HPLC与分光光度法测定潲水油中胆固醇的比较

潲水油一直关系食品安全的重要问题,如何有效的检测潲水油将关系到消费者食用油脂的安全性。基于该问题,根据潲水油主要来源于餐桌往往会有动物脂肪混入,在油脂净化过程中会残留少量的胆固醇,从而可以有效的鉴别植物油脂中是否非法添加了潲水油。对紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定模拟潲水油中的胆固醇,由于植物油中含有的甾醇干扰,紫外分光光度的方法无法准确测定。高效液相色谱将甾醇和胆固醇测底分离,可以准确的测定植物油脂中的胆固醇含量,具体条件为：C₁₈色谱柱,100%甲醇洗脱,在205nm紫外检测。样品处理：油脂中30mL无水乙醇、10mL氢氧化钾于70℃水浴皂化1h,然后用石油醚提取,浓缩,检测。在该条件下回收率达到75%以上,当植物油中胆固醇含量大于0.35g/L可以进行准确定量。采用该法进行盲测可以准确判断出模拟潲水油,对市场上的植物油样采集进行测定,发现有两种油中含有微量的胆固醇。     

植物甾醇的压榨洗涤和精制工艺

以从油脂脱臭馏出物中分离精制植物甾醇为研究体系,探讨了植物甾醇生产过程中压榨、洗涤和精制工艺优化等各因素对植物甾醇杂质峰及含量、消耗等的影响;通过对植物甾醇压榨、洗涤及精制工艺的优化,为从脱臭馏出物中提取植物甾醇的工业化生产提供了技术依据。     

HPLC法测定薏米中两种植物甾醇

建立超声辅助提取-高效液相色谱法测定薏米中豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇含量的方法。以目标物质的分离度、出峰时间及峰型作为评价依据,筛选出测定两种植物甾醇的最佳色谱条件。试验采用C18反相色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm×5 μm）,波长208 nm,流动相为100%甲醇,流速为1.2 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃进行等度洗脱,两种甾醇在11 min内良好分离。标准曲线在10～50 μg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999;方法检出限分别为0.270、0.262 μg/mL。超声法提取薏米中豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇,最优色谱条件下薏米豆甾醇提取量为1.49 mg/100 g,β-谷甾醇提取量为18.53 mg/100 g。试验结果表明,建立的提取分析方法简单易行、快速准确,适于薏米中2种植物甾醇的提取分离和定量分析。     

植物甾醇玉米油的研制

选择甾醇质量分数59%的植物甾醇酯,经溶解后按一定比例添加到玉米油中,确定其最佳添加工艺:甾醇酯加热至60℃时,加入至磁力搅拌器上加热至60℃的玉米油中,边加边搅拌,并保持此温度5 min,植物甾醇酯的添加量为1%。     

菜籽浓缩蛋白的制备研究

研究水酶法制备菜籽浓缩蛋白的工艺优化,在单因素试验的基础上采用L9（34）正交优化试验,探讨加酶量、提取温度、提取时间和固液比为提取因素对菜籽浓缩蛋白提取的影响。单因素试验和正交试验表明,各因素对菜籽浓缩蛋白提取的影响次序为提取温度>固液比>提取时间>加酶量;水酶法的最佳工艺条件为提取温度60℃,加酶量1.0%,提取时间4 h,固液比1∶4。验证试验得出浓缩蛋白产品中蛋白含量为62.8%,蛋白提取率可达72.3%,制备得到的菜籽浓缩蛋白中抗营养因子成分单宁、植酸、硫苷的脱除率分别为90.2%,62.2%,98.7%。     

菜籽浓缩蛋白的制备研究

研究水酶法制备菜籽浓缩蛋白的工艺优化,在单因素试验的基础上采用L9(34)正交优化试验,探讨加酶量、提取温度、提取时间和固液比为提取因素对菜籽浓缩蛋白提取的影响。单因素试验和正交试验表明,各因素对菜籽浓缩蛋白提取的影响次序为提取温度固液比提取时间加酶量;水酶法的最佳工艺条件为提取温度60℃,加酶量1.0%,提取时间4 h,固液比1∶4。验证试验得出浓缩蛋白产品中蛋白含量为62.8%,蛋白提取率可达72.3%,制备得到的菜籽浓缩蛋白中抗营养因子成分单宁、植酸、硫苷的脱除率分别为90.2%,62.2%,98.7%。     

一种新铁炮百合花瓣总RNA的提取方法

本研究以新铁炮百合花瓣为材料,采用非异硫氰酸胍提取法、一步快速热酚抽提法、Trizoi试剂法、天为时代植物RNA抽提试剂盒法、Trizol试剂法与天为时代的植物RNA抽捉试剂盒相结合的改良法,提取花瓣总RNA.结果表明:Trizol试剂法与天为时代的植物RNA提试剂盒相结合的改良法是一种经济、有效的新铁炮百合花瓣总RNA的提取方法,能有效地抑制酚类物质、多糖等次生代谢产物对RNA的影响,可从新铁炮百合花瓣中获得质量高、完整性好的总RNA.提取的RNA经紫外光谱分析表明:A_(206)/A_(280)比值为1.722,电泳检测到28S RNA、18S RNA清晰的条带.反转录后双链cDNA的分子量大小分布区间介于0.1～5.0 kb之间,符合植物基因cDNA的长度范围,可满足下一步的分子实验.     

微波辅助提取毛泡桐叶中熊果酸的工艺研究

为提取毛泡桐叶中熊果酸,以熊果酸的得率为指标,研究微波辅助提取毛泡桐叶中熊果酸的工艺。通过单因素试验和正交试验分析提取功率、提取时间、乙醇浓度和料液比等对熊果酸提取率的影响。结果表明：适宜的提取条件为：微波功率350 W,提取时间7 min,乙醇浓度85%,液固比1:18(g:mL),此最佳条件下的熊果酸的得率0.748%。微波法时间短、提取效率高,是一种快速、高效的提取熊果酸的方法。     

杜仲籽油的提取及其微胶囊的制备

以杜仲籽为原料,采用索式提取法对杜仲籽油进行提取及工艺优化研究,并采用复凝聚法研究杜仲籽油微胶囊化工艺条件。研究结果表明,采用正己烷萃取杜仲籽油的最优条件为:萃取试剂与杜仲籽比例为7.5:1(mL:g),萃取温度为85℃,萃取时间为6 h,此时出油率为31.55%,利用明胶和阿拉伯胶作为壁材微胶囊包埋杜仲籽油的最优条件为:芯材与壁材比例(即杜仲籽油、明胶和阿拉伯胶的质量比)为1:2:2,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为60 min,pH值为4,此时油利用率为87.8%,包埋率为34.32%,产品收率为51.16%。     

盐肤木果油提取工艺研究

以脱去外果皮的盐肤木果为原料,采用索氏提取法提取盐肤木果油,考察了原料过筛目数、提取时间、提取温度和料液比四个因素对盐肤木果油提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化了盐肤木果油的索氏提取工艺。结果表明,盐肤木果油最佳提取工艺条件为:以石油醚为提取溶剂,原料过40目筛,提取时间2 h,提取温度55℃,料液比1∶30(g/mL),在此条件下盐肤木果油提取率为8.336%。     

Genetic variation in phytosterol content of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and development of NIRS calibration equations

Rapeseed oil is one of the richest natural sources of phytosterols, known to reduce the LDL-cholesterol levels, one of the major cardiovascular disease risk factors. Increasing the phytosterol content in rapeseed could give an added value to the oil and derived products. Our objective was to analyse the genetic variation of phytosterol content in modern winter rapeseed cultivars and resynthesized lines following field experiments and to develop a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic (NIRS) calibration for high throughput estimation of phytosterol content. Phytosterol content as analysed by gas–liquid chromatography ranged from 3565 to 4800 mg/kg seed for modern cultivars and from 2079 to 4329 mg/kg seed for resynthesized lines. The NIRS calibration showed a high fraction of explained variance in cross-validation of 0.81 for total phytosterol content and the standard error of cross-validation was 241 mg/kg. The results show that the cultivars contain already high phytosterol contents. The NIRS calibrations developed for total phytosterol content should be useful for germplasm screening and in breeding programmes aimed at increasing the phytosterol content in rapeseed.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状间的相关性分析

【研究目的】为探讨不同田间环境条件下,同一甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型各品质性状之间的相关关系,【方法】以甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型GH01为材料,研究了由播期与密度形成的9种田间环境条件下粒色及其它主要品质性状间的相关性。【结果】结果表明：黄籽度与胚含油量、种子含油量间呈明显的负相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.6617和r=-0.7458*）,胚含油量与胚蛋白质含量、种子含油量之间仍保持着极其显著的负相关和正相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.9071**和r=0.8973**）。【结论】甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度、种子含油量之间的相关关系随供试基因型的不同而发生变化,但另一些品质性状（含油量、蛋白质含量）间的相关关系并不因供试基因型间的差异而改变。     

全含油膨化对油菜籽预榨饼残油的研究

针对油菜籽传统加工工艺存在的不足,提出了油菜籽全含油膨化预榨制油新技术,并研究了膨化操作参数对预榨饼残油的影响规律。在单因素试验的基础上,以油菜籽为原料,通过正交实验,研究了原料水分含量、膨化温度、模孔直径,以及喂料速度对预榨饼残油含量的影响,并得到最优工艺组合。结果表明,原料水分含量和喂料速度对预榨饼残油含量影响显著;在原料水分含量8%,喂料量33t/h,膨化温度95℃,模孔直径8mm的条件下,预榨饼的残油最低。此参数下的验证试验也与以上结论一致。与传统工艺相比,该技术显著降低了预榨饼残油(由18%以上降到15%以下),同时毛油质量得到改善,含磷量显著下降(由800×10-6降到150×10-6以下),有利于浸出过程的进行。     

Genetic analysis on oil content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

High oil content is one of the most important characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) breeding. In order to understand the genetic basis of seed oil content, a series of reciprocal crosses between rapeseed parents with high oil content (53110, 61616 and 6F313), medium-oil content (Zhongshuang 9) and low oil content (51070 and 93275) were conducted. It was found that the oil content of F₁ hybrid seeds in rapeseed was mainly controlled by the maternal genotype. The maternal effect value of oil content was estimated to be 0.86. The pollen parent had a xenia effect on oil content, estimated to be 0.14 which changed the mean value by 1.86 percent. The inheritance of oil content was studied in a set of 8 × 8 diallel crosses of different varieties. The results indicated that the inheritance of oil content could be explained by an additive-dominant-epistasis model. Although the dominant and additive effects played major roles and accounted for more than 70% of the total variance, there was also a small epistatic effect. The broad and narrow sense heritability of oil content was 83.88 and 36.94%, respectively. Based on the oil content differences between the reciprocal crosses in the same offspring generation (F₁ and F₂) in rapeseed, it could be concluded that there were significant cytoplasmic effects on oil content. In this study, two lines with significantly cytoplasmic effects, either positive or negative, were selected.     

茶多酚对大豆原油和菜籽原油储存过程中品质变化的影响

研究了不同浓度的茶多酚对在不同储存温度下大豆原油和菜籽原油的品质变化的影响.结果表明,茶多酚对大豆原油和菜籽原油都有一定的抗氧化作用.储存前60 d,茶多酚对大豆原油过氧化值的增长有明显的抑制作用,且浓度为200 mg/kg和300 mg/kg的抑制作用效果差别不大;菜籽原油的过氧化值受温度影响较大,只有在20℃条件下茶多酚对菜籽原油有较强的抗氧化作用.     

应用近红外反射光谱法整粒测定小样品油菜籽含油量的研究

以完整油菜籽为样品,通过光谱预处理和回归统计方法来优化油菜籽含油量的近红外反射光谱法所建立回归方程,同时采用三种不同用量的样品杯进行近红外扫描分析.结果表明,光谱预处理对较正结果影响较大,不同光谱数学处理以3级导数处理较好,综合考虑定标组和检验组的效果,采用"2,3,3,1"、 "2,6,6,1"和"3,3,3,1"的三种处理组合较好     

花生油掺菜籽油和棕榈油试验

在花生油中掺入菜籽油和棕榈油进行试验,通过测定折光指数、伯利哀氏混浊度、碘价、冷冻试验等项指标,试验表明,同一含量（比例）的花生油掺假,不论加入何种油品,伯利哀氏混浊度保持不变。这一结论,对我们现实粮油检验（花生油掺假检验）有指导意义。     

显性黄籽油菜种子特性研究

本文以甘蓝型显性黄籽油菜为材料,研究了黄籽杂交种和亲本种子特性,结果表明:(1)该黄籽与遗传背景相同的黑籽相比,皮壳率低2.68个百分点、含油量高2.01个百分点、蛋白质高1.60个百分点;黄籽杂交种的含油量比黄籽父本具有明显的杂种优势.对皮壳和胚的分析表明,黄籽皮壳中的含油量和蛋白质含量明显高于黑籽,而胚中增加较少.表明黄籽的含油量和蛋白质含量比黑籽高,主要是因为:黄籽的胚的比例增加,并且黄籽皮壳和胚中的油分含量和蛋白质含量均比黑籽高.(2)在黄籽油中,饱和脂肪酸的含量减少,不饱和脂肪酸的含量增加,其中,亚麻酸的含量增加最多.(3)黄籽与黑籽的色泽差异,主要是由于花色素和黑色素含量的差异引起,黑籽的花色素和黑色素含量分别是黄籽的4.86倍和4.24倍.     

油菜种子含油量GWAS分析及位点整合系统构建

含油量是油菜最重要的性状之一, 目前已有较多的油菜种子含油量定位研究, 然而各研究系统相对独立, 群体与标记的差别使得难以比较不同研究结果。本研究连续4年种植了一个含308份材料的油菜自然群体, 结合60K SNP芯片数据对种子含油量进行了全基因组关联分析(GWAS), 并将所鉴定的显著位点与早前2个自然群体及10个分离群体鉴定到的位点进行全基因组比较与整合。结果显示, 通过GWAS共检测到8个与种子含油量显著关联的位点, 单个位点解释的表型变异度为3.22%~5.13%; 结合其他12个群体的定位结果, 共获得193个油菜含油量整合位点, 分布于油菜的所有19条染色体, A亚基因组平均每条染色体有13个位点, 显著高于C亚基因组(7个)。对不同群体鉴定结果的比较发现, 7个整合区间能在至少3个群体中被检测到, 均位于A亚基因组染色体(A01、A02、A03、A06、A08、A09和A10)上, 其中有3个与C亚基因组上的区间存在同源性, 在这3个区间中共鉴定到26个已知的油脂代谢相关基因。本研究将193个位点锚定到法国公布的甘蓝型油菜参考基因组, 构建了一个可视的油菜种子含油量位点全基因组整合系统, 可为油菜种子含油量重要位点的确定提供帮助, 并为制定提高油菜种子含油量的育种方案提供参考。     

Heterotic patterns in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): II. Crosses between European winter and Chinese semi-winter lines

Chinese semi-winter rapeseed is genetically diverse from European winter rapeseed. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the potential of semi-winter rapeseed for winter rapeseed hybrid breeding, (2) to assess the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) vs. specific combining ability (SCA) among combinations between Chinese semi-winter and European winter rapeseed, and (3) to compare the strategies to predict heterosis based on parental genetic distance (GD) estimated from AFLP marker data and GCA for hybrid performance. Four winter male sterile lines from Germany as testers were crossed with 14 Chinese semi-winter rapeseed lines to develop 56 hybrids, which were evaluated together with their parents and commercial hybrids for seed yield, oil content and protein content under three environments in Germany. The Chinese parental lines were not adapted to local environmental conditions as demonstrated by lacking winter hardiness and poor seed yields per se . However, the hybrids between the Chinese parents and the adapted winter rapeseed lines exhibited high heterosis for seed yield. About 20% of the hybrids were significantly superior to the respective hybrid control under three environments. Additive gene effects mainly contributed to hybrid performance since the variance components of GCA were higher as compared with SCA. The correlation between parental GD and hybrid performance was found to be low whereas the correlation between GCA and hybrid performance was high and significant, with correlation coefficients of 0.95 for seed yield, 0.87 for oil content, and 0.91 for protein content, indicating that GCA can predict hybrid performance. These results demonstrate that Chinese semi-winter rapeseed germplasm has a great potential to increase seed yield in winter rapeseed hybrid breeding programmes in Europe.