Aiuminium tolerance of durum wheat germplasm

Summary Aluminium tolerance of Macedonian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. conv. durum (Desf.) MacKey) germplasm was evaluated in nutrient solutions containing 0, 74 or 148 M of total Al. Relative root length (148 M Al/0 Al) of various genotypes ranged from 41 to 72% (from moderately sensitive to moderately tolerant to Al). No genotype with Al tolerance close to that of very tolerant T. aestivum cultivar Atlas-66 was found. Seed Ca concentration was positively (r=0.64, P0.05) and seed Fe concentration negatively (r=–0.71, P0.05) related to the relative root growth. Such a significant correlation was not obtained for seed concentrations of other nutrients or seed protein content.Abbreviations HSD Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference - RRL-2 relative root length, in % (74 M total Al/0 M Al) - RRL-4 relative root length, in % (148 M total Al0 M Al)     

Selection of a highly-regenerative genotype of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and plant regeneration from protoplasts derived from this genotype

Summary Callus cultures were induced from hypocotyl sections of 24 varieties of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). The calli did not show any significant difference of growth among the varieties. After the calli has been transferred to three regeneration media, green-spot formation was observed on calli derived from some seedlings. Remarkable intra- and intervarietal variations in the emergence of green spots and some trends between the origin of varieties and the frequency of green spots were observed. In most cases, the green spots turned brown without showing further differentiation, and only two genotypes formed shoots. A callus from a seedling of the Swedish variety Undrom has sustained high levels of plant regeneration throughout 24 months of culture. Protoplasts derived from this selected genotype were divided into cell colonies. 8P (Kao, 1977) medium containing 0.5 mg/1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/1 kinetin was the most suitable medium for inducing divisions in protoplasts. When subcultured into solid B5 medium, the colonies produced calli, which when transferred to a regeneration medium, formed shoots. This genotype is expected to a useful subject for genetic engineering of white clover.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - 2ip 6-, -dimethylallylamino purine - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid     

The genetical control of the everbearing habit and three other characters in varieties of fragaria vesca

A genetical study was made of three diploid varieties of Fragaria vesca, namely, wild type and two cultivated Alpine varieties, Baron Solemacher and Bush White. The varieties differ in several characters, including flowering habit, runnering habit, branching habit and fruit colour. Wild type is seasonal flowering, produces runners, has a simple branching habit and has red fruit. Both the Alpine varieties have a perpetual flowering (everbearing) habit and produce no runners. Buron Solemacher resembles wild type in branching habit and fruit colour, whereas Bush White has a very bushy habit (i.e., has a large number of crowns per plant) and has white fruit.Wild type F. vesca was crossed with the two Alpine varieties, and the F₁ progenies were selfed and back-crossed to the Alpine parents. The results indicate that the differences in flowering habit are controlled by a single major gene, seasonal flowering being dominant to perpetual flowering, the recessive alleles in the two perpetual flowering varieties apparently being identical. Differences in runnering habit also appear to involve a single gene locus but non-runnering is associated with the bushy habit in Bush White and therefore either the three alleles of the same gene occur or the gene controlling bushiness in separate but closely linked with the gene controlling runnering. Fruit colour is controlled by one major gene locus, red being dominant to white fruit. All three major genes segregate independently. In all cases the characters of the wild type are dominant. The possible nature of the physiological process controlled by the gene for flowering habit is discussed.     

Effect of genetic blends of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) of different Plant architecture on apothecia production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold infection

Summary The determinate Phaseolus vulgaris L. cvs Dark Red Kidney Charlevoix, and near-isogenic Great Northern Nebraska 1 were grown in blends with the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 in white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease field nurseries. A critical difference between Charlevoix and indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 is that the latter has a greater leaf area closer to the soil surface, and this is associated with increased numbers of apothecia beneath the canopy and higher disease severity. White mold infection and apothecia number/m² beneath the canopy of the blends containing Charlevoix were significantly reduced in comparison with the severely infected, homogeneous, indeterminate GN Nebraska 1. A reduction of white mold infection for the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 was not observed in blends grown under severe or moderate white mold incidence, but did occur under slight incidence in blends containing 65% and 75% Charlevoix.No significant difference for seed yield occurred between the blends and homogeneous cultivars planted in four experiments under severe, moderate, slight and zero white mold incidence, respectively, except in Experiment 1 under moderate white mold incidence, the blend of 50% indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 and 50% Charlevoix exceeded the yield of the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1. Mean weight of white (GN Nebraska 1) and red seed (Charlevoix) increased and decreased, respectively, in some blends due to the more vigorous growth of the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1.Published as Paper No. 5341, Journal Series, Nebraska Agric. Exp.t Station. Research was conducted un under Project 20–3.     

The relationship between powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) resistance and leaf chlorosis sensitivity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) studied in single seed descent lines

Summary The genetic relation between powdery mildew resistance and sensitivity for leaf chlorosis of glasshouse cucumber was investigated. The powdery mildew resistant, leaf chlorosis sensitive hybrid variety Profito was crossed with the powdery mildew susceptible, non chlorosis sensitive hybrid variety Corona. Forty four F₆ inbred lines of this cross, produced by single seed descent, were tested for powdery mildew resistance (PMR) and leaf chlorosis sensitivity (LCS). PMR and LCS were positively correlated (r=0.59). One or more of the PMR genes probably causes LCS as a pleiotropic effect or is closely linked to LCS, but also other factors, not genetically linked to PMR can cause LCS. Five F₆ lines combined a significantly higher level of PMR than Corona with a significantly lower LCS than Profito. Three of these lines could hardly be distinguished from Corona for the level of LCS.Abbreviations LCS leaf chlorosis sensitivity - PMR powdery mildew resistance - SSD Single Seed Descent     

Bolting resistant breeding of Chinese cabbage. 1. Flower induction of late bolting variety without chilling treatment

Summary When a local slow bolting variety Osaka Shirona Bansei (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis, syn. B. campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) was grown in a phytotron (25°C, 16 hours day length without chilling treatment), one third of the plants bolted and flowered. In order to clarify the different flowering responses in the variety, a progeny line (FNC) of the flowering plants was chilled for 4 different periods (0, 22, 36 and 53 days) in a chamber of 2 7°C, then transplanted to three different conditions, i.e. PHY: 25–20°C day and night temperatures, 16 hours day length, GHL: 10 25°C, 16 hours day length with supplementary light and GHN: 10 25°C, natural day length (10 15 hours). In PHY, FNC bolted and flowered with almost the same leaf numbers in all 4 different chilling treatments. This means that FNC has very low sensitivity and no requirement to low temperature for its reproductive growth. In GHN (short day length), FNC bolted very slowly. Then the bolting and flowering of FNC were promoted by both long day length and high temperature. The newly found bolting characteristics of Osaka Shirona Bansei could be applied to breed unique slow bolting Chinese cabbage (B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) which might be non-sensitive to low temperature and its bolting and flowering would be induced with the combination of long day length and high temperature. Using the unique variety, it might be also possible to establish a new cropping type of Chinese cabbage (late autumn sowing, spring harvest).Abbreviations PHY Phytotron, long day and high temperature condition - GHL Greenhouse, long day and medium temperature condition - GHN Greenhouse, natural (short) day and medium temperature condition - FNC A progeny line of Osaka Shirona Bansei which flowered with no chilling treatment - FC A progeny line of Osaka Shirona Bansei which flowered with chilling treatment     

Mutant induction through adventitious buds of Kohleria

Summary Freshly cut leaves of Kohleria eriantha and K. x Longwood were exposed to a wide range of gamma irradiation doses and allowed to root and form adventitious buds. K. Eriantha could not be successfully propagated from leaf half cuttings. Longwood produced a small number of adventitious plantlets as compared to other Gesneriads. Colchicine treatments reduced leaf half survival in Longwood by more than 50%. Leaf halves exposed to low and moderate doses of gamma irradiation showed increased overall plantlet production compared to nonirradiated leaf halves.Of the mutation parameters calculated, the number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves appears to be the most useful since it relates the number of mutants within a dose to the number of surviving leaf halves, the number of mutants to the number of plants produced, and the number of mutants within doses to control values.Using the criteria, number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves, optimum production of all mutants, of useful and of dwarf mutants was obtained at 2.5 kR for noncolchicine treated leaf halves and 1.5 to 3.0 kR for colchicine treated leaf halves.Of the adventitious plantlets produced, 13.8% were classified as mutant types. Mutant plants were found in radiation dose levels up to 5.5 kR. The array of mutants produced was skewed toward plant habit and flower characteristic mutants with several leaf characteristic, lethal, and polyploid mutants observed. A high frequency of mutants, 10 of 93 plants, occurred in the nonirradiated controls. Four sectorial chimeras were identified from both control and irradiation exposed groups. Several potentially useful flower color and dwarf mutants have been selected for further study. Adventitious buds may have developed from callus at petiole and leaf-vein bases. Colchicine treatments severely inhibited adventitious plantlet production and because of this could not be used as a criterion to identify the origin of adventitious buds. Conclusive determination of the organogenesis of adventitious buds from Longwood leaf halves could not be made. Mutant plantlets formed from adventitious buds on detached leaf halves of Longwood appear to arise from single cells as has been found with other Gesneriads.Scientific Journal Series Article No. 10 330 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Inheritance studies of characters associated with floating habit and their linkage relationship in rice

Summary Deep water rice varieties in general have certain peculiar characters which are associated with floating habit. These characters are (i) early nodal differentiation, (ii) nodal rooting, (iii) spreading habit, (iv) awned grains, (v) brown hull colour, (vi) red pericarp (red rice), and (vii) seed dormancy. Inheritance of these characters and linkage relationship of genes governing these characters were studied in a cross between Pankaj (non floating) and Nageribao (floating) rice varieties. Nageribao, a cultivar from Assam possesses these characters.Early nodal differentiation was observed to be controlled by a single dominant gene, designated as Nd. Nodal rooting was controlled by two dominant complementary genes, designated as Nr ₁ and Nr ₂. We found an inhibitory factor for spreading habit and one for brown hull colour in Pankaj; the operation of two dominant duplicate genes An ₁ and An ₂ for controlling awning characters, a single dominant gene Rd for red pericarp colour and a single dominant gene Gd for grain dormancy. Joint segregations between these characters resulted in the assignment of genes in the X linkage group of indica rices with estimated map distances based on the cross-over values. The genes An (awning), Es (spreading habit), Nr (nodal rooting) and Nd (nodal differentiation) were observed to be associated with each other. The gene for red pericarp (Rd) was observed to be linked with the grain dormaney gene Gd.     

Two statistical problems in plant selection

Summary The effect on selection produced by inherited variation combined with variation caused by environmental conditions is set out in detail.A possible solution for two statistical problems in connection with adequate selection is discussed, putting the problem in different ways.Graphs picture how genetically well a cettain percentage of phenotypically good plants are in the case of a certain degree of heritability for the property under selection.A method is given for obtaining a selection level following a minimum risk approach. This level is thought to give more satisfactory results than the one given by the commonly used L.S.D.-5%-test.

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The authors wish to thank Dr J. A. Nelder of the Vegetable Research Station, Wellesbourne, England, for his kind examination and valuable remarks.     

Inheritance of aroma in rice

Summary Inheritance of an aroma was worked out in crosses between Brimful from Nepal as an aromatic rice and leading Japanese varieties Koshihikari and Nipponbare as non-aromatic ones. The F₂ pattern of segregation for aroma to non-aroma was 3:13 indicating one dose gene for aroma and one dose inhibitor gene in two crosses. This ratio was confirmed by genetic behavior of F₃ populations.     

Genetic and cytogenetic studies with a male sterile mutant of common wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Summary Genetic and cytogenetic studies were done on a male sterile mutant of the wheat variety Probus. Association of the 4A chromosome carrying the ms gene was studied in the F₁ of the male sterile Probus with Chinese Spring ditelo 4AS, with Transec and with line T4AS-DRS respectively. The presumption that the genetic male sterility of the mutant was due to a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4A could be confirmed.Linkage studies showed that the ms gene was at 17 map units from the dwarfing gene (Rht3) of Minister dwarf. This allows selection of short male sterile plants at the seedling stage.     

The influence of genotype and environment on seed and embryo development in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after crossing with Hordeum bulbosum L.

Summary Seed and embryo development was studied in crosses between H. bulbosum and the barley genotypes VK 16032, Vada and Vogelsanger Gold and subsequently the F₁ and F₂ progenies from VK 16032 x Vada and VK 16032 x Vogelsanger Gold. Both seed and embryo development are strongly influenced by the barley genotype. Favourable environmental conditions can promote seed and embryo development in genotypes with existing good characters. Dominant inheritance for good seed development and incomplete dominance for large embryos is evident. Linkage between small embryo size and winter habit exists in Vogelsanger Gold.     

Introgression facilitated by apomixis in polyploid Poas

The Poas have adjusted themselves to contrasting climates from warm temperate to high arctic regions of both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres. Their bipolar distribution would suggest great geologic age, but they nevertheless have preserved evolutionary youthfulness through polyploidy and apomixis. Transfer of large blocks of heredities between long separated groups of species is accordingly possible without causing disaster to their reproductive mechanism by seed. The Poas have not yet reached the limits of their potential to exchange heredities between species that belong to taxonomically distinct sections, between species of separate continents, and between species of the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres which have remained apart since early geologic periods.Presented at a conference entitled The role of introgressive hybridization in the evolution of crop plants and their wild relatives, held at Versailles on 4th January, 1961 by the Section Wild Species and Primitive Forms of EUCARPIA (European Association for Research on Plant Breeding).     

Predicted and actual responses during long-term selection for chemical composition in maize

Selection for higher and lower levels of protein and oil content in maize has been conducted for 61 generations. Response to selection has been irregular, and prediction of response by extrapolation of regression trend lines proved seriously inaccurate in at least 9 of 12 predictions. Application of a selection response formula also yielded generally unsatisfactory predictions. Analysis of the morphological components of oil content led to very accurate prediction of response in the High Oil strain and to a reasonably satisfactory prediction in Low Oil. It was apparent that in the last 55 generations of selection, selection response for oil content was concentrated in two separate morphological characters — germ size in the high selection and oil content of the germ in selection for lower oil content. A satisfactory analysis of the character protein content could not be made from data available.Prepared as part of a research project while the author was a Fulbright senior research fellow at the Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln-Vogelsang, Germany, March–July, 1961.     

Inheritance of seed coat colour in broad bean (Vicia faba L.)

Summary The inheritance of the seed coat colours violet, spotted, brown, green, red, black and beige was investigated in a 10×10 diallel cross between broad bean (Vicia faba L. major) lines. Spotted seed colour was dominant over any uniform seed coat colouring. Brown was dominant over black, green and normal (beige colour). Black and red seed parents behaved as recessive in all F₁ progenies. A 3 (coloured): 1 (normal) segregation ratio was observed in the F₂ of crosses of violet, brown, black, red and spotted seed coat parents to nornal seed coloured parents. Green x beige gave a segregation ratio of 9:7 in F₂. When two parents with different seed coat colour were involved in a cross, the F₂ showed a typical digenic segregation ratio thus demonstrating two unlinked and sometimes epistatic loci.Segregation of a multiallelic series at two loci explains all segregation ratios observed for seed coat colour in broad bean.     

Cytoplasmically controlled cold tolerance in a cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line of rice

Summary The cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line, Krishna-A with Kalinga-I cytoplasm was developed in rice through repeated backcrossing the completely pollen sterile F₁ of the cross Kalinga-I/Krishna with the recurrent male parent cv. Krishna. The germination percentage and root-shoot length in Krishna-A at 12°C and 9°C indicated a higher degree of tolerance to low temperature than the cold tolerant female parent Kalinga-I. The high yielding cold tolerant variety Kalinga-I was developed from a cross involving the cold tolerant variety Dunghansali and the high yielding variety IR 8. It is inferred that tolerance to low temperature during germination in Krishna-A was inherited from the cytoplasm of cv. Dunghansali through Kalinga-I besides male sterility. The cytoplasmic control of cold tolerance is reported here for the first time in rice literature. The male sterile line Krishna-A because of its tolerance to low temperature would be suitable for the development of hybrid rice especially for areas where low temperature is a problem during germination.     

Results of one cycle of recurrent selection in rye

A sufficiently variable rye population was subjected to one cycle of recurrent selection for combining ability in order to ascertain whether this complex property can be repatterned.Some hundreds of clones derived from this population were toperossed to an other unrelated variety used as tester. Through visual selection, more than half of these clones were rejected. The topcross progenies of the remaining clones were subjected to a comparative test whereby, as was to be expected, a considerable degree of variability was demonstrated. From the best 10% and the poorest 10% that is from those which surpassed the general average by at least 1.5 standard deviation units or remained below that average by at least 1.5 , narrowed populations were built up. This was done with the aid of reserve seed which in the year in which the top cross was made had been obtained from these clones, either through compulsory selfpollination or by allowing the clones to fertilize each other in isolation. The two subpopulations obtained through selection in opposite directions further indicated as high and low were crossed en masse with the same tester variety as the first time. In addition a large number of randomly taken individuals from the high synthetic were cloned and toperossed to this common tester. On testing the top crosses carried out en masse, the high synthetics clearly yielded more than the low ones. In one trial it was even found that the high synthetic surpassed our standard variety Petkus by approximately 20%. It is possible, therefore, to segregate a population into two fractions of different combining ability.The optimistie pieture to be derived from the foregoing trials unfortunately is shaded by the results of the individual test crosses pointing to a shift of the frequency distribution in a negative sense in regard to the original population. The influence of the year may be mentioned as a possible cause of this contrast and also the fact that in the original population a close visual selection had been practised while those obtained from the synthetic resulting after one cycle were derived from individuals which had been taken entirely at random.

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Samenvatting Een voldoende variabele roggepopulatic werd onderworpen aan één ronde van cyclisch herhaalde selectic op combinatie-geschiktheid ten einde na te gaan of deze complexe eigenschap kan worden vervormd.Enige honderden klonen voortgekomen uit deze populatie werden onderworpen aan een top-cross door een als tester gebruikt ander, onverwant, ras. Op grond van visuele selectie werd meer dan de helft van deze klonen afgekeurd. De proefkruisings-nakomelingschappen van de overblijvende klonen werden aan een vergelijkende toets onderworpen waarbij zoals viel te verwachten een aanzienlijke variabiliteit in opbrengstvermogen aan het licht trad. Uit de beste 10% en de slechtste 10%, d.w.z. die welke het algemeen gemiddelde met minstens 1,5 overschreden resp. daar minstens 1,5 beneden bleven, werden vernauwde populaties opgebouwd. Dit geschiedde met behulp van reservezaad dat in het jaar waarin de top-cross werd verricht van deze klonen was gewonnen, hetzij door gedwongen zelfbestuiving, hetzij door de klonen in isolatie aan onderlinge bestuiving over te laten. De op deze wijze verkregen twee in tegenovergestelde richting geselecteerde sub-populaties-aangeduid als high en low-werden en masse gekruist met hetzelfde tester ras als de eerste keer. Bovendien werd een groot aantal willekeurig uit het high syntheticum genomen individuen tot klonen gemaakt en onderworpen aan een top-cross door het zoëven genoemde tester ras. Bij de toetsing van en masse uitgevoerde proefkruisingen bleek de combinatie high x tester duidelijk meer op te brengen dan low tester. In een proef werd zelfs gevonden dat high x tester ons standaardras Petkus met ongeveer 20% overtrof. Het blijkt dus mogelijk een populatie te splitsen in 2 fracties van uiteenlopende combinatie-geschiktheid.Het optimistische beeld dat men uit de zo juist vermelde proeven krijgt wordt helaas verduisterd door de resultaten van de individuele proefkruisingen welke wijzen op een verschuiving van de frequentieverdeling in negatieve zin ten opzichte van de oorspronkelijke populatie. Als mogelijke oorzaken van deze tegenstelling kunnen worden aangewezen jaarinvloeden en tevens het feit dat onder de klonen uit de oorspronkelijke populatie een scherpe selectie op het oog werd toegepast terwijl die uit het na één cyclus verkregen syntheticum werden afgeleid van volkomen willekeurig genomen individuen.

     

“Production et fixation des variétés” by Carrière, 1865

The author draws our attention to the book Production et fixation des variétés dans les végétaux published 100 years ago.This book gives us a clear picture of the knowledge and ideas prevailing in plant breeding at that time.

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Production et fixation des variétés by Carrière, 1865

     

The influence of modifier genes on the intensity and stability of self-incompatibility in cabbage

Summary Four inbred cabbage lines have been derived from a single parental plant through several generations of selfing. Two inbreds have been found homozygous for an S ₁ allele while the other two are each homozygous for S ₂. Each inbred is self-incompatible, cross-incompatible with the inbred carrying the same S allele, and fully cross-compatible with inbreds carrying the other S allele. The S ₁ and S ₂ pairs of inbreds were each found to consist of one inbred with very high self-incompatibility (mean seed set of 0.15–0.25 seeds per pod) and one inbred with less intense self-incompatibility (mean seed set of 1.25–1.70 seeds per pod). For the S ₁ pair, flower to flower and plant to plant variation in seed set per pod was much larger for the less incompatible inbred that for the highly incompatible inbred. Further, incompatibility expression of the less incompatible inbred was influenced by temperature variation while that of the highly incompatible inbred was stable under different temperature regimes. The F₁ between the two inbreds of high and low incompatibility with the common S ₁ allele behaved like the less incompatible parent. F₂ plants showed intermediate intensities of selfincompatibility as well as variation for both lesser and greater intensities than those exhibited by the parents. The variations of self-compatibility and the sensitivity to environmental differences are considered to be conditioned by genes which modify incompatibility expression of the S alleles.     

Diallel analysis of yield components of snap beans exposed to two temperature stress environments

Ten snap beans (Barrier, Brio, Carson, Cornell 502, CT 70, HB 1880, Hystyle, Labrador, Opus and Venture) were selected for differential temperature tolerance and used as parents in a complete diallel mating design. The 45 F₁ hybrid lines (with reciprocals) and parents were screened at 32 C day/28 C night, and in a separate experiment, 16 C day/10 C night, during reproductive development in replicated controlled environments. Variation for yield under temperature treatments was observed among parents and hybrids, with certain hybrids exceeding parental performance. Significant (P 0.0001) general combining ability (GCA), and significant (P 0.05) specific combining ability (SCA) were observed for yield components including pod number, seed number, and seeds per pod. There was evidence that pod number and seeds per pod under temperature stress are under separate genetic control. Reciprocal effects and heterosis were not significant. GCA could not be predicted from parental performance. The breeding line Cornell 502 had the highest GCA under high temperature, and the cultivar Brio had the highest GCA under low temperature. The cross Brio × Venture was high yielding in both temperature treatments. Heat tolerance and chilling tolerance were associated in certain parents and hybrids. However, performance under high and low temperature treatments was not generally correlated in the parents and hybrids, indicating that these traits should be selected separately.