有色农膜的功用和选择

一、黑色膜。杂草严重的地块或高温季节栽培夏萝卜、白菜、菠菜、秋菜、黄瓜、晚番茄，选用黑色膜效果较好。 二、蓝色膜。该膜主要适用水稻育秧，有处于培育矮壮秧苗。还可用于蔬菜、棉花、花生、草莓等作物覆盖栽培。 三、绿色膜。此膜多用于草莓、菜豆、茄子、甜椒、番茄、瓜类等蔬菜和其它经济作物，可较好地起到防除杂草的作用。     

甜瓜无公害施肥技术

无公害甜瓜生产允许使用的肥料类型和种类有：①有机肥，如堆肥、厩肥、沼气肥、绿肥、作物秸秆、泥肥、饼肥等。②生物菌肥，包括腐殖酸类肥料、根瘤菌肥料、磷细菌肥料、复合微生物肥料等。③无机矿质肥料，如碳酸氢铵和尿素、矿物钾肥和硫酸钾、矿物磷肥等。④微量元素肥料，即铜、铁、硼、锌、锰、钼等微量元素及有益元素为主配制的肥料。⑤其他肥料如骨粉、氨基酸残渣、家畜加工废料、糖厂废料等。笔者主要介绍常用的有机肥和无机肥及其特点。     

科学施肥小常识

1植物营养的基本特性 植物在生长过程中吸收各种养分的量是不同的。吸收多的称为大量元素吸收少的称微量元素。据科学家研究表明大量元素为9种（碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫）。微量元素为7种（氯、硼、钼、铜、锌、铁、锰）。也就是说16种元素存在15种只差一种元素作物就不能生长。那么是不是植物体内构成的就是16种元素呢？     

泡桐主要病虫害及防治

<正>泡桐Paulownia fortunei又称桐树,玄参科Scrophulariaceae,泡桐属Paulownia。泡桐是中国特产的速生用材树种。落叶乔木,小枝粗壮。喜光,生长甚快。木材轻软、结构均匀、不翘不裂、耐腐耐磨、易于干燥和加工,供制箱匣、乐器、救生器械、瓶塞等用。小枝可制炭笔。又为绿化树、行道树。泡桐的叶、花、果、皮均可入药,具消炎、止咳、利尿、降压等功能。叶和花营养丰富,是良好的饲料和肥料,种子含油,可制肥皂。     

巴西农药市场特点

巴西是南美洲最大的国家,国土面积为851.49万平方公里,约占南美洲总面积的46%,居世界第五,仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、美国与中国。巴西是农业大国,主要农作物有大豆、甘蔗、玉米、稻米、咖啡、子棉、木薯、柑桔、烟叶、芸豆、香蕉、小麦、马铃薯、西红柿、葡萄等。其中,巴西是世界第一大咖啡生产国和出口国、最大的蔗糖生产和出口国、第二大大豆生产和出口国、第三大玉米生产国。全国可耕地面积约4亿公顷,被誉为"二十一世纪的世界粮仓"。巴西于2008年代替美国成为全球最大的农药市场,2011年在甘蔗、棉花、咖啡、小麦、大豆和玉米等作物需求量的驱动下,农药销售额达到新高。根据巴西国家农药工业联     

公元600-2000年宝鸡地区洪涝灾害发生规律

通过对历史文献资料的搜集和整理,对公元600-2000年宝鸡地区洪涝灾害变化阶段、趋势、等级分布和成因进行了研究。结果表明：宝鸡地区洪涝灾害可划分为轻度涝灾、中度涝灾、大涝灾、特大涝灾4级,以中度和大涝灾为主,占灾害记录总数的71.55%,特大洪涝灾害发生较少,占灾害记录总数的8.94%。公元600-2000年的1 400 a可以分为14个洪涝灾害发生阶段: 10、11、12、13、14、15世纪为无洪涝灾害或极少洪涝灾害发生阶段,7、8、9、16、17、18、19、20世纪为洪涝灾害多发阶段。洪涝灾害发生频次具有空间差异,9个县区由多到少依次为：宝鸡、扶风、千阳、凤翔、凤县、陇县、麟游、岐山、眉县。最多与最少之间相差26次,空间差异较大。洪灾集中于夏、秋两季。宝鸡地区洪涝灾害的发生主要是由地理位置、降水和气候异常波动以及人类活动综合因素影响的结果。     

农家小顾问--二十四节气话农事

古有谚语：“春雨惊春清谷天，夏满芒夏暑相连，秋处露秋寒霜降，冬雪雪冬小大寒”来描绘中国的立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒二十四节气，可见节气变化对于农业生产的重要性。在人类从事农业生产的早期，由于播种收获等农事活动，已经认识到春生夏长秋收冬藏的规律。中国秦汉便有了完整的二十四节气，用以指导农业生产。东汉《四民月令》记述按月和节气安排农事活动。北魏《齐民要术》阐明以节气为依据安排耕、种、收。后世各代也都以二十四节气决定农时的依据。我们借鉴前入的经验，凭借科学的态度，应农民朋友的要求今年特别开辟《二十四节气话农事》专题，对于广大农民朋友正确运用二十四节气，掌握天气气候规律，科学安排日常生产生活，顺应农时、不违农时，破除迷信、科学种田，争取农业丰收，都有着重要的参考作用。     

十字花科蔬菜病害综合防治

丹阳镇是连江县蔬菜主要产区,种植的十字花科蔬菜主要有大白菜、小白菜、菜心、萝卜、花椰菜、甘蓝(包菜)等。常年因病害减产15%左右,严重的年份甚至减产一半。主要的病害有病毒病、霜霉病、炭疽病、黑斑病、软腐病、黑腐病、白斑病、菌核病等。     

美国加州发生苹浅褐卷蛾疫情

美国农业部植物检疫局2007年3月22日证实，加利福尼亚食品和农业部门在该州监测到苹浅褐卷蛾。目前，正对该虫的发生、危害、防控以及传播等情况进行调研，以防其进一步扩散危害，并将其经济损失降到最低水平。苹浅褐卷蛾广泛分布于澳大利亚、新西兰、夏威夷、英国、墨西哥等地区，其寄主包括有苹果、荔枝、草莓、葡萄、梨、橙子、杏、桃、猕猴桃、蔬菜、花卉等50个科250多种植物。苹浅褐卷蛾主要为害叶和果实，是国际上公认的对水果和蔬菜的正常生长影响严重的农作物害虫。我国也早已将其列为检疫性有害生物。     

湖北襄樊市襄阳区黄集镇小麦全蚀病普遍严重发生

1、本刊旨在实践科学发展观的指导下促进我省公共植保、绿色植保科技的发展;帮助提高各级植保科技人员的业务水平。主要刊登大田作物、特种经济作物、果树林木。蔬菜、花卉、绿地、粮食及其他储藏农产品的无公害标准生产新技术;以及病、虫、草、鼠发生危害规律及综合防治技术。包括农药、农械的应用研究,为适应市场与生产发展的需要,还将刊载有关农业产品的贮藏加工、产、供、销及涉农行业的应对策略。     

宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

几种化学物质诱导黄瓜对霜霉病的抗性

在黄瓜幼苗子叶期及第1真叶期用苯酚、水杨酸、无水对氨基苯磺酸和氯化钾进行诱导接种,可使黄瓜植株产生对霜霉病的抗病性。在自然病原激发病害的试验中,经上述4种化学物质诱导的植株,其病株率比CK分别降低30％、0％、20％和20％;病叶率发别降低20.61％、6.80％、31.62％和20.72％;相对免疫效果分别为21.73％、35.19％、59.61％和40.84％。在人工接种病原激发病害试验中,经上述4种化学物质诱导的植株,其病株率分别降低28.57％、42.86％、57.14％和28.57％;病叶率分别降低89.13％、63.13％、72.96％和82.75％;相对免疫效果分别为91.15％、33.33％、55.99％和52.81％。     

113种植物的乙醇提取物对反枝苋和马唐种子萌发及生长的抑制活性

筛选和评价植物资源的除草活性可为新型植物源除草剂的研发提供候选材料和理论依据。本研究用种子萌发法和平皿法,评价了56科113种植物提取物对反枝苋和马唐种子萌发和生长的抑制活性。结果表明,在125 mg DW/mL的供试浓度下,大黄、牡丹皮、大叶三升麻、木香、佩兰、楸树、安息香树、泡桐、短叶罗汉松和杜衡提取物对马唐种子萌发和生长的抑制作用最为明显;牡丹皮、佩兰、木香、鹿藿和短叶罗汉松提取物对反枝苋种子萌发和生长的抑制活性最为明显。毒力测定表明,楸树、木香、杜衡、泡桐、佩兰、安息香树和大叶三升麻提取物对马唐幼根的抑制中浓度（IC50）分别为39.30、5.93、13.93、28.69、8.72、19.19和15.19 mg DW/mL;对马唐幼芽的IC50分别为48.22、8.13、15.28、42.12、22.39、7.78、23.43和12.92 mg DW/mL。木香、牡丹皮、短叶罗汉松、鹿藿、佩兰和紫背浮萍对反枝苋幼根的IC50分别为2.46、2.85、2.59、1.03、2.24和2.79 mg DW/mL;对反枝苋幼芽的IC50分别为7.05、31.21、24.17、4.52和...     

Significant plant virus diseases in India and a glimpse of modern disease management technology

India has a diverse agroclimate representing tropical, subtropical and temperate climates with zones ranging from average to high in temperature, humidity and rainfall; from low to scarce rainfall in deserts to cold to very cold plains and upland areas. Thus it is the home of one of the richest flora and fauna in the world. For pests and pathogens, too, tropical and subtropical climates are ideal for growth and development. A majority of the world’s fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oil seed crops, fiber crops, sugarcane, spices, and ornamentals are cultivated in India. Virus diseases and their vectors are also in abundance. Since ancient times, virus-like diseases and management practices have been known in India. This knowledge has now been revived and adopted in organic farming, especially for medicinal and aromatic plants. Current trends for extensive and intensive agriculture, open international agricultural trade, and thus food security and sustained economy have brought new challenges in the fight against virus diseases. In this changing scenario, current diseases of significance are caused by begomoviruses, badnaviruses, cucomoviruses, potyviruses, ilarviruses in crops such as vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, fiber crops, and sugarcane. Variability in the viruses is also common. Briefly reviewed here is the positive effect of an isolate of Rice necrosis mosaic virus; when artificially inoculated on jute and mesta fiber crops enhanced their fiber contents. Diseases of significance, e.g., leaf fleck disease of sugarcane, citrus yellow mosaic disease, banana bunchy top, banana bract mosaic, mungbean yellow mosaic, mosaic in chrysanthemum, gladiolus and orchids are also discussed. Efficient, reliable diagnostic tools have been developed and used extensively. Some of the advanced laboratories have been accredited for virus indexing under the National Certification System for tissue-cultured plants. International standards for phytosanitary measures have been promulgated, and a mandatory nodal agency is in place for the conservation and exchange of germplasm; a Containment Level-4 facility to examine incoming transgenics and a fully equipped laboratory to intercept virus-infected plant material are functional. A National Agricultural Biosecurity System will soon be in place. All these measures are essential to protect agricultural systems and to compete in the international agriculture market. Continued vigilance, disease mapping and adopting the latest technology are required to practice sustainable agriculture.     

Rodent Control in India

Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.     

干旱胁迫下不同基因型小麦干物质转运对产量形成的影响

为了探讨干旱胁迫下不同基因型小麦干物质转运特性及其对产量形成的影响,以二倍体野生一粒小麦(T. boeoticum)、栽培一粒小麦(T. monococcum)、四倍体野生二粒小麦(T. dicoccoides)、栽培二粒小麦(T. dicoccon)和2个六倍体小麦品种为材料。在充分供水（田间持水量的75%~80%）和干旱（田间持水量的50%~55%）两种水分处理下,测定分析了不同基因型小麦花前干物质转运、花后干物质积累、运输能力、抗氧化防御能力及籽粒产量和产量构成等性状的变化,探究不同基因型小麦干物质转运对小麦产量形成的影响及其调控机理。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低了小麦籽粒产量。相比于充分供水条件,在干旱胁迫下,二倍体小麦野生一粒、栽培一粒,四倍体小麦野生二粒、栽培二粒,六倍体小麦小偃22、长旱58籽粒产量分别为降低了48.00%、37.93%、40.19%、38.77%、19.58%、16.11%,相比于二倍体和四倍体小麦,六倍体小麦籽粒产量具有较高稳定性,且六倍体小麦籽粒产量显著高于二倍体和四倍体小麦。干旱胁迫显著降低了不同基因型小麦干物质转运量和积累量,相比于充分供水条件,二倍体小麦野生一粒、栽培一粒,四倍体小麦野生二粒、栽培二粒,六倍体小麦小偃22、长旱58花前干物质转运量分别降低了29%、27%、30%、14%、3%、8%,花后干物质积累量分别降低59%、42%、44%、45%、23%、17%。干旱胁迫对不同基因型小麦干物质转运率和贡献率的影响存在差异,与充分供水条件相比,二倍体小麦野生一粒、栽培一粒,四倍体小麦野生二粒、栽培二粒,六倍体小麦小偃22、长旱58花前干物质转运率分别降低了40%、38%、36%、6%、-16%、-17%,贡献率分别降低了43%、37%、15%、26%、20%、11%,花后干物质贡献率分别提高了5%、-3%、13%、6%、2%、2%。同时发现,干旱胁迫下不同基因型小麦相比,六倍体小麦叶绿素含量、干物质运输能力和抗氧化防御能力均显著高于二倍体和四倍体小麦。以上结果说明,干物质转运和积累是小麦产量形成的关键因素。小麦花后持绿时间、抗氧化防御能力和运输能力影响小麦花后干物质的积累和转运,进而影响小麦籽粒产量的形成。     

基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量及品质对不同灌水下限的响应

本试验以黄瓜品种“博特209”为试材,采用基质盆栽,共设置4个灌水下限处理,分别为田间持水量的50%（A）、60%（B）、70%（C）、80%（D）,灌水上限统一设定为田间持水量的90%,研究不同灌水下限对基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响,并运用主成分分析法对4个处理黄瓜的生长、产量及品质相关的22个指标进行了综合评价。结果表明：处理D的株高和叶面积显著高于处理A、B和C,株高增幅分别为56.50%、22.51%和11.04%,叶面积增幅分别为92.61%、61.35%和27.87%;处理C的茎粗最大,相较于处理A、B、D分别增加了28.36%、16.91%和18.49%;单果重、单株果数、单株产量及灌水量均以处理D最大;水分利用率以处理C最高,相较于处理A、B、D分别增高了33.14%、13.23%和10.30%。处理C与处理D的瓜粗、含水量及商品瓜率无显著差异,但相对于处理A和B则分别显著增加了19.17%和10.81%、0.98%和0.45%、66.70%和18.21%。处理C的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理,而硝酸盐含量显著低于其他处理;黄瓜果实中全K和全Ca含量以处理C最高,相较于处理A、B和D,其全K和全Ca的增幅分别为35.20%和11.19%、3.81%和11.19%、1.06%和6.43%。经主成分分析及综合评价,4个处理的得分从高到低依次为：处理C、处理D、处理B、处理A。     

混合猎物对蠋蝽生长、繁殖和捕食能力的影响

为进一步提升蠋蝽室内繁育和田间应用技术,本研究以桑蚕蛹、柞蚕蛹为猎物,评价了单一和混合猎物饲养蠋蝽对其生长发育、繁殖和捕食能力的影响。研究发现：猎物并不影响蠋蝽若虫的发育历期,各处理下蠋蝽发育历期平均在26 d;但显著影响蠋蝽的产卵前期,混合猎物饲养的蠋蝽产卵前期为10.3 d,分别是桑蚕蛹猎物的1.54倍、柞蚕蛹猎物的1.34倍。同时,猎物显著影响蠋蝽的体型、繁殖、寿命和耐饥饿时间,混合猎物饲养的蠋蝽体型比单一猎物增加5%～9%、产卵量增加13%～38%、寿命延长2～7 d、捕食量提高15%～20%、耐饥饿时间延长20%～60%。