土壤中铁形态转化的根际效应

氧化铁是土壤胶体的重要组成部份,它在中性和酸性水稻土及红壤的结构体中起着重要作用,还影响着土壤中离子吸附与解吸,沉淀与溶解等物理化学平衡,特别是含氧酸根及重金属离子的专性吸附作用,进而影响土壤中养分的有效性及污染物的生物毒性。     

有机修饰塿土表面特性的研究Ⅰ.CEC和比表面

污染物在土壤中的行为与土壤的表面化学特性密切相关,研究土壤的表面化学特性对于从微观领域了解污染物行为及其变化规律,采取有效措施减轻并消除土壤中污染物的危害,保护土壤环境和人体健康具有重要意义。为了增强土壤对有机污染物的吸附固定,国内外开始研究应用阳离子型表面活性剂对黏土矿物或土壤进行修饰,使土壤的表面性质由亲水性转变为疏水性,增大对土壤中有机污染物的吸附能力[1,2],研究表明,利用阳离子型表面活性剂修饰黏土矿物或土壤,可以显著增强土壤对水中有机污染物的吸附固定能力[3~7],但对于重金属离子却具有不同的作用[8~11]。土壤胶体的比表面、离子交换能力是与土壤对污染物吸持直接相关的土壤表面性质     

土壤亲水性的初步研究

土壤的亲水性是土壤胶体的一个重要属性.它不仅与土壤胶体的许多其它重要性质(如胶体的分散、絮固、胶溶、胶凝和老化等)密切相关,而且对土壤的结构特性,水分状况和吸附性能等也有一定的影响.在农业生产上也有其重要的实际意义.土壤胶体颗粒具有亲水性主要在于它的水合作用.     

草萘胺在黄泥土不同粒径微团聚体上的吸附行为

采用超声分散法提取了太湖地区黄泥土中不同粒径的团聚体颗粒,用批次吸附试验的方法研究了除草剂草萘胺在各团聚体颗粒组上的吸附特点。结果表明,不同粒径微团聚体的草萘胺吸附等温线均可用Freundlich方程定量描述,Kf值介于5.56~11.40之间,以粒径<0.002mm和2.00~0.25mm两个粒组吸附容量最大,粒径0.25~0.02mm和0.02~0.002mm两个粒组吸附容量较小。在各团聚体粒组中对土壤吸附草萘胺相对贡献率最大的是粒径<0.002mm粒组。由于颗粒细小的微团聚体更易于在土壤-水环境中迁移,因此,草萘胺在黄泥土上的这种分布特点对环境的潜在影响不容忽视。     

除草剂在土壤中的行为

<正> 一、吸附吸附和在土壤一除草剂系统中吸附一解吸平衡的特点在很大程度上决定了制剂的除草活性、它们对土壤性质的影响程度及在土壤剖面中的移动。吸附的特点、程度和稳定性是由很多因素决定的,其中最重要的是吸附剂和被吸附物质的性质、土壤溶液的 pH和水分温度状况。1.吸附剂的性质土壤的吸附能力是随着高分散或粘粒组分含量的增加而增加,在这些组分中发现大部分被吸附的除草剂。在土壤胶体中有机质具最高比表面积和阳离子代换容量,这些物质在吸附中的主导作用已被许多研究者指出。     

有机修饰塿土总酸度和电荷性质的初步研究

土壤表面电荷特性是土壤十分重要的表面特性参数,其不但与土壤溶液中阴阳离子的吸附与解吸具有直接的关系,同时土壤中的离子扩散、土壤有机-无机复合体的形成以及土壤的水分性状在不同程度上也均受到土壤胶体表面电荷性质的影响。近年来国内外开始研究应用阳离子型表面活性剂对黏土矿物或土壤进行修饰,以增大对土壤中有机污染物的吸附能力[1,2],由于采用表面活性剂能够使得土壤的表面疏水性增加而亲水性减弱,其表面电荷性质也必然发生相应的变化,而这种变化对土壤中有机、重金属污染物的吸附固定将会产生本质的影响[3~7]。因此,研究土壤表面修饰后土壤电荷特性的变化,对于深入了解土壤表面修饰的机理,从理论上探讨修饰土样对于     

土壤胶体对砂质土柱中草萘胺迁移的影响

采用室内砂柱模拟试验方法研究了红壤和黑土两种土壤胶体对草萘胺在砂质土柱中迁移的影响。结果表明,整个淋滤过程中红壤和黑土胶体的回收率比较高,分别达到66．76％和74．75％;胶体促进了草萘胺在砂质土柱中的迁移,与对照相比（无胶体）,加入红壤和黑土胶体后草萘胺的回收率分别提高了9．82％和10．63％。但是吸附在胶体上迁移的草萘胺数量比较少,只占到迁移总量的1．15％（红壤）和1．68％（黑土）,物理非平衡机制可能在迁移过程中起支配作用。     

土壤胶体中氧化物的表面特性

土壤胶体中氧化物的表面特性在很大程度上决定了氧化物在土壤中的特殊功能:增加土壤的可变电荷和对离子的专性吸附能力。     

α-氧化铝–细菌二元复合胶体对锑的吸附研究

锑(Sb)在土壤胶体微界面的吸附解吸深刻影响其迁移、转化和归趋.土壤矿物、有机物、微生物等胶体组分多结合在一起,形成复杂的矿物–有机复合体.目前,锑在单一土壤组分上的吸附研究颇多,但较少有学者关注锑在土壤矿物–有机复合胶体界面的吸附过程和机制.通过宏观吸附以及光谱学技术探究锑在典型铝氧化物–细菌复合胶体上的吸附行为,结...     

原子力显微镜在土壤胶体研究中的应用进展

胶体颗粒是土壤团聚体及土壤结构形成的基础物质,其表面性质及颗粒间相互作用对土壤性质及其肥力作用有着深刻的影响。原子力显微镜（AFM）具有纳米级的分辨率且能够测量物质颗粒间相互作用力的大小,将其应用于土壤胶体研究,可以更加直观、深入地阐明土壤胶体特性、探索土壤胶体作用机理。本文在概要介绍 AFM 的工作原理和特性的基础上,深入探讨了AFM 在测定土壤胶体表面形貌、测定土壤胶体相互作用力方面的研究进展,并对该领域未来的发展进行展望,可为深入揭示土壤胶体颗粒的表面特征及颗粒间相互作用方式、强度和机制,阐明土壤肥力演变过程、污染物在土壤中的迁移机理提供理论参考。     

In situ ATR-FTIR study on the adhesion of Pseudomonas putida to Red soil colloids

Purpose

Bacterial adhesion to soil particles is fundamentally important in mineral weathering, organic matter degradation, heavy metal transformation, and fate of pollutants. However, the adhesion mechanism between bacteria and soil colloids under continuous flow systems in the natural environments remains unknown.

Materials and methods

The kinetics of Pseudomonas putida cellular adsorption and desorption on Red soil colloid films under controlled flow systems were examined using in situ attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) and non-DLVO interactions were employed to elucidate the cellular adsorption and desorption kinetics.

Results and discussion

In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can be used effectively to investigate the kinetics of bacterial adhesion to a soil colloid deposit. Surface proteins may be involved in the bacterial adhesion to soil colloids. The adsorption followed pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. High adsorption rate constant and great saturation coverage of adsorbed bacteria were found at high ionic strengths in dynamic systems.

Conclusions

P. putida bacterial cellular adsorption on the soil colloid deposit was irreversible in a wide range of ionic strengths under controlled flow systems. The less reversible adhesion was probably attributed to the DLVO predicted deep secondary energy minima together with non-DLVO factors including polymer bridging, local charge heterogeneities, surface roughness, and Lewis acid–base interactions.     

Stability and transportability of biosolid colloids through undisturbed soil monoliths

This study evaluated the stability of water-suspended biosolid colloids fractionated from municipal and agricultural wastes and their transportability through undisturbed soil monoliths. The aim of the study was to assess potential risks posed by dispersed biosolid colloid particles as carriers of contaminants associated with organic waste amendments applied to soils. All biosolid colloids showed remarkable stability over a wide range of pH conditions, with 50–90% remaining in suspension after 24 h. Lime-stabilized biosolid colloids (LSB) were more stable than poultry manure (PMB) and aerobically digested (ADB) biosolid colloids, with pH and organic matter (OM) content being the dominant factors influencing colloid stability. However, increased colloid stability did not always result in greater transportability. In spite of their higher overall stability, LSB colloids showed low transportability potential through undisturbed soil monoliths averaging < 0.1C/C₀, probably due to carbonate dissolution and increased ionic interaction with the soil matrix. The ADB and PMB colloids, with the highest OM content, exhibited increased mobility, particularly through soils with significant macroporosity. Breakthrough curves were mostly irregular, suggesting considerable macropore flow and increased interaction with the soil matrix. Eluent pH and EC fluctuations appeared to mainly affect LSB colloid transport, while the mobility of the remaining biosolid colloids was maintained over a wide range of ionic conditions. The findings of this study suggest that some biosolid colloids derived from soil-applied agricultural or municipal wastes may exhibit considerable mobility through soil macropores with potential to migrate to great distances in subsoil environments. Considering the high surface charge and electronegativity of these colloids, they may be a significant vector for hydrophobic contaminant transport and pollution of groundwater resources.     

Transport and re-entrainment of soil colloids in saturated packed column: effects of pH and ionic strength

Purpose

Colloid migration in subsurface environments has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its suspected role in facilitating transport of strongly adsorbed contaminants to groundwater. The influence of bulk solution pH or ionic strength on model colloid (i.e., latex microsphere, amorphous silica colloids) transport is well established, while little attention has been paid to water-dispersible soil colloids. In this study, saturated packed columns were conducted to explore the mechanism of transport and fate of water-dispersible soil colloids and facilitating transport of Cu during transients in solution chemistry.

Materials and methods

Water-dispersible soil colloids were fractionated from a Cu-contaminated soil sample. Transport of soil colloidal suspensions was conducted with varying pH and ionic strengths, and then, re-entrainment of those retained colloids after completion the transport experiments was conducted by changing pore water solution transient ionic strength and pH conditions. Meanwhile, transport and fate of the Cu strongly adsorbed on the soil colloids were determined under different ionic strength conditions.

Results and discussion

The transport behavior of soil colloids in porous media was found to depend on the pH and ionic strengths of bulk solution. An increase in solution ionic strength and decrease in solution pH resulted in greater deposition which was revealed by the collision efficiency (??). It increased from 0.15 to 1.0 when solution composition changed from 0 to 50?mM NaNO₃ and decreased dramatically from 1.0 to 0.035 as the solution pH converted from 2.97 to 8.94. The results were in agreement with Derjaguin?CLandau?CVerwey?COverbeek theory. Upon stepwise reduction in ionic strength of eluting fluid or enhancement in its pH, a sharp release of colloids retained in the column occurred in each step. Meanwhile, the value of FRE _NaOH that reveals the effect of NaOH solution at pH?11 on the mobilization of retained colloids deposited in the primary minimum increased from 38.6% to 64.6% when the ionic strength of bulk solution changed from 0 to 50?mM NaNO₃ and decreased from 86.7% to 35.8% as the solution pH from 2.97 to 8.94. In addition, the transport and fate of the Cu strongly adsorbed on soil colloids were highly consistent with the results of soil colloids.

Conclusions

The colloid collision efficiency (??) decreased as the pH of bulk solution increased and increased as the ionic strength of bulk solution increased in saturated columns packed with pure quartz sand, and NaOH solution at pH?11 poses a predominant role on mobilization of the retained colloids deposited in the primary minimum. Meanwhile, the strongly adsorbed Cu on soil colloids almost cannot be detached from its carrier under the competition of coexisted cations in the bulk solution and cotransport with its carrier under different ionic strengths.     

磺胺嘧啶在黑土及其不同粒径组分中的吸附行为研究

采用批平衡吸附试验法,研究了磺胺嘧啶在黑土及其不同粒径中的吸附行为。结果表明,磺胺嘧啶的吸附不同程度地偏离线性模型,但均可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好地线性拟合。黑土（〈0.2mm）及其不同粒径（粘粒：〈0.002mm、粉粒：0.002~0.02mm、砂粒：0.02~0.2mm）的Freundlich容量因子Kf值分别为29.6、53.1、32.9L.kg-1和21.6L.kg-1,说明磺胺嘧啶在黑土及其不同粒径中的吸附行为存在差异。将吸附参数Kf进行碳标化处理后,Koc值除粉粒外,其他基本一致。随着溶液pH的持续增加（1.0~10.0）,黑土及其不同粒径中的磺胺嘧啶的吸附参数lgKf呈现先急剧降低然后稍微回升的趋势,由此推测,阳离子交换作用可能是磺胺嘧啶土壤吸附的重要机制。过氧化氢处理去除土壤有机质后,黑土的Kd值从1.92L.kg-1降为1.22L.kg-1,磺胺嘧啶的吸附量由16.5mg.kg-1降低到11.2mg.kg-1,说明有机质含量也是影响磺胺嘧啶吸附行为的重要因素。     

我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH4+吸附特征

本文讨论我国几种主要土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附特征。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的吸附符合两种表面Langmuir方程。土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的结合能力强弱顺序是:黄棕壤>黑土、(土娄)土>红壤>砖红壤,而NH₄⁺的解吸率大小顺序与此相反。Langmuir吸附方程参数K₁与土壤胶体的粘粒矿物组成有关,并与土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的相对偏好性(A值)呈正相关。Langmuir参数(M₁+M₂)与土壤胶体的CEC呈正相关,去有机质(OM.)前后△K₁与△OM.呈反相关。去有机质可增加土壤胶体对NH₄⁺的偏好性。土壤胶体的NH₄⁺吸附和解吸特征决定于其组成和表面性质,并受有机无机复合作用的影响。永久电荷吸附位对NH₄⁺的偏好性较强,而可变电荷吸附位则较弱。     

上海地区土壤持水特性研究

土壤水的研究,从Henri Darcy(1856)提出达西定律算起,已有一百多年历史.经历了由经验到理论、由静态到动态、由定性到定量、由宏观到微观逐步深入发展的过程^[1].1877年Briggs L.J.提出毛管假说,将土壤孔隙组成的孔道看成是一些大小不同的毛细管,认为表面张力是土壤保持水分的主要原因.     

恒电荷土壤胶体对Cu2+ 、Pb2+ 的静电吸附与专性吸附特征

供试土壤胶体对Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附强度用pH50 值表示 ,其大小次序为 :土 >黄绵土、黑垆土 >黄褐土。离子强度实验和表面络合反应机制证明恒电荷土壤胶体对Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附含有专性吸附 ,n值可作为判断专性吸附与静电吸附比例的特征值 ,低pH值时 ,以水解 -络合吸附为主 ;高pH值时 ,以水解 -络合与沉淀吸附为主。静电吸附和专性吸附的比例与pH有关 ,各土壤胶体专性吸附百分数大小为 :黄褐土 >土 >黑垆土 >黄绵土。不同土壤胶体在同一介质中对Cu2 、Pb2 的固有络合常数logKintM 值及固有络合ΔG m 负值大小次序与吸附强度大小一致。在定pH定浓条件下 ,考虑离子之间的相互作用时 ,土壤胶体对重金属离子的吸附过程可用BDM等温式描述。供试土壤胶体对Cu2 、Pb2 专性吸附ΔG m 的大小与固有络合ΔG m 接近且大小次序也一致。