Vitamin D2 formation from post-harvest UV-B treatment of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and retention during storage

The objectives of this research were to study the effects of high intensity (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mW/cm (2)), dose (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 J/cm (2)), and postharvest time (1 and 4 days) on the vitamin D 2 formation in Portabella mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus) as a result of UV-B exposure, as well as the vitamin D 2 degradation in treated mushrooms during storage. Within each intensity application, dose had the largest effect where more exposure converted more vitamin D 2 from ergosterol. Similar dose across each intensity application resulted in similar vitamin D 2 concentration. Practical commercial production requires as short a treatment time as possible, and intensity was a major factor from this standpoint where the time it took to achieve a similar vitamin D 2 concentration for similar dose exposure was significantly reduced as intensity increased. By using an intensity of 1.0 mW/cm (2) at a dose of 0.5 J/cm (2), the concentration of vitamin D 2 produced was 3.83 microg/g dry solids of mushrooms in 8 min, whereas using an intensity of 0.5 mW/cm (2) at a dose of 0.5 J/cm (2), the concentration of vitamin D 2 produced was 3.75microg/g dry solids of mushrooms in 18 min. Also, postharvest time did not have a significant effect on vitamin D 2 formation in mushrooms that were treated 1 and 4 days after harvest. Vitamin D 2 degraded in treated mushrooms during storage by apparent first-order kinetics, where the degradation rate constant was 0.025 h (-1). The information provided in this study will help mushroom producers develop commercial-scale UV treatment processes to add value to their crop while improving consumer health.     

Vitamin D and sterol composition of 10 types of mushrooms from retail suppliers in the United States

Vitamin D(2) (ergocalciferol) and sterols were analyzed in mushrooms sampled nationwide in the United States to update the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Vitamin D(2) was assayed using HPLC with [(3)H]-vitamin D(3) internal standard and sterols by GC-FID mass spectrometric (MS) confirmation. Vitamin D(2) was low (0.1-0.3 μg/100 g) in Agaricus bisporus (white button, crimini, portabella) and enoki, moderate in shiitake and oyster (0.4-0.7 μg/100 g), and high in morel, chanterelle, maitake (5.2-28.1 μg/100 g) and UV-treated portabella (3.4-20.9 μg/100 g), with significant variability among composites for some types. Ergosterol (mg/100 g) was highest in maitake and shiitake (79.2, 84.9) and lowest in morel and enoki (26.3, 35.5); the range was <10 mg/100 g among white button composites but 12-50 mg/100 g among samples of other types. All mushrooms contained ergosta-5,7-dienol (22,23-dihydroergosterol) (3.53-18.0 mg/100 g) and (except morel) ergosta-7-enol. Only morel contained brassicasterol (28.6 mg/100 g) and campesterol (1.23-4.54 mg/100 g) and no ergosta-7,22-dienol. MS was critical in distinguishing campesterol from ergosta-7,22-dienol.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.     

Ergosterol Levels and Mould Colony Forming Units in Swedish Grains of Food and Feed Grade

Abstract

Although ergosterol is considered to be a suitable indicator of mould growth in cereal grains, there are few reference values available for Scandinavian conditions. We have determined the ergosterol levels in Swedish grain of different origins: cleaned food-grade wheat from a commercial mill, feed-grade cereals (oats and barley) with different odours and cereals (winter wheat, “American wheat”, triticale and rye) from various field trials conducted in south-central Sweden in 1990. Specific objectives were to elucidate the relationships between ergosterol levels and numbers of mould colony forming units (CFU) and between ergosterol and grain odour.

Ergosterol levels in the food-grade wheat ranged between 2.4 and 2.8 μg/g DW, and between 3.0 and 5.6 μg/g DW in the field trial cereals, while values in most of the feed grain samples ranged from 8–15 μg/g DW. The levels agree with other published data for European grains.

A positive correlation was found between numbers of colony-forming units and ergosterol concentration. The degree of correlation was higher when numbers of CFU were determined on dichloran-glycerol 18% agar with a low water activity (aw = 0.95) than on malt extract agar (aw = 0.99). There was no agreement between ergosterol levels and grain odour, since even samples described as having a fresh smell had high ergosterol levels. However, the highest level (33 μg/g DW) was found in a sample with a pronounced musty odour, and the lowest (1.1 μg/g DW) in a sample that smelled as if it had been heat damaged.     

Perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr.), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root in South Korea

The occurrence of perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root, which are commonly consumed by people in South Korea, was determined by using an ion chromatograph coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer. For soybean sprouts (11 samples), perchlorate was detected in most (91%) of the samples at various concentrations of up to 78.4 μg/kg dry weight (DW); the mean concentration was 35.2 μg/kg DW. For water dropwort, of the 13 samples examined, four showed concentrations that were above the limit of quantification (LOQ). The mean perchlorate concentration was 20.7 μg/kg DW, and the highest perchlorate value was 39.9 μg/kg DW. Of the six lotus root samples examined, only one exhibited a detectable perchlorate concentration (17.3 μg/kg DW). For the accumulation experiments with artificially contaminated solutions, the concentrations of perchlorate in soybean sprouts gradually increased with the increase of perchlorate concentration in the solution. However, there was a decrease in the bioconcentration factor as the perchlorate concentration in the solution increased.     

Vitamin D mushrooms: comparison of the composition of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) treated postharvest with UVB light or sunlight

This study compared the compositional changes in mushrooms exposed to sunlight with those occurring after commercial ultraviolet (UV) light processing. Button mushrooms (75 kg) were processed in the presence or absence of UVB light; a third group was exposed to direct sunlight. Mushroom composition was evaluated using chemical analyses. Vitamin D concentrations were 5, 410, and 374 μg/100 g (dw) in control, UVB, and sunlight groups, respectively. On a dry weight basis, no significant changes in vitamin C, folate, vitamins B(6), vitamin B(5), riboflavin, niacin, amino acids, fatty acids, ergosterol, or agaritine were observed following UVB processing. Sunlight exposure resulted in a 26% loss of riboflavin, evidence of folate oxidation, and unexplained increases in ergosterol (9.5%). It was concluded that compositional effects of UVB light are limited to changes in vitamin D and show no detrimental changes relative to natural sunlight exposure and, therefore, provide important information relevant to the suitability and safety of UVB light technology for vitamin D enhanced mushrooms.     

Basic composition and amino acid contents of mushrooms cultivated in Finland

The basic composition (moisture, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, crude fat, ash, nitrogen, and protein) and amino acid contents were determined in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white, Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. In addition, nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were calculated for each species by dividing the sums of amino acid residues with total (Kjeldahl) nitrogen contents. The dry matter contents of mushrooms varied from 7.7% to 8.4%. The dry matter of mushrooms contained large amounts of carbohydrates, from 4.5 (A. bisporus/white) to 5.8 g/100 g fresh weight (L. edodes). L. edodes proved to be an especially good source of dietary fiber (3.3 g/100 g fresh weight); the other mushrooms contained 1.5-2.4 g/100 g fresh weight. Crude fat, ash, and protein (based on amino acid analysis) contents of the mushrooms varied 0.31-0.35, 0.49-0.78, and 1.8-2.09 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Mushrooms proved to be good sources of almost all essential amino acids when compared with common vegetables. The mean nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor analyzed in the present study was 4.7 +/- 0.21. When using this factor, a very good estimation of protein contents could be obtained for the main species of mushrooms cultivated in Finland.     

High Levels of α-Tocopherol in Norwegian Alpine Grazing Plants

Antioxidants prevent oxidation of fatty acids in milk and meat. In the present study, the content of tocopherol antioxidants (vitamin E) in vegetative and reproductive parts of 22 grazing plants was estimated in two alpine areas used for summer farming. The overall mean content of α-tocopherol was 135 ± 34 μg g(-1) DW, and grasses had much lower content (28 ± 11 μg g(-1) DW) than herbs (215 ± 94 μg g(-1) DW), sedges (186 ± 78 μg g(-1) DW), and woody species (178 ± 52 μg g(-1) DW). Highest and lowest species-specific levels were 649 ± 91 and 2 ± 1 μg g(-1) DW, respectively. Plants from light and shady habitats did not differ in their α-tocopherol content, which was idiosyncratic as indicated by significant interactions between species, sampling occasion, site, and tissue type. Our results show that alpine ranges provide fodder with high levels of α-tocopherol.     

Characterization of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of a purple tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

A newly developed nongenetically modified purple tomato V118 was investigated for its phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activities. A highly efficient and sensitive UPLC method was developed for both the phenolics and carotenoids, which showed that in addition to the phytochemicals commonly known for tomatoes, V118 had a unique composition of anthocyanins. The total carotenoid content of V118 was 234.78 μg/g dry weight (DW), and the total phenolic content was 659.11 mg GAE/100 g DW. The antioxidant activities of the lipophilic extract as measured by the PCL and ORAC-L assays were 30.11 μmol TE/g DW and 11.97 μmol TE/g DW, respectively, while the hydrophilic extracts as determined by the ORAC-H and FRAP assays were 323.23 μmol TE/g DW and 54.95 μmol AAE/g DW, respectively. The LC-MS study showed three major anthocyanins, which were mainly acylglycosides of petunidin and malvidin. This study showed that purple tomatoes such as V118 possess additional phytochemicals like anthocyanins, which can potentially have added health benefits.     

Effect of UV-B exposure on the concentration of vitamin D2 in sliced shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of UV-B on vitamin D 2 concentration in shiitake mushrooms and in white button mushrooms. After the exposure to UV-B, at a dose of 25 kJ/m(2), the concentration of vitamin D(2) was increased to 36.7 +/- 1.4, 68.6 +/- 4.9, and 106.4 +/- 14.7 microg/g (dry weight) for pileus, middle, and gill parts of shiitake mushroom, respectively. The gill side of whole shiitake mushrooms exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 75 kJ/m(2) increased to 2.8 +/- 0.2, 13.8 +/- 1.9, 40.7 +/- 4.4, and 61.9 +/- 10.6 microg/g (dry weight) at 25 degrees C, respectively. Irradiating slices of white button mushroom was a more efficient way of increasing the vitamin D(2) content than irradiating the gill or pileus of whole mushrooms, due to the larger exposure area. As the irradiation doses increased, the vitamin D(2) concentration also increased for both types of mushrooms. In conclusion, exposure to ultraviolet light offers an effective way of increasing the concentration of vitamin D(2) in mushrooms.     

Determination of ascorbigens in autolysates of various Brassica species using supercritical fluid chromatography

A new method of analysis based on normal phase supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has been developed for investigation of ascorbigens [2-C-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-beta-L-xylo-3-hexulofuranosonic acid gamma-lactone derivatives]. This method has been adapted to preparative isolation and quantitative determinations of individual ascorbigens comprising ascorbigen, neoascorbigen, and 4-methoxyascorbigen. The structures of these compounds have been revealed from 1D ((1)H, (13)C) and 2D (COSY, HMQC, HMBC) NMR experiments. The developed SFC method had an acceptable linearity for the ascorbigens with correlation coefficients (R(2)) > 0.9995 (n = 10) in the range of 0.13-4.9 nmol injected, detection limits were below 13 pmol, retention time stabilities were excellent, and relative response factors have been determined. The SFC method has been used for determination of ascorbigens produced during autolysis of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolates in various Brassica vegetables and rapeseed seedlings. Generally, 30-60% of the indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolates in the plants were transformed into ascorbigens, with the concentration in autolysates varying from 0.51 +/- 0.002 to 3.72 +/- 0.21 micromol/g of dry weight (DW) for ascorbigen, from 0.05 +/- 0.01 to 2.42 +/- 0.23 micromol/g of DW for neoascorbigen, and from 0.03 +/- 0.002 to 0.84 +/- 0.07 micromol/g of DW for 4-methoxyascorbigen.     

Phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities of edible and medicinal mushrooms from Korea

A study was conducted to determine the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidative activity of five edible and five medicinal mushrooms commonly cultivated in Korea. Phenolic compounds were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase activity. A total of 28 phenolic compounds were detected in the mushrooms studied. The average total concentration of phenolic compounds was 326 microg/g, the average being of 174 microg/g in edible mushrooms and 477 microg/g in medicinal mushrooms. The average total flavonoids concentration was 49 microg/g, with averages of 22 and 76 microg/g in edible and medicinal mushrooms, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged between 15 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 70% (Ganoderma lucidum) when reaction time was for 1 min. When reaction time was 30 min, the values ranged between 5 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 78% (Agaricus bisporus). The SOD activity averaged 28% among the 10 mushroom species, averages for edible and medicinal mushrooms being comparable. DPPH activities was significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with total content of phenolic compounds in edible mushrooms, while in medicinal mushrooms there was a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between SOD activity and total concentration of phenolic compounds. Numerous significant positive correlations were observed between phenolic compounds detected and antioxidative potential.     

烟草专用液体肥添加黄腐酸对烤烟西柏三烯二醇代谢水平的影响

【目的】 西柏三烯二醇是烤烟香味成分的重要前提物质。本研究探究了黄腐酸对烟草西柏三烯二醇代谢的影响,为提高烤烟品质提供有效方法。 【方法】 以烤烟品种‘豫烟6号’为试材,连续进行了2年的田间试验和1年的盆栽试验。设常规栽培 (FP)、普通烟草专用液体肥料 (DF1) 和含黄腐酸烟草专用液体肥料 (DF2) 3个处理,两种液体肥采用水肥一体化方法施用。观察了不同处理的腺毛形态和密度,测定了不同处理的叶面腺毛分泌物,并利用荧光定量PCR技术比较了不同处理与西柏三烯二醇代谢相关的CYC-1、CYP71D16、DXR、DXS等基因的表达量,对比了不同处理初烤烟叶的茄酮含量并进行了感官质量评价。 【结果】 1) DF2处理的腺毛密度较高且具有较强分泌能力的长柄腺毛较多,叶面腺毛分泌物中西柏三烯二醇的含量也表现为DF2 (65.43 μg/cm2) > FP (46.84 μg/cm 2) > DF1 (39.8 μg/cm 2);2)DF2处理能显著提高烟叶CYC-1、CYP71D16、DXR、DXS基因的表达量,4个基因的表达量分别是FP处理的12.45倍、3.54倍、3.22倍和3.44倍,是DF1处理的4.11倍、5.71倍、2.44倍和2.28倍;3) DF2处理调制后的初烤烟叶茄酮含量明显高于其他处理,可达到112.27 μg/g,分别是FP和DF1处理的2.93倍和1.99倍,且连续2年感官质量评价结果均优于其他处理。 【结论】 肥料中的黄腐酸能促进烤烟西柏三烯二醇代谢相关基因的上调表达,改良烤烟叶面分泌物,提高烟叶茄酮含量,改善抽吸品质。      

利用辐照蘑菇加工罐头

本试验用1kGy~(60)Coγ射线辐照的蘑菇加工罐头,并与鲜蘑菇和盐水蘑菇加工的罐头进行比较。结果表明:辐照蘑菇加工罐头的风味与鲜蘑菇加工的罐头一样味美,口感更佳,优于盐水蘑菇加工的罐头。分析蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素、磷和钙含量表明,主要养分无明显损失。分析17种氨基酸含量表明,辐照蘑菇罐头的子实体和汁液的谷氨酸含量均高于盐水蘑菇罐头,接近鲜菇罐头。重金属和致病菌检定结果符合食品卫生标准。但辐照罐头蘑菇色较暗,贮存两年后菇体/汁液的比率低于盐水蘑菇罐头。     

外源硫酸铝调节八仙花花青苷组成和含量变化的分子生物学机制

【目的】八仙花是我国重要的观赏植物之一,本研究旨在探讨 Al₂(SO₄)₃ 对八仙花花色的影响及其机制。 【方法】以‘蓝色妈妈’品种为对象进行盆栽试验,设置了 0 (pH 为 6 的柠檬酸缓冲液)、2‰ 和 4‰ 3 个 Al₂(SO₄)₃ 水平,在植株出现花蕾约 1 cm 时进行处理。在开花盛期进行花色分析,采用高效液相色谱法和质谱分析花青苷成分和含量,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析金属离子含量,采用荧光定量 PCR 分析 Al3+ 运输相关基因表达水平。 【结果】2‰ 和 4‰ 的 Al₂(SO₄)₃ 处理 21 d 后,花瓣颜色从粉色变为紫色和蓝紫色。‘蓝色妈妈’花瓣中检测到了飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷等 12 种花青苷;2‰ 和 4‰ 的 Al₂(SO₄)₃ 处理显著 (P < 0.05) 增加了飞燕草素苷、矢车菊素苷和芍药花素苷含量,其中增加幅度最大的是飞燕草素苷含量,从对照 (CK) 组的 5159.9 μg/g FW 分别增加到 24681.2 μg/g FW 和 30485.7 μg/g FW;飞燕草素苷含量增加主要是由于飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷和飞燕草素-3-戊糖-5-葡萄糖苷含量增加,飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷含量从对照的 4679.2 μg/g FW 分别增加到 23610.0 μg/g FW 和 29129.7 μg/g FW,飞燕草素-3-戊糖-5-葡萄糖苷从对照的 142.3 μg/g FW 分别增加到 805.6 μg/g FW 和 1114.9 μg/g FW。2‰ 和 4‰ 的 Al₂(SO₄)₃ 处理后,花瓣中 Al3+ 含量从对照的 2.24 μg/g FW 分别增加到 5.12 μg/g FW 和 11.83 μg/g FW;2‰ 和 4‰ 的 Al₂(SO₄)₃ 处理后,花瓣中质膜铝转运基因 (plasma membrane Al transporter, PALT) 和液泡膜铝转运基因 (vacuolar Al transporter, VALT) 表达水平显著提高 (P < 0.05),PALT 表达水平分别比对照提高了 88.5% 和 148.2%,VALT 表达水平分别比对照提高了 74.8% 和 135.7%。 【结论】Al₂(SO₄)₃ 处理诱导了 Al3+ 运输相关基因的表达,增加了花瓣中 Al3+ 积累,提高了飞燕草素苷含量,进而改变了花的颜色。     

提高罐藏蘑菇的得率的研究

为了探讨提高罐藏蘑菇得率的更好方法，用正交试验设计方法进一步分析浸泡-冷藏-浸泡处理与浸泡-冷藏-真空水合处理方法中各因素以及蘑菇的预煮时间、预煮液中的柠檬酸浓度对罐藏蘑菇的得率的影响。试验结果表明，在浸泡-冷藏-浸泡处理与浸泡-冷藏-真空水合处理方法中，只有冷藏处理显著影响罐藏蘑菇的得率。蘑菇的预煮时间与预煮液中的柠檬酸浓度对罐藏蘑菇的得率也有较显著的影响。将蘑菇在2℃的条件下作20～24 h的冷藏处理后再预煮，并适当延长预煮时间可提高罐藏蘑菇的得率。     

The quality of baby spinach as affected by developmental stage as well as postharvest storage conditions

Baby spinach is rich in phytochemicals that provide great benefits to consumers’ health. The study aim was to investigate the effect of the growth harvest stage, postharvest storage duration and temperature on quality of baby spinach leaves. A 3?×?5?×?3 factorial experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with four replicates per treatment. The treatments were arranged as follows namely: stage I [28 days after sowing (DAS)], stage II (35 DAS)and stage III (42 DAS), and leaves were kept up to 12 d at three different temperatures – 4, 10 and 20°C. The study demonstrated that the overall appearance and odour were both well maintained in the leaves of baby spinach harvested at stage II. The baby spinach harvested 28 DAS led to higher content of iron [1.13?mg?g^?1 dry weight (DW)], magnesium (14.4?mg?g^?1 DW), and zinc (0.17?mg?g^?1 DW). The highest level of total antioxidant activity (0.43?mg?g^?1 DW) and flavonoids (12?mg?g^?1 DW) after 12 d of storage was observed in baby spinach leaves at stage I when stored at 4°C. Therefore, baby spinach leaves harvested 28 DAS and store at 4°C for 6 d improved shelf life and nutraceutical quality. Thus, early harvest of fresh produced baby spinach harvested in order to attain high phytochemical and mineral content when stored at low temperature (4°C) without exceeding 6 days is recommended.     

Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Carotenoids and Their Esters from Sarsaparilla ( Smilax aspera L.) Berries

The carotenoid composition of sarsaparilla ( Smilax aspera L.) berries has been analyzed for the first time. Lycopene was found to be the main carotenoid (242.44 μg/g fresh wt) in the pulp, followed by β-carotene (65.76 μg/g fresh wt) and β-cryptoxanthin (42.14 μg/g fresh wt; including the free and esterified forms). Other minor carotenoids were lycophyll (13.70 μg/g fresh wt), zeaxanthin (8.56 μg/g fresh wt; including the free and esterified forms), lutein (0.94 μg/g fresh wt), and antheraxanthin (0.58 μg/g fresh wt). β-Cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin were present in free and esterified forms. β-Cryptoxanthin was mainly esterified with saturated fatty acids (capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic), although a low amount of β-cryptoxanthin oleate was also detected. In the case of zeaxanthin, only a monoester with myristic acid (zeaxanthin monomyristate) was identified. The diverse carotenoid profile, some with provitamin A activity, together with the relatively high content, up to 375 μg/g fresh wt, makes sarsaparilla berries a potential source of carotenoids for the food, animal feed, and pharmaceutical industries.     

热风干燥过程相对湿度对香菇品质的影响

为了研究干燥介质相对湿度对香菇品质的影响,该研究将计算机视觉在线检测技术应用于基于温湿度过程控制的热风干燥技术中,利用4种不同的相对湿度控制方法对去柄香菇进行干燥：连续排湿、全程设定恒定相对湿度（40%,30%,20%）、阶段降低相对湿度以及后期迅速降低相对湿度（30%优化,阶段降湿优化）。利用图像信息实时获取香菇外观品质,探究了香菇干燥过程中收缩率、圆度、表面褶皱率（Ratio of Wrinkled Surface Area,RWSA）与纹理特征（对比度、能量）的变化,并利用扫描电镜图像上香菇细胞的长宽比表示干香菇的微观结构,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用（Gas Chromatography-ion Mobolity Spectrometry,GC-IMS）技术获取干香菇的风味成分。研究结果表明,相对湿度对香菇细胞的收缩率、圆度、纹理特征以及结构与复水比均有显著性影响（P < 0.05）,全程40%与全程20%组分别由于其相对湿度过高与维持时间过长,导致干燥时间延长,香菇表面硬化程度降低,收缩率增加,圆度降低,表面褶皱增多且更细密,表面颜色对比度降低,香菇表面褶皱率达到最大值的时间与香菇复水比呈正相关关系（r2 = 0.88）,香菇表面褶皱率达到最大值的时间越晚,香菇复水比越高,通过香菇褶皱率变化可预测香菇复水比。而优化组（30%优化、阶段降湿优化）可缩短干燥时间,加速香菇表面硬化,保持香菇外观品质,虽然其干制品复水比,微观结构与风味成分均不如连续排湿组,但其咀嚼度（P < 0.05）与弹性更高。综合考虑干燥时间与干香菇的品质,优先采用连续排湿,其次采用30%优化的方式干燥香菇。     

60Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对鲜香菇保鲜效果的初步研究

为研究⁶⁰Co-γ和电子束2种射线的不同剂量对新鲜香菇采后保鲜效果的影响,本试验通过测定鲜香菇的硬度、呼吸强度、电导率、感官品质等指标,筛选2种辐照射线的最优剂量,并对比分析最优辐照处理下香菇细胞的微观结构。结果表明,⁶⁰Co-γ射线中,2 kGy剂量组香菇硬度降幅为37%,呼吸强度为10.81 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,相对电导率为0.268%,均小于其他剂量组;电子束射线中,3 kGy剂量组香菇硬度降幅为38%,呼吸强度为10.39 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,相对电导率为0.241%,均小于其他剂量组。综合感官分析可知, 3 kGy电子束组和2 kGy ⁶⁰Co-γ射线组香菇的保鲜效果分别优于同类射线其他剂量组。显微分析可知,与2 kGy ⁶⁰Co-γ射线相比,3 kGy电子束辐照能够较好地保持新鲜香菇的菌丝形态,延缓其进一步降解,从而延长其贮藏期。本研究探索了辐照在香菇保鲜过程中的可行性,为推动电子束辐照技术和⁶⁰Co-γ辐照技术在香菇保鲜领域的应用提供了可靠的理论依据与技术支持。