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1.
Arne Sæbø Inger Sundheim Fløistad Jan Netland Brynjar Skúlason Øyvind Meland Edvardsen 《New Forests》2009,38(2):143-156
Abies nordmanniana and Abies lasiocarpa, established for Christmas tree production in southwestern Norway (58°44′N, 5°38′E), were treated with different weed control
methods, including chemicals, use of black plastic mulch, grass or clover as ground cover, living mulch and mechanical hoeing.
Ground cover with black plastic mulching resulted in the best growth and quality in A. lasiocarpa; the least favourable treatment was when grasses were allowed to grow close to the trees. Unless measures were taken to remove
this competing vegetation, the ground cover grew over the trees, smothering 94% of them. A. nordmanniana plants grew to the same height on plots with no weed control as on plots with thorough weed eradication. Stem diameter decreased
on plots with ground vegetation compared to seedlings grown in the weed-free environment. The use of Trifolium repens as ground cover decreased height growth by 30% compared to thorough weed control. Both grasses and clover sown as living
mulch, damaged the trees more than did natural weed vegetation. 相似文献
2.
Present study evaluated growth of Populus deltoides G48 and Toona ciliata over a period of 6 months, in nursery soil amended with 10% fly ash (v/v), 5% distillery waste (v/v), 20% farmyard manure
(v/v) and microbial consortium of Pseudomonas striata and Azotobacter sp. @ 30 ml/pot in different combinations leading to 12 different treatments with 16 replicates in completely randomized
block design. Biometric parameters such as plant height, collar diameter and total dry biomass were analyzed which indicated
that the treatment (T8) comprising of fly ash @ 10% (v/v), farmyard manure @ 20% (v/v) and microbial consortium @ 30 ml/pot
promoted growth of P. deltoides. The results indicated that combined addition of fly ash, farm yard manure and microbial inoculants can be used as a good
potting mixture for improving survival rates and plant growth in forestry nurseries. 相似文献
3.
Aphidicidal activity of hot and cold water extracts of some indigenous plants, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem), Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (akanda), Polygonum hydropiper L. (biskatali) and Ipomoea sepiaria J. Koenig ex Roxb. (bankalmi), were tested against the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Hot water extract of P. hydropiper and A. indica was found to be the most effective (87.6–94.5 and 80.47–89.6% mortality respectively, P < 0.01) among all the extracts. Other hot and cold water extracts also appeared to be useful (59.5–87.5% mortality) as pesticides
for A. craccivora. The highest yield (3.25 kg per plant) was obtained using hot water extract of P. hydropiper followed by hot water extract of A. indica (3.15 kg per plant). The lowest yield (0.32 kg per plant) was recorded from the control block. All the phytoproduct treatments
had significantly (P < 0.01) better yield than the control block. 相似文献
4.
Generic equations are proposed for stem, branch and foliage biomass of individual trees in even-aged pure stands of Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Larix kaempferi. Biomass data was collected from a total of 1,016 individual trees from 247 stands throughout Japan, and five regression
models were assessed by root mean square error, mean bias, fit index (FI), and AIC. The results show that a power equation
using diameter at breast height (dbh) and height is the most suitable for all species and components. This equation is more
accurate than the familiar power equation that uses ‘dbh2 height’, and it expresses the greater volume of branch and foliage mass of trees with a lower height/diameter ratio. A power
equation using dbh is more reasonable for models with dbh as the only independent variable and more accurate than a power
equation using ‘dbh2 height’ for estimating branch and foliage mass. Estimating error for branch and foliage mass is larger than that for stem
mass, but the entire aboveground biomass can be estimated with an error of less than 19%, except in the case of small trees
with dbh less than 10 cm. 相似文献
5.
In a laboratory screening of 12 isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against nymphs of the mulberry whitefly (Pealius mori Takahashi), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin CKB-048 was the most virulent, causing 87 ± 3% mortality at 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Infection was confirmed by growth of the fungus from cadavers and by scanning electron microscopy of treated
nymphs. Beauveria bassiana CKB-048 was formulated as a wettable powder (1 × 109 conidia/g) and tested in two mulberry (Morus alba Linn) plantations in central and northeastern Thailand. In both locations, two spray applications of B. bassiana CKB-048 at 3.75 × 1012 to 6.25 × 1012 conidia/ha and at 14 day intervals provided good control of whitefly nymphs; control with B. bassiana CKB-048 was comparable to that with the pesticide buprofezin at 250 g of active ingredient/ha. In addition, no mortality
of silkworm larvae occurred when the larvae were fed with mulberry leaves sprayed with B. bassiana CKB-048 7, 14, or 21 days earlier. 相似文献
6.
Young trees were harvested to explore non-destructive methodologies to estimate live branch dry weights in young fast-growing Eucalyptus species under different spacing and fertilizer treatments. Branch growth can vary with silvicultural management such as spacing, fertilizing and thinning, and over relatively short periods in response to environmental conditions. Many published regressions based on standard measurements of height and diameter are site, age and treatment specific. The aim of this study was to improve our capacity to predict woody crown dry weight, based on stem measurements, and to minimize (or eliminate) treatment effects on the resulting model. In young trees, branches are temporary support structures for foliage and are often discarded as the base of the green crown rises. As temporary structures they represent an investment of biomass and nutrient elements, and are subject to selection pressures to maximize the return on investment by the tree. Trees were harvested from existing plantation experiments located in south-eastern Queensland for E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (ranging from 0.28 to 15.85 m in height, to 5 years old) and south-western Australia for E. globulus Labill. (0.10–34.4 m in height, to 10.2 years) in order to examine the impact of spacing, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on early growth. Relationships to estimate crown woody biomass from non-destructive measurements were developed, and these relationships tended to have different slopes and intercepts for trees with predominantly juvenile foliage and those with intermediate or adult foliage. Dry weight of whole-crown live branch wood (Wbranch) was related to heights and/or diameter at breast height (DBH), but the regressions parameters were different, depending on treatment. The relationships became more generic (i.e. less dependent on treatment effects) between Wbranch and stem sectional area at the height of the base of the green crown (SACB), consistent with the pipe model theory (R2 > 0.91 for the two species for trees with intermediate/adult leaves). However, Wbranch was more closely related again to the stem volume above the base of the green crown and treatment effects were not significant (VCon,gc, R2 > 0.93). Branches exit the stem below the green crown, and for E. grandis the best relationship was on stem volume above the lowest live branch (VCon,llb, R2 0.94). Limited sampling from four other species with similar or contrasting crown characteristics indicated that the relationship could be applied quite generally. Individual E. grandis branch woody dry weight was closely related to the conical volume of the main (first order) branch (Vcon,br, R2 0.98). The whole crown equivalent, branch woody dry weight plus stem dry weight above the lowest live branch, was also closely related to the stem volume within the woody crown (VCon,llb, R2 0.97–0.99). While the slope of this relationship was still significantly different between trees with juvenile and intermediate/adult foliage, it had a similar form, suggesting that trees with juvenile foliage allocated a different proportion of their woody biomass within the crown to branches than older trees. 相似文献
7.
A dramatic decline in forest cover in eastern Africa along with a growing population means that timber and poles for building
and fuelwood are in short supply. To overcome this shortage, the region is increasingly turning to eucalyptus. But eucalyptus
raises environmental concerns of its own. Fears that it will deplete water supply, affect wildlife and reduce associated crop
yields have caused many countries in the region to discourage farmers from planting this exotic. This paper is part of a series
of investigations on the growth and water use efficiency of faster growing eucalyptus hybrids, which was introduced from South
Africa to Kenya. The hypothesis is that the new hybrids are more efficient in using water and more suitable for the semi-arid
tropics than existing eucalyptus and two popular agroforestry species. Gas exchange characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden), two eucalyptus hybrids (E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn) and Cordia africana (Lam) was studied under field and pot conditions using an infrared gas analyzer was used to measure photosynthetic active
radiation (PAR), net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g
s) and transpiration rate (E) at CO2 concentrations of 360 μmol mol−1 and ambient humidity and temperature. A, E and g
s varied between species, being highest in eucalyptus hybrid GC 15 (24.6 μmol m−2 s−1) compared to eucalyptus hybrid GC 584 (21.0 μmol m−2 s−1), E. grandis (19.2 μmol m−2 s−1), C. africana (17.7 μmol m−2 s−1) and G. robusta (11.1 μmol m−2 s−1). C. africana exhibited high E values (7.0 mmol m−2 s−1) at optimal soil moisture contents than G. robusta (3.9 mmol m−2 s−1) and eucalyptus (5.3 mmol m−2 s−1) in field experiment and G. robusta (3.2 mmol m−2 s−1) and eucalyptus (4.2 mmol m−2 s−1) in pot-grown trees. At very low soil moisture content, extremely small g
s values were recorded in GC 15 and E. grandis (8 mmol m−2 s−1) and G. robusta (14 mmol m−2 s−1) compared to GC 584 (46.9 mmol m−2 s−1) and C. africana (90.0 mmol m−2 s−1) indicating strong stomatal control by the species. Instantaneous water use efficiency ranged between 3 and 5 μmol mmol−1 and generally decreased with decline in soil moisture in pot-grown trees but increased with declining soil moisture in field-grown
trees. 相似文献
8.
Mark H. Hancock Ron W. Summers Andy Amphlett Johanna Willi 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(4):319-333
Techniques for encouraging natural tree regeneration are of increasing interest to managers of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris forests. We tested prescribed fire at a management scale, with deer present or excluded, as a means of increasing rates of
Scots pine forest expansion on heathland. At a semi-natural pinewood in Scotland, ten experimental blocks were established,
within range of pine seed-fall. Each block comprised four, 100 m2 plots. Two plots at each site were burnt and two fenced, allowing the effects of burning on pine regeneration to be measured
at two levels of deer abundance. We monitored pine seedlings, seed-fall, deer dung and vegetation for 5 years following treatment.
Differences in seedling detection rates between treatments were quantified using dummy seedlings, and analyses corrected accordingly.
Mean new pine seedling establishment was 9.8 times higher on burnt ground than unburnt ground (confidence intervals 3.2–30).
Differences were even more pronounced in a year of high seed-fall, and following fires with low rates of spread. Establishment
rates varied strongly between experimental blocks. Exclusion of deer increased establishment rates, but only in the first
2 years after fire. There was evidence that both seedling survival, and cumulative recruitment of older (over 12 months) seedlings,
were improved by prescribed burning. Our results support the use of prescribed fire as a tool to promote increased Scots pine
seedling establishment. This technique is likely to give strong fine-scale variation in seedling densities, and so would most
suit areas where a variable spatial pattern of regeneration is sought, for landscape or naturalness reasons.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
9.
M. Mansour 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(3):243-249
The sensitivity of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, eggs in different stages of development to gamma irradiation was studied and the acceptability of irradiated eggs by Trichogramma cacoeciae females was examined. Eggs ranging in age from 1–24 to 49–72 h were exposed, at 24 h intervals, to gamma radiation dosages
ranging from 25 to 400 Gy and effects of gamma radiation on egg hatch and adult emergence was investigated. In addition, the
developmental rate of immature stages (larvae and pupae), resulting from irradiated eggs, to the adult stage was examined
and the acceptance of irradiated eggs to T. cacoeciae females was evaluated. Results showed that the radio-sensitivity of E. kuehniella eggs decreased with increasing age. Egg hatch in 1–24-h-old eggs was significantly affected at 25 Gy dose and at 75 Gy dose,
no egg hatch was observed. When irradiating 25–48-h-old eggs, however, egg hatch was less than 5% at 100 Gy dose, and eggs
49–72-h-old were more resistant; 50 Gy had no significant effect on egg hatch and 300 Gy did not completely prevent it. Irradiation
also negatively affected survival to the adult stage. When 25–48-h-old eggs were irradiated, survival to the adult stage was
completely prevented at 75 Gy dose and no survival was observed beyond 100 Gy dose in 49–72-h-old eggs. In addition, the rate
of development of immature stages resulting from irradiated eggs was negatively affected. While more than 97% of control moths
emerged within 30 days, this ratio decreased to 53 and 69% in 1–24 and 25–48-h-old eggs exposed to 25 Gy dose. Furthermore,
irradiation positively affected the degree of acceptance of eggs to parasitization; irradiated eggs (≤49-h-old) were more
acceptable to T. cacoeciae than cold-treated ones. 相似文献
10.
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• We aimed to better understand the genetic architecture of growth in E. globulus undergoing inbreeding by comparing families from selfing (SELF), open pollination (OP) and unrelated polymix crossing (POL)
of common parents. Stem diameter at breast height (DBH) was assessed at 4, 6 and 10 years after planting in a field trial. 相似文献
11.
Winter nitrogen use in deciduous species is largely uncharacterized. We investigated nitrate uptake in the fine roots of a
deciduous oak (Quercus serrata Thunb. ex. Murray). We conducted a 15N-labeling experiment using saplings of Q. serrata in the winter. During three weeks of labeled nitrate application, the concentration of 15N in the fine roots increased significantly. The amount of nitrogen absorbed, as nitrate, was 1.16 ± 1.02 mg N g DW−1, equivalent to 7.6 ± 5.8% of the total nitrogen content. Our results indicate that Q. serrata saplings have significant potential for nitrate uptake in the fine roots in midwinter (i.e., in the absence of leaves). Although
a significant amount of nitrogen applied as nitrate was accumulated, nitrate concentration in the fine roots remained low
during the labeling period. Furthermore, significant nitrate reductase activity was detected. These data suggest that Q. serrata saplings can assimilate nitrate in the fine roots in midwinter. 相似文献
12.
A bark beetle (Ips typographus) infestation caused the death of almost all Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in a mountain forest in the Swiss Alps. We developed a tree regeneration model, ‘RegSnag’ (=REGeneration in a SNAG stand), to project the future amount and height of tree regeneration in these snag stands. The model combines a height-class structured tree module with a microsite-based module of snag decay and ground-vegetation succession. Microsite-specific rates of germination, mortality and height growth were modelled for four tree species (Picea abies, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus and Betula pendula) in eight height classes (from seedlings to saplings 5 m tall) and on 26 microsite types (e.g. moss, grass). Model tests with independent field data from 8 years after the Picea die-back demonstrated that microsites had a considerable effect on the development of tree regeneration on both the montane and the subalpine level. With microsite-specific parameters, the height and frequency of Picea in each microsite could be simulated more accurately than without considering microsite effects (e.g. bias of 8 vs. 119 saplings ha−1 on the montane level). Results of simulations 40 years into the future suggest that about 330–930 Picea saplings per ha out of those that germinated in 1994 and 1996 will reach a height of 5 m within 30–35 years after Picea die-back. This is due to differences in seed inflow and browsing intensities. Picea and not Betula or Sorbus trees will replace the current herbaceous vegetation in these snag stands. 相似文献
13.
Moses Imo 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(2):265-273
Lack of empirical data on the effects of the taungya system on establishment and early growth of softwood plantations have partly contributed to controversial decisions regarding
the continued suitability of the system for plantation establishment in Kenya. This study examined effectiveness of taungya systems of forest plantation establishment using Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula trees with Zea mays (maize) as a test intercrop on two contrasting site types (deep and shallow soils) in Mt. Elgon forest, western Kenya . Four
treatments were evaluated in each site: trees with or without weed control, trees intercropped with maize, and sole maize.
Results showed that tree survival, growth and nutrient uptake, and maize growth and yield were higher in the deep soil site
than the shallow site. The t
aungya system improved tree survival and growth, effects being greater in the deep than the shallow soil site. Both Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula trees had the same effects on maize growth and yield, reducing maize growth by 41–48% in the deep soil sites, and by 16–26%
in the shallow site. Vector nutrient analysis and vector competition analysis of the treatment effects on growth and nutrient
uptake of the trees and the maize crop suggested competition for N on the deep soils, but competition for K and P on the shallow
soils. The study has demonstrated the applicability of graphical vector competition analysis in diagnosing tree–crop interactions
in agroforestry. 相似文献
14.
Inoculation with edible fungi bestows an added value on mycorrhized plants since production of mushrooms as a secondary crop
can be an economically-valuable resource in forestry management. In order to establish a protocol for controlled mycorrhization
of Pinus halepensis with the edible fungus Lactarius deliciosus, several factors such as fertilisation (35, 60 or 120 mg total N and 13.5, 27 or 54 mg total P), potting substrate (sphagnum
peat or sphagnum peat/vermiculite) and fungal inoculum (mycelial slurry produced in a bioreactor, alginate beads or peat/vermiculite)
were assessed. The most effective inoculum was mycelial slurry at a dose of 10 ml/plant. The two potting substrates assessed
were compatible with mycorrhiza formation. The greatest number of mycorrhized seedlings was obtained with a moderate level
of N (35 mg/plant) or P fertilisation (27 mg/plant). Inoculation did not produce a consistent growth effect on P. halepensis, but seedlings met the quality requirements, making them suitable for planting out. 相似文献
15.
Francisco J. Baquedano Fernando Valladares Federico J. Castillo 《European Journal of Forest Research》2008,127(6):495-506
The Mediterranean evergreen woody plants Quercus coccifera and Pinus halepensis grow in a range of environments where selection by drought, heat and high irradiance can drive genetic and phenotypic differentiation
of populations. However, the role of these stresses in filtering out maladaptive genotypes remains unknown. We hypothesize
that this filtering is an important process for woody Mediterranean species due to their low phenotypic plasticity reported
in previous studies. We have studied the response of saplings of Q. coccifera and P. halepensis, originating from two contrasting populations (a rock outcrop and a garrigue formation), to water stress. Isozyme characterization
of genetic diversity was done to determine whether populations were genetically distinct. Water response analysis was based
on water relations, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, pigment content, antioxidant status and morphological and structural parameters. Ecotypic differentiation was
found for both Q. coccifera and P. halepensis populations, with a higher population isozyme similarity and a higher frequency of dominance of a few genotypes at the rock
outcrop in both the species. P. halepensis exhibited small but significant differences between populations for plastic responses to water, with lower phenotypic plasticity
in saplings from the rock outcrop. Although it was not found in Q. coccifera, this pattern suggests that ecotypic differentiation rendering stress-tolerant ecotypes involves a decreased plasticity. Phenotypic
plasticity was not high but it explained over 75% of the total variability among individual plants. Thus, and although evidence
for ecotypic divergence was found in both the species, saplings were plastic enough to blur ecotypic differentiation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
The suitability of Trichogramma
brassicae Bezd. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to control the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in spinach was investigated under greenhouse and field conditions. Two strains of T. brassicae were selected to study host searching efficiency and dispersal ability of the wasps on spinach. The experiments were conducted
with defined release densities. The results show that T. brassicae strain I failed to locate host eggs in all experiments. In contrast, T. brassicae strain II females were able to locate 37% of the exposed egg clusters in the greenhouse within 48 h. Individuals colonised
rapidly at least an area of 0.25 m2. At distances up to 26 cm to the release point of the T. brassicae females, parasitization rate was 100%. Moreover, under field conditions silver Y moth eggs were exposed two times for 48 h
on 12 experimental plots of 100 m2 in two spinach fields. During the first exposure interval, i.e. 4 days after mass release of T. brassicae strain II, overall parasitization rates reached 20% on both fields. Furthermore parasitization rates still reached 16 and
19% during the second exposure interval, i.e. 9 days after natural enemy release, indicating a constant Trichogramma activity over time. Parasitization rates were highest in the close vicinity of the release point, i.e. 86%, whereas 6.5 m
away the mean parasitization rate decreased to 3%. In conclusion results indicate a high potential of T. brassicae strain II as antagonist of A. gamma. Nevertheless the dispersal ability of T. brassicae strain II was limited, but adjustment of release densities and techniques might compensate this disadvantage. 相似文献
17.
This study evaluated oxalic acid accumulation and bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood by three brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus. The fungi were first cultivated in a fermentation broth to accumulate oxalic acid. Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood was then carried out by leaching of heavy metals with oxalic acid over a 10-day fermentation period. Higher amounts of oxalic acid were produced by F. palustris and L. sulphureus compared with C. puteana. After 10-day fermentation, oxalic acid accumulation reached 4.2 g/l and 3.2 g/l for these fungi, respectively. Fomitopsis palustris and L. sulphureus exposed to CCA-treated sawdust for 10 days showed a decrease in arsenic of 100% and 85%, respectively; however, C. puteana remediation removed only 18% arsenic from CCA-treated sawdust. Likewise, chromium removal in F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes was higher than those for C. puteana. This was attributed to low oxalic acid accumulation. These results suggest that F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes can remove inorganic metal compounds via oxalic acid production by increasing the acidity of the substrate and increasing the solubility of the metals.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
18.
D. S. Thomas 《New Forests》2009,38(3):245-259
Forestry requires low mortality of transplanted seedlings. Mortality shortly after planting is often associated with inadequate
hydration of transplants. Seedlings can be hardened to the drought conditions they may experience after transplanting by exposing
them to controlled drought conditions in the nursery. Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. seedlings were drought hardened by providing nil (severe treatment) or half (mild treatment) the daily irrigation routinely
received (control treatment) for up to two non-consecutive days per week during the last 4 weeks of growth in the nursery.
Drought hardening reduced stem diameter, seedling leaf area, leaf area per root biomass and seedling quality measured by the
Dickson quality index, but increased root:shoot ratio. Hardened seedlings had lower stomatal conductance and leaf water potential
on the days they received less irrigation that the control treatment. Hardened seedlings had greater stomatal conductance
and were less water stressed than seedlings experiencing drought for the first time indicating hardened seedlings had adjusted
physiologically to drought. Survival after transplanting in the controlled drought environment in a glasshouse was enhanced
by the hardening treatments. Non hardened seedlings that had had their upper leaves manually removed immediately prior to
transplanting to reduce leaf area (top-clipped) had similar survival to hardened seedlings. Stomatal conductance and leaf
water potential after transplanting were higher in hardened and top-clipped seedlings than unhardened control seedlings or
vegetative cuttings. Survival in the field trial was over 95% for all treatments, possibly as rain fell within 4 days of planting
and follow-up rain occurred in the subsequent weeks. Neither the hardened or top-clipped seedlings planted in the field trial
had reduced growth, increased propensity to form double leaders or worse stem form than control seedlings when measured at
age 3 years. 相似文献
19.
Akram Taghizadeh Saroukolai Saeid Moharramipour Mohammad Hadi Meshkatalsadat 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(1):3-8
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper
alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil
was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the
major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4
and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT50) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT50 values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC50 values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects. 相似文献
20.
Gudeta W. Sileshi Festus K. Akinnifesi France M. Gondwe Oluyede C. Ajayi Simon Mng’omba Konisaga Mwafongo 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,83(3):361-372
The production of paprika (Capsicum annum L.) under small-scale farm conditions in southern Africa is constrained by low soil fertility and lack of appropriate cultivars.
The objective of this study was to determine the growth responses and fruit yields of six cultivars of paprika to organic
and inorganic nutrient sources. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station in Malawi.
A combination of six paprika cultivars and four nutrient sources, namely (1) organic input from Gliricidia, (Gliricidia sepium) biomass, (2) inorganic fertilizer, (3) integrated nutrient input (Gliricidia biomass + inorganic fertilizer), and (4) control
(no nutrient input) were compared. Each combination was replicated five times. A split-plot design was used where nutrient
sources formed the main plot and cultivars the sub-plots. Plant height differed due to nutrient source in 2007 and 2008, while
differences due to cultivar were minor. The control plots produced the shortest plants (height < 50 cm), while plots receiving
the integrated nutrient input produced the tallest plants (height > 60 cm). Numbers of branches and fruits per plant differed
due to nutrient source and cultivar during most of the study period. Plants receiving either organic inputs (Gliricidia biomass)
alone or the integrated nutrient input alone had significantly higher stem, leaf and fruit weight compared with the control.
Average fruit yield was lower in control plots than in plots receiving the organic input alone or the integrated nutrient
input. Among cultivars, Papri-King, Papri-Supreme and Papri-Queen produced higher dry fruit yield. The ASTA and RAL colour
rating was within the internationally accepted range for fruit from the treatments. 相似文献
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