玉米 C 型胞质雄花不育的遗传及其在生产上的应用

从测定67个自交系对 C 型雄花不育性的反应表明:玉米 C 型细胞质雄花不育及其恢复性是一种稳定的遗传特性,一般环境条件的差异,不足以改变其雄花育性表现。C 型雄花不育的恢复性受两对独立的显性重复基因(Rf₃、Rf₄)所支配。因此,不育系及其保持系只有 rf₃rf₃rf₄rf相似文献   

玉米雄性不育性研究 Ⅷ.玉米YⅡ-1型不育胞质归群初报

从若干方面初步研究了玉米YII-1型不育细胞质与3个主要类群的不育胞质（T、C和S）间的差异。育性恢复测验表明，YII-I胞质有其独特的恢复基因，在各类自交系核背景下，其育性表现与众不同。恢复基因至少有二对，其中一对与C群不育系有别。小斑病菌测试效应，说明YII-1型不属于T群，而线粒体DNA(mt DNA)的电泳图谱说明YII-I胞     

玉米C型雄性不育系的研究应用

玉米C型雄性不育的应用是提高种子纯度质量,降低种子生产成本的一种有效方法,本研究通过多年大量的田间试验,先后鉴定(调查)了T、C、S群(型)不育胞质的育性表现,结果选定C型不育胞质的Cb37为基础材料,对很多自交系进行不育系的转育和恢复系的筛选工作,先后育成3个组合,完全实现了C型不育化三系配套技术生产杂交种子,不需要掺合常规杂交种,直接应用于大面积生产,经多年多点推广种植表明,不仅种子纯度质量高,而且恢复散粉株率在96%以上。转育成功的不育系CB107、CV8112、CM丹1511不育株率稳定在99.6%～99.8%。     

雄性不育性在杂交优势中的利用

经过我国农业科技工作者的不懈努力,我国在利用雄性不育性,培育作物新品种方面取得了可喜的成就。一、雄性不育性在玉米杂种优势上的研究应用自从Rhoades·M·M1931年首先发现玉米雄性不育系以来,世界各地先后发现了多种玉米细胞质雄性不育系.现已发现玉米雄性不育胞质100多种。根据自交系对不育胞质育性恢复的反应不同—现主要划分为T、C、S三大组群。近年来又发现一些新的不育类型,如Y型。据秦泰辰等对Y型不育系的研究,确定Y型不育系在花粉发育期间的解体方式与时间、遗传机制的恢复和抗病上均不同于T、C、S群。     

选育具标记性状的两系不育系的尝试

育成育性稳定的两系不育系(S系)是两系法杂交水稻选育的关键。目前的两系不育系的育性受气温影响很大,没有真正典型的光敏型,最早的两系不育系质源“农垦58S”及其衍生的若干新不育系,经深入研究表明属于长日高温不育或高温不育类型。其他一些两系不育系质源及其派生系。同属于高、低温敏     

SPR(亲本自交系提纯复壮)技术的选育原理

玉米雄性不育的应用是提高种子纯度,降低种子生产成本的一种有效方法。北京德农种业有限公司与科研院所合作,通过多年大量的田间试验,先后鉴定(调查)了T、C、S群(型)不育胞质的育性表现,对很多自交系进行不育系的转育和恢复系的筛选工作,实现了不育化技术生产杂交种,并应用于大面积生产。经多年多点推广种植表明,不仅种子纯度质量高,而且恢复散粉株率在96%以上。转育成功的不育系PmsZ58等,不育株率稳定在99.6%~99.8%,对公司现有大部分品种的制种工作大为有益,极大地提高了玉米杂交种纯度质量。本文以郑单958为例,详述了雄性不育的选育过程,即亲本自交系提纯复壮(简称SPR,Seed Parents Recover)技术的选育原理。SPR技术是育种工作的基础,公司按照质量控制管理制度加强各个环节的监控,同时运用DNA分子标记技术进行鉴定,更加方便判定自交系是否发生混杂。SPR技术的应用将会指导育种及生产工作者加快提纯自交系的速度。     

玉米 Y 型雄性不育系的分组问题研究初报

用专门能恢复 T 组,S 组或 C 组的专效性恢复系分别对 Y 型不育系测交,仅有 T 组的恢复系对 Y 型表现恢复。用玉米小斑病 T 小种的病菌毒素对各组不育系接种,仅 Y 型和 T 型不育系表现感病。一系列自交系对 T型与 Y 型不育系有完全相同的恢保关系。初步确定 Y 型不育系应归类于 T 组,并对 Y 型不育系的来源、不育系的分组问题     

对两个玉米雄性不育系的细胞质分类研究

本文从普通遗传学、植物病理学和分子生物学的水平对玉米雄花不育系—元徐cms—小黄和恩二激cms—大黄进行了综合性的分类研究。大田的育性反应表明，这两个不育系的育性恢复受一对显性基因控制。对花粉染色的观察发现F1可育花粉与败育花粉基本上呈1：1分离。用小斑病T小种接种，这两个不育系不表现专化感染。通过mtDNA的分析     

不结球白菜Ogura雄性不育花器官形态及败育细胞学的研究

对不结球白菜细胞质雄性不育系S2108A和Y3611A及其相应的保持系S2108B和Y3611B进行了花器官形态比较和花药发育细胞学观察,结果表明:两套不育系和保持系之间在花器官的多个性状上差异极显著,而两个不育系S2108A和Y3611A之间除花蕾大小、雌蕊长和花瓣长有差异外,其他均不显著,说明从不同不育源转育来的两个不育系在花器官外形上差异不大;两个不育系花药败育表现均起始于四分体时期,且由于绒毡层的液泡化和径向膨大,挤压四分体小孢子导致败育,表明败育与绒毡层的不正常发育有关.此外,与Y3611A不同,在不育系S2108A中还存在另一种败育形式,绒毡层细胞壁发生融合,成为紧贴药室壁的类似于变形型绒毡层的周原质团,部分细胞质流人药室腔,包裹粘连四分体小孢子,成为染色很深的不连续团块状物,花药败育;两不育系花药发育存在花粉囊数目的变异,且花粉囊发育时期不同步,个别花粉囊较正常花粉囊发育推迟,在不育系Y3611A中还有巨型花粉囊的现象.     

两种玉米温敏不育系的育性相关性状的比较及不育基因的初步定位

本研究通过形态学、生态学、遗传学及基因定位研究表明,玉米温敏不育系琼6Qms和琼68S是两种完全不同的玉米温敏不育系,琼6Qms的育性主要表现为颖壳不开裂,育性转换主要受温度影响,该性状由两对隐性重叠不育基因控制,分别位于第3和第5染色体上。琼68S为花药败育型,其育性转换受温度控制,不育性由一对隐性基因控制,该基因位于第2染色体上。     

Identification of stable restorers and genetics of fertility restoration in late‐maturing pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]

A total of sixty‐six germplasm lines were crossed with five CMS lines, where two belong to A₄ cytoplasm, while other three belong to A₂ cytoplasm. On the basis of pollen fertility test as well as good pod setting, of 330 hybrids, 34 restorer lines were observed in ICPA 2043 and 19 in ICPA 2092. Thirteen germplasm lines restored fertility in both the A₄ CMS lines, viz. ICPA 2043 and ICPA 2092; however, none of the lines restored fertility in A₂ CMS lines. For confirmation of result, restoration competence of identified lines tested subsequently 2 years at two different temperatures. The segregation patterns for fertility restoration studied in F₂ and BC₁F₁ generations of selected ten crosses. Six crosses indicated the involvement of two major genes with recessive epistasis, three crosses confirmed dominant epistasis, and one cross indicated the involvement of duplicate recessive epistasis. The obtained results from this study will hasten the future three‐line breeding programme and lead the hybrid technology to the farmers' field with the better exploitation of CMS lines.     

玉米细胞质雄性不育材料CMS-P的胞质分类研究

采用育性恢复专效性测定、PCR分类鉴定、类质粒鉴定3种玉米不育细胞质分类方法,对本室从爆裂玉米（Zea mays everta）种质中发现的玉米细胞质雄性不育材料“CMS-P”进行了胞质分类研究,一致表明CMS-P属于S型不育胞质。这为CMS-P的有效利用提供了理论依据。卡方测验表明,S组田间育性表现恢复的各组合花粉可染率并不完全符合1∶1的分离比例,CMS-P向可育方向偏移的程度更大。花粉可染率在不同测验系、不同胞质、不同环境间都表现出较大差异,胞质与核微效基因间的互作可能是影响育性稳定性的主要因素。     

A unique introgression from Moricandia arvensis confers male fertility upon two different cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of Brassica juncea

A Brassica juncea line carrying an introgression from Moricandia arvensis restored male fertility to two cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) B. juncea lines carrying either M. arvensis or Diplotaxis catholica cytoplasm. Genetics of fertility restoration was studied in the F₁, F₂, F₃ and backcross generations of the cross between CMS and fertility‐restorer lines. No male‐sterile plants were found in F1‐F₃ generations of the cross between CMS [M. arvensis] B. juncea and the restorer. However, a 1: 1 segregation for male sterility and fertility was observed when the F1 was pollinated with non‐restorer pollen from a euplasmic line. These results clearly show that restoration is mono‐genic and gametophytic. In CMS lines carrying D. catholica cytoplasm, the restorer conferred male fertility to the F1 and showed 3: 1 and 1: 1 segregations for male fertility and sterility in F₂ and BC1 generations, respectively, indicating a monogenic, sporophytic mode of fertility restoration. The results were also supported by pollen stainability in the F1 which was about 65% in M. arvensis‐based CMS and >90% in D. catholica‐based CMS. The above results are discussed in the light of previous molecular studies which showed association between CMS and atpA in both systems.     

生长素和玉米素与玉米细胞质雄性不育性关系的研究

研究了玉米Mo17背景三种不育细胞质类型（T.C.S）及正常保持系（N）在小孢子发生及败育过程中花药组织生长素，玉米素的含量及其变化，发现细胞质雄性不育系花药组织中的“生长素亏损——玉米素盈积”现象。同时设计的玉米素、生长素外源喷施实验也表明了其对雄性育性的逆转效应。讨论了这两种植物激素对玉米雄性不育性的调控     

Modified complementation test of male sterility mutants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): preliminary study to convert male sterility system from GMS to CMS

The male sterility system in hybrid seed production can eliminate the cost of emasculation and ensure seed hybridity through avoidance of self pollination. GMS and CMS are two types of male sterility system that currently employed in pepper breeding. Conversion from GMS to CMS will increase the male sterility proportion of female parent from 50 to 100%. In this study, segregation analysis of four male sterile mutants consisting of one CMS mutant (CA1) and three GMS mutants (GA1, GA3 and GA4) showed that each had single recessive gene inheritance. A modified complementation test was performed by replacing male sterile mutants with their maintainer line as male parent. The nuclear restorer gene for CMS was independent of all nuclear restorer genes for GMS and all nuclear restorer genes for GMS were independent each other. Further observation on CMS and GMS male sterility loci revealed that GA1 and GA3 had mutated in both nuclear restorer genes for CMS and GMS, while CA1 and GA4 each carried mutation in single male sterility system of nuclear restorer gene for CMS and GMS, respectively. Conversion from GMS to CMS in the case of lines carried mutations in both sterility systems required only S-type cytoplasm donor, while lines carried mutation in single nuclear restorer gene for GMS required not only S-type cytoplasm but also rf allele donors. The important finding is the broader function of maintainer line in certain male sterility system that can be used as a maintainer or restorer line for other male sterility systems. We also confirmed that line CC1 is the general restorer for both CMS and GMS systems.     

玉米多胞质雄性不育系CF5-11111的选育及抗病研究

以雄性不育细胞质（CMS）中s群的s，M，R与21A及c群的Rb，Es等多种细胞质为背景采用回交转育的方式，完成了CF5-11111雄性不育系的转育，不育性稳定。根据21A，s，M,Rb,Es胞质不育系具有较稳定的不育性和5种胞质抗病性的有关研究，研究认为21A，s，M，Rb。Es型雄性不育细胞质完全可以在生产上应用。     

Development of a cytoplasmic male‐sterile line NJCMS4A for hybrid soybean production

Cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) lines are being used to produce hybrid seeds. Thus far, four CMS sources in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have been reported in China. However, they are not sufficient or efficient in meeting the requirements of commercial soybean hybrid seed production. In this study, 33 varieties were tested for CMS using 45 crosses among 37 landraces and 17 annual wild soybean accessions (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.). The cross of N23661 × N23658 showed partial to complete male sterility in backcross generations, while the corresponding reciprocal cross showed normal male fertility. Thus, the cytoplasm of N23661 is male‐sterile, the continuously backcrossed line is a male‐sterile line (designated NJCMS4A), and N23658 is its maintainer (designated NJCM4B). The male fertility of NJCMS4A was restored by another accession, Nansheng9403. Accordingly, NJCMS4A along with its maintainer and restorer composes a complete set of three lines for producing hybrid soybean. Using mitochondrial markers and sequence analyses, NJCMS4A is a CMS line with its cytoplasm not identical to the four previously reported CMS sources in soybean.     

细胞质雄性不育陆地棉的细胞质效应

哈克尼西棉细胞质与陆地棉核互作不但引起花粉母细胞的败育，而且也影响到胚囊育性，具体表现与保持系比较，不育系的胚珠显著变小，不孕籽率显著变高和异常胚囊的增多，不育系不杂交，Ｆ１的花粉育性接种正常，但自交结铃率仍较低，表明哈克尼西棉不育细胞地对Ｆ１的育怀有一定程度的负效应。然而，这种负效应可以通过优良不育系和强恢复系的选与得以克服或减轻到不显著水平，在强优势组合（Ｆ１）中不育细胞质的负效应，不足以Ｆ１     

广亲和粳稻恢复系选育方法

广亲和粳稻恢复系的选育除采用ＷＡ型恢复与广亲和粳稻杂交选育和不同广亲和恢复系间杂交选育外,本研究提出以粳稻为父本杂交选育的４种办法：１、以型杂交稻Ｆ１为母本转育同质广亲和恢复系;２、以ＷＡ型下育系为母本筛选同质广亲和恢复系;３、以ＷＡ型广亲和不育系为母本,筛选同质广亲和恢复系;４、以同质广亲和恢复系为母本转育新的恢复系。用上述方法已育成０２４２８等广亲和恢复系,并可同时恢复ＷＡ型和ＢＴ型胞质不育系     

水稻广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78的选育

利用野败（WA）型、红莲（HL）型、包台（BT型）3种细胞质的同核异质粳稻广亲和不育系苏秋A与19个籼、粳恢复系测交,筛选出对以上3种细胞质不育系均具正常恢复力的广谱型恢复系6078。通过回交,将广亲和品种Lemont的广亲和基因导入6078,育成广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78。经测交鉴定,SWR78对WA型、印水（ID）型、HL型、BT型4种细胞质的10个籼、粳不育系均具正常恢复力。