤有机碳矿化的CO2释放量﹑微生物数量及微生物碳源代谢特征。结果表明,不同施肥处理的土壤有机碳矿化释放CO2量差异显著,由一级反应动力学方程拟合计算出土壤潜在有机碳矿化释放CO2–C量的大小顺序：M > NPKM > NPK ≈NPKS > CK,其值分别为180.3﹑88.5﹑47.6﹑43.4和34.5 mg/kg 。培养初期微生物活性较弱时CO2的释放速率最高,微生物数量的增长落后于有机碳矿化速率变化,但培养14﹑35和69 d 时3种微生物数量大小顺序为M > NPKM > NPK≈NPKS≈ CK,处理间差异显著且与CO2释放量显著相关。不同施肥处理间微生物群落结构差异显著,其趋势与有机碳矿化相符合。说明长期施肥特别是长期施用有机肥能影响微生物的群落结构,提高红壤微生物活性,进而促进微生物对有机碳的矿化。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

我国亚热带山地丘陵区特征及开发中的有关问题

我国亚热带山地丘陵区，山多地少、人口众多、经济基础薄弱，生态环境严重恶化，障碍着区内经济的发展，区内开发应按照以下几个方面搞好：１、协调山－林－地－人的关系；２．调整粮食－林牧－融渔关系；３．改善生产－生活－生态环境。４．提高生态－经济－社会效益。     

百菌清和毒死蜱在大棚番茄中的分布与降解特征

大棚和露地环境下,分别对番茄植株一次性喷洒推荐剂量的百菌清（CHT）和毒死蜱（CHP）,研究喷药后两周内农药在番茄根、茎、叶和果实中分布的持久性及其动态降解规律。实验结果表明,百菌清在大棚番茄中的残留浓度分布呈现为叶片垌果实〉茎〉根;毒死蜱呈现为叶片〉果实垌茎〉根。大棚番茄各部位的最高残留浓度出现时间滞后于喷药时间8~60h;空间浓度分布上表现为大棚中间区域浓度高于两侧,这与棚内的空气对流有关。大棚番茄果实中百菌清和毒死蜱的残留半衰期分别为5.8d和7.2d,明显高于文献报道。     

红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收累积特征及根际土壤Pb、Cd形态分布研究

为了解土壤在Pb、Cd单一以及复合污染条件下红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收和积累规律,通过盆栽试验对红薯地上部和地下部的生物量和重金属含量进行测定,分析了单一及复合污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd形态分布特点。结果表明,相对于对照,较低浓度的Pb、Cd能显著促进红薯的生长（P〈0.05）,Pb超过50mg.kg-1、Cd超过3mg.kg-1时,红薯生长受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,Cd是影响红薯生长的主要因素;随着试验处理浓度的升高,红薯体内重金属含量也随之升高,二者之间存在极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,Pb、Cd共存对红薯吸收累积Pb、Cd具有明显的交互作用,Pb促进Cd向地上部转移,Cd促进Pb在地下部积累。根际土壤中Pb、Cd以可交换态与碳酸盐结合态为主,二者均占总量的55以上,在复合污染条件下,Pb浓度为50mg.kg-1时其活性系数显著高于其他Pb处理（P〈0.05）,并在很大程度上促进有效态Cd含量的增加。     

Degradation and development of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo since 1990

In this study, we investigated the extent of peatland degradation and development in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in the western part of insular Southeast Asia, since 1990. Furthermore, carbon emissions caused by these land cover changes were estimated in order to evaluate their contribution to global climate change. High resolution Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT; 10–20 m) satellite images were used to derive information on land cover in 1990 and 2008. Analysis of land cover changes since 1990 revealed remarkable reduction and degradation of peatswamp forest ecosystems. In less than 20 years, 5·1 Mha of the total 15·5 Mha of peatland had been deforested (11·6 Mha → 6·5 Mha; 75 per cent → 42 per cent) and the great majority of the remaining forests had been selectively logged. Simultaneously, area covered by unmanaged secondary growth ecosystems had doubled to nearly a quarter of all peatlands and industrial plantations had expanded dramatically (0·3 Mha → 2·3 Mha; 2 per cent → 15 per cent). It was conservatively estimated that these changes have caused minimum of 1·5 Gt carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1990. Currently, peatlands of the study area emit at least 81 Mt of carbon (equivalent to 300 Mt of carbon dioxide) on annual basis due to mere peat decomposition. Thereby, it was concluded that peatland degradation and development in insular Southeast Asia during the past two decades have not only put the existence of Southeast Asian peatswamp forest ecosystems in danger but it has also caused globally significant carbon emissions and created a constant source of carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immobilization and species of heavy metals in soils in the absence and presence of rhizobia

Abstract

The effect of bacterial inoculation of Rhizobium fredii HN01 on the immobilization and speciation of Cu, Zn, and Cd was studied in Red and Cinnamon soil which are typical Chinese soils. The soil was mixed with bacterial suspension for one week followed by an immobilization of each heavy metal for another week. The total binding and fractionation of heavy metals in soils were analyzed. As compared with the control, the retention of total Cu, Zn, and Cd in Red soil increased by 28, 16, and 28%, respectively, in the presence of rhizobia. The amount of exchangeable, NH₄OAc-extractable, Mn oxides-bound and organic matter-bound Cu increased by 23–123%. There were significant decrease of exchangeable Cu and marked increases of NH₄OAc-extractable and Mn oxide-bound Cu in Cinnamon soil with the presence of rhizobial cells, although no changes for the total retention of Cu were observed. The amount of exchangeable Zn in Red soil-rhizobia composite was 20% greater than that of the no-rhizobia soil. Addition of rhizobia also increased exchangeable Cd and specifically-adsorbed Cd by 25 and 93%, respectively, in Red soil. No considerable differences were found for the total immobilization of Zn and Cd as well as their distribution in various solid fractions of Cinnamon soil in the absence and presence of rhizobial cells. In terms of soil components, it is assumed that bacterial biomass had a relatively less impact on the species of heavy metals bound with Fe oxides. Results suggested that the retention and speciation of heavy metals in soil are governed largely by the interactions of bacteria with various inorganic and organic soil constituents. The data are useful in understanding the impact of microorganisms on the behavior, mobility and transformation of heavy metals in soil environments.     

除草剂莠去津和灭草松单用和混用在土壤中的降解

The application of a mixture of bentazone （3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4（3H）-one-2,2-dioxide） and atrazine （6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine） is a practical approach to enhance the herbicidal effect. Laboratory incubation experiments were performed to study the degradation of bentazone and atrazine applied in combination and individually in maize rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. After a lag phase, the degradation of each individual herbicide in the non-autoclaved soil could be adequately described using a first-order kinetic equation. During a 30-d incubation, in the autoclaved rhizosphere soil, bentazone and atrazine did not noticeably degrade, but in the non-autoclaved soil, they rapidly degraded in both non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere soils with half-lives of 19.9 and 20.2 d for bentazone and 29.1 and 25.7 d for atrazine, respectively. The rhizosphere effect significantly enhanced the degradation of atrazine, but had no significant effect on bentazone. These results indicated that biological degradation accounted for the degradation of both herbicides in the soil. When compared with the degradation of the herbicide applied alone, the degradation rates of the herbicides applied in combination in the soils were lower and the lag phase increased. With the addition of a surfactant, Tween-20, a reduced lag phase of degradation was observed for both herbicides applied in combination. The degradation rate of bentazone accelerated, whereas that of atrazine remained nearly unchanged. Thus, when these two herbicides were used simultaneously, their persistence in the soil was generally prolonged, and the environmental contamination potential increased.     

Presence and dispersal of infective Frankia in peat and meadow soils in Sweden

Summary Use of the N₂-fixing grey alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench, as a short-rotation crop for energy production is currently being explored. To evaluate the need for inoculation of alders, the distribution of infective propagules of Frankia in the soil at potential sites for alder plantations was examined. Uninoculated grey alder seedlings were grown in three types of soil. Frequent nodulation was found in a meadow soil which had been free from actinorhizal plants for nearly 60 years, but the alder seedlings failed to nodulate in peat soil from two different bog sites. One of these bogs had been exploited for peat and the surface layer of the peat had been removed, so that the soil samples were taken from deep layers of the peat. At the other site, an area of cultivated peat, there were no infective propagules of Frankia in plots without alders; the infective Frankia was present in plots only where it had been introduced by inoculated alders. There was no detectable air-borne dispersal of Frankia. Instead, water movement might account for the dispersal of Frankia in peat. Although the apparent absence of Frankia in these peat soils necessitates inoculation of alder seedlings before planting out, this makes it possible to introduce and maintain Frankia strains with selected beneficial characteristics, since there is no competition from an indigenous Frankia flora.     

Sources of sulphate and acidity in wetlands and lakes in Nova Scotia

There is a declining gradient of wet SO₄ deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO₄ emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO₄ to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO₄ during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO₄ concentrations range from 45 ueq L^?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L^?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L^?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L^?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO₄ The SO₄ concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L^?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L^?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L^?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO₄ concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO₄ concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO₄ concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO₄ deposition.