三清山景区高海拔地带的3种森林害虫记述

记述三清山景区高海拔地带3种森林害虫的发生及针对其发生特点进行防治的情况。     

贵州山地杨树云斑白条天牛危害特性

对云斑白条天牛Batocera lineolata Chevrolat在贵州山地条件下杨树人工林中的产卵危害部位及不同因素对其发生危害的影响进行调查。结果表明:云斑白条天牛主要在树干2 m以下产卵危害,占调查总数91.79%;杨树品种、树龄、树高、胸径、林分类型,成虫食物源等因素一定程度影响其发生危害。三倍体毛白杨、响叶杨是抗云斑白条天牛品种;杨树有虫株率随树龄增加呈先升后降趋势,5~15 a生杨树受害比较严重;杨树受害率随树高增加也呈先升后降趋势,在树高8~14 m时达到高点;杨树受害率在胸径5~11 cm时达到高点后,随着胸径增大逐渐下降;混交林较纯林受害轻;成虫食物源丰富度越高,杨树受害越重。     

杨树云斑白条天牛的危害特点及空间分布

以危害杨树的云斑白条天牛种群为调查对象,对其危害特点与空间分布进行调查研究。结果表明,云斑白条天牛的危害程度与杨树的树龄、胸径均呈抛物线式相关,危害程度随树龄、胸径的增大先上升后下降,4~8年生树龄、12.0~21.9cm胸径的杨树受害最严重;不同林地环境下的杨树受害程度也不一样,渠道林受害最重,村庄林和道路林次之,片林较轻。通过频次比较法分析表明,危害杨树的云斑白条天牛幼虫的空间分布型符合负二项分布,为聚集分布。     

意杨害虫云斑白条天牛

云斑白条天牛属鞘翅目天牛科，是意大利杨树的主要蛀干害虫。     

云斑白条天牛的防治

云斑白条天牛是一种蛀干害虫 ,对白蜡、大叶女贞、法桐等树种危害较严重。所以在购买大规格苗木时要在当地仔细检查 ,尤其检查其附近大树是否有危害症状 ,以免带入虫源。下面对其主要形态特征、发生规律及防治方法做一简单介绍 :1　形态特征成虫体长 32～ 60mm ,宽 9～ 1 9mm ,体黑色 ,密被灰白色绒毛 ,前胸背板具 2个肾形白斑 ,翅上有白色绒毛组成的斑点 ,体腹面被灰黄色短毛。两侧从眼后到腹末端有一条由白色绒毛组成的宽纵带。幼虫体圆筒形 ,老熟幼虫长 70～ 90mm ,宽 1 2～ 1 5mm ,乳白色 ,前胸背板有一“凸”形斑 ,其前端有 1个横向深…     

危害白蜡树的云斑白条天牛种群空间格局及抽样技术

云斑白条天牛在黄河三角洲地区严重危害白蜡树,本研究应用聚集指标法、Taylor幂法则、Iwao m*-m回归分析法,对危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群卵、幼虫、成虫的空间分布型和抽样技术进行了研究。结果表明:危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群的卵、幼虫、成虫均呈聚集分布,其聚集性随密度的增加而增大。运用Iwao m*-m回归中的两个参数α和β值,建立了在不同精度下以刻槽、排粪孔和羽化孔为防治指标时的理论抽样数公式及序贯抽样数公式,计算出了抽样调查时的理论抽样数据表及序贯抽样数据表,在生产实践中可根据实际需要查询表中数据确定调查样本数。     

橙斑白条天牛及防治技术研究

橙斑白条天牛（ＢａｔｏｃｅｒａｄａｖｉｄｉｓＤｅｙｙｏｌｅ）是油桐的主要蛀干害虫之一,在河南省西峡县３年发生１代,以幼虫和成虫越冬。用磷化锌毒签塞蛀孔,防治效果达９４％以上。     

云斑白条天牛对白蜡杆的危害及其防治方法

近年来,云斑白条天牛在豫东沙区白蜡杆上大肆为害,虫株率达80％以上。笔者1987～1990年在宁陵县对其形态特征、生活习性、为害规律进行了系统观察,并进行了防治试验。其结果:此虫在宁陵县两年发生1代,以幼虫和成虫在树干内越冬。用磷化锌毒签等防治,杀虫率达100％。     

危害不同寄主云斑白条天牛不同世代线粒体CO Ⅰ基因的序列比较

以危害白蜡树和杨树的云斑白条天牛2个寄主种群为研究对象,通过序列比对,分别比较危害不同寄主的云斑白条天牛雌、雄成虫线粒体CO Ⅰ基因在2019和2014年2个世代个体间的碱基序列差异.结果显示:(1)云斑白条天牛的CO Ⅰ基因在2019年和2014年世代个体间存在一定差异,CO Ⅰ基因的部分碱基发生了变化,但开放阅读框...     

云斑白条天牛对城市园林树木的危害及综合防治

通过室内寄主选择性试验和室外调查,初步查明云斑白条天牛Batocera lineolata Chevrolat成虫最喜食的营养寄主为白蜡Fraxinus chinensis,其次为流苏Chionanthus retusus和小蜡Ligustrum sinense;树龄超过25 a的白蜡受害率为42.1%~75.0%,树龄低于20 a的受害率为19.0%~34.5%;胸径16~28 cm的白蜡受害率为72.7%,胸径7~12 cm的受害率为19.0%;危害部位集中在2.1m以下,蛀孔数占整株的72.9%;扩散危害距离为40 m左右;物候法可以预测云斑白条天牛各虫态发生期。利用SGY药膏虫孔注药防治树干2.1 m以下幼虫、蛹和成虫的防效可达96.0%;10%吡虫啉WP 1500倍液和8%氯氰菊酯CS 300倍液喷洒树干防治成虫的效果分别为70.5%,50.0%;花绒寄甲对幼虫的寄生致死率为40.4%;可结合人工捕捉和灯诱成虫等综合防治措施防治云斑白条天牛。     

云斑白条天牛产卵刻槽在美国山核桃树干上的分布

对样树的调查结果表明:1~3 a生美国山核桃幼树无云斑白条天牛产卵刻槽,4 a生以上植株,云斑白条天牛产卵刻槽垂直分布位置随树龄的增大而逐年上移,其中,在4~13 a生树上,主要分布在离地50 cm以下。树皮厚度是影响产卵刻槽垂直分布变化及产生空槽的主要因子。     

江西三清山裸子植物区系分析

对江西省三清山裸子植物区系调查统计结果表明,裸子植物8科、24属、31种,占江西省裸子植物(12科、41属、197种)的66.67%、58.54%和15.74%,占中国裸子植物(12科、49属、293种)的66.67%、48.98%和10.58%,其中自然分布有6科、14属、17种。科分布型以北温带和泛热带分布为主;属分布型以北温带和中国特有成分为主,东亚-北美间断分布和东亚成分也不少;种分布型以东亚和中国特有分布为主,热带亚洲分布也不少。按生态型分,温性针叶树种为主,占总属数的70.97%,暖性针叶树种占22.58%。与黄山、武夷山、天目山、井冈山和庐山裸子植物区系进行比较,并计算了三清山与各山地的相似性以及属种系数,结果表明:6个山地科和属分布型以北温带为主;种以中国特有分布型为主。三清山与五山地在科、属和种级水平上相似性系数及属种系数都很高,但在属种组成上有一定的差异性,最后,对各山地珍稀濒危保护物种进行了归纳统计。     

STUDIES ON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MONGOLIAN OAK FORESTS

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Incidence of Phytophthora species in oak forests in Austria and their possible involvement in oak decline

A survey on the occurrence of Phytophthora species in oak ecosystems in Austria was conducted from April to May 1999 and in June 2000. The investigations were carried out at 35 study sites distributed throughout the zone of oak forests in eastern Austria. Four oak species, including Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. cerris and Q. pubescens were considered in the survey. Rhizosphere soil samples were taken from sample trees, which consisted of healthy and declining trees as indicated by their crown transparency. Young oak leaflets were used as baits to recover Phytophthora species. The assemblage of Phytophthora spp. detected in Austrian oak forests consisted of five species, including Phytophthora quercina, P. citricola, P. gonapodyides, P. europaea and P. syringae. P. quercina and P. citricola were isolated from 11 and seven sites, respectively, and were thus the most common and most widely distributed species. The three other species were recovered only sporadically. P. citricola could be separated into two morphologically and genetically well‐characterized types (A and B). Phytophthora species, in particular the common P. quercina and P. citricola occurred on sites showing a wide variety of soil types, soil textures and moisture classes. There was mild evidence for connection between deteriorating crown status and the presence of Phytophthora spp. Furthermore, significant differences in contents of magnesium, as well as calcium, aluminium, nitrogen and carbon at different soil depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm) were detected between Phytophthora‐infested and Phytophthora‐free sites. The results of the present study provide circumstantial evidence that Phytophthora species are involved in oak decline at certain sites in Austria.     

Carbon storage capacity of high altitude Quercus semecarpifolia,forests of Central Himalayan region

Abstract

Quercus semecarpifolia, Smith. (brown oak) forests dominate the high altitudes of central Himalaya between 2400 and 2750 m and the timber line areas. The species is viviparous with short seed viability and coincides its germination with monsoon rains in July–August. These forests have large reserves of carbon in their biomass (above and below ground parts) and soil. We monitored the carbon stock and carbon sequestration rates of this oak on two sites subjected to varying level of disturbance between 2004 and 2009. These forests had carbon ranging between 210.26 and 258.02 t ha^?1 in their biomass in 2009 and mean carbon sequestration rates between 3.7 and 4.8 t ha^?1 yr^?1. The litter production in both the sites ranged from 5.63 to 7.25 t ha^?1 yr^?1. The leaf litter decomposition of species took more than 720 days for approximately 90% decomposition. Even at 1 m soil depth soil organic carbon was close to 1.0%.     

Occurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork oak forests in Italy

An increasing decline and mortality of cork oak trees have been recently observed in central Italy and Sardinia Island. Following surveys conducted in three declining cork oak forests, a Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from soil samples collected from trees displaying different level of decline. Based on morphological features, growth rates at different temperatures and analysis of DNA sequences of the ITS region, all isolates were identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. This pathogen caused large brownish lesions on inoculated freshly cut branches of cork oak. It was re‐isolated from all infected tissues. These findings represent the first report of P. cinnamomi on cork oak trees in Italy.     

Distribution of Armillaria species in upland Ozark Mountain forests with respect to site,overstory species composition and oak decline

Armillaria root disease is a contributing factor to oak decline in the Ozark Mountains of central USA. We have identified Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, and Armillaria tabescens in Quercus‐Carya‐Pinus forests of the region. Presence/absence patterns of each Armillaria species as well as all possible Armillaria species combinations were analysed by contingency tables and/or stepwise logistic multiple regressions with principal characteristics of the studied sites and forest stands, both quantitative and qualitative: geographic land‐type association, bedrock type, landform position, slope direction (aspect), soil type and soil surface stone cover, down woody debris, abundance and basal area of woody vegetation and decline mortality by species. Most decline mortality consisted of two red oak species (section Erythrobalanus, Quercus coccinea and Quercus velutina), which also were most sensitive to Armillaria infection. Site characteristics related to the distributions of Armillaria species and decline mortality were also related to the preponderance of Q. coccinea and Q. velutina, regional vegetation history (i.e. conversion of Pinus echinata stands to hardwoods), and the different strategies of territory acquisition and spread of the Armillaria species involved. The presence of A. gallica may reduce the activity of more virulent Armillaria species.     

三清山种子植物东亚-北美地理成分比较研究

在野外调查和分类处理的基础上,对三清山种子植物的东亚-北美地理成分进行区系分析,并与中国七大地理区的山地进行比较研究。结果表明:三清山种子植物的东亚-北美间断分布有75属,隶属于43科,含157种(含种下等级),分别占三清山种子植物总数的9.28%、26.71%、8.55%;占中国种子植物该分布类型总属数的61.98%。区系组成丰富,以少种属(含1~5种)为优势,占总属数90.67%。木本植物主要集中分布于东亚,草本植物北美稍多。垂直梯度变化上呈现上下低,中间高的分布式样。与华东、华中山地植物区系亲缘关系最密切,与西北山地植物区系最疏远。该成分分布主要集中于南岭以北,秦岭以南,大巴山(或巫山、雪峰山)以东,三清山是中国东亚-北美间断分布中心之一。