麻点璃眼蜱生活史的研究

在实验室条件下，将麻点璃眼蜱（Hyalomma rufipes）幼蜱至若蜱置于牛体或兔体、成蜱置于羊体摄食；若蜱蜕化、饱血雌蜱产卵和孵化在28℃、相对湿度约80％的培养箱中完成。在此条件下，对从甘肃省永靖县羊体获得的麻点璃眼蜱在实验室进行了生活史研究。试验证实，该种蜱为二宿主蜱，一个生活周期需要经过幼蜱、若蜱、成蜱和卵4个发育阶段。幼蜱5－7d饱血，蜕化为若蜱后不离开前一变态期蜱的寄生部位，继续在宿主体上叮咬吸血，经14－24d若蜱饱血脱落。若蜱蜕化期为18－63d，平均40.5d。雌蜱饱血需8－16d，平均12.0d。雌蜱产卵前静止期6－43d，产卵期16－29d，平均22．5d。卵经20－41d孵出幼蜱，平均31．5d。该种蜱在实验室完成一个生活周期需要91－226d。     

牛血孢子虫单一种的分离技术及其保藏方法的研究——卵形巴贝斯虫的传播试验

将实验室培育的“洁净”长角血蜱的幼虫、若虫、成虫及微小牛蜱的幼虫,先后分别释放到人工感染卵形巴贝斯虫单一种牛体上不同部位事先粘贴好的布袋中,使其自行叮咬吸血。待饱血脱落后亦分别收集,置28℃、相对湿度约90％的条件下蜕皮或产卵孵化。而后用不同世代和各变态期的蜱,分别叮咬感染除脾和非除脾健康易感牛。结果表明,长角血蜱的当代若虫和成虫对卵形巴贝斯虫没有传播能力,幼虫和若虫吸入的病原亦不能经卵传递;饱血雌虫吸入的病原可经卵传递,次代幼虫、若虫和成虫三个阶段都具有传播能力。次代感染幼虫经兔体后的若虫和成虫也具有感染力。 微小牛蜱不能传播该种病原。     

家兔抗长角血蜱免疫模型的建立及对长角血蜱成蜱生长发育的影响

每隔2周用长角血蜱成蜱定量感染家兔,成功构建了具有不同抵抗力的家兔免疫模型。ELISA检测结果表明,家兔血清中的抗体效价从初次叮咬后第3周开始呈阳性,随着叮咬次数的增加抗体水平逐渐上升,第11周时达到高峰。具有一定抵抗力的家兔对长角血蜱成蜱的吸血和生长发育影响显著,其抗体水平与长角血蜱成蜱在兔体的吸血周期、死亡率成正相关,与雌蜱的饱血脱落率、饱血体重成负相关。结果进一步证明,蜱的唾液腺是其主要的免疫器官之一。家兔抗体水平的持续期足以使长角血蜱完成一个世代,可以满足试验需求,是抗蜱免疫研究理想的阳性对照模型。同时,血清中特异性抗体的效价也可以作为判断动物对长角血蜱抵抗力强弱的重要指标之一。     

草原革蜱各发育阶段对驽巴贝斯虫传播能力的研究

将实验室培育好的“清洁”草原革蜱成，释放到驽巴贝斯虫单一种人工感染的驴体上，使其自行叮咬吸血，俊雌虫饱血脱落后，置２８℃、相对湿度约９０％的温箱中产卵孵化，而后用次代３个不同发育阶段的蜱，分别叮咬除脾或非除脾健康易感驴。试验结果表明，草原革蜱在成虫阶段被驽巴贝斯虫感染，并经卵传递。次代幼虫、若虫和成虫都具有传播该种病的能力。另外，还发现在草原革蜱卵内发育的驽巴贝斯虫，对易感宿主动也具有感染性。     

微小牛蜱发育史和一些生物学特性的研究

微小牛蜱在２０℃─３４℃气温条件下的发育周期平均为５７．４天，幼虫在自然环境中能存活６０天以上，在３８℃─３９℃的干燥环境中很快死亡。试验还表明雌蜱的产卵量与饱血程度和气温均呈正相关，幼虫具有趋植物性、背光性和趋高性等生物学特性。     

实验室条件下嗜群血蜱的生物学特性研究

在实验室条件下,对嗜群血蜱的生活史进行了观察.研究分为2组,试验组宿主为家兔,嗜群血蜱在兔体完成一个世代需要(120.6±14.5)d;幼蜱的吸血前期、吸血期、蜕皮前期和蜕皮期分别为(7.1±0.9)、(5.6±1.1)、(11.8±2.0)和(12.5±1.6)d;若蜱的吸血前期、吸血期、蜕皮前期和蜕皮期分别为(5.9±1.1)、(3.9±0.6)、(9.8±2.3)和(12.3±0.4)d;成蜱吸血前期、吸血期、产卵前期、产卵期和死亡期分别为(7.6±1.2)、(4.9±0.6)、(9.2±1.7)、(16.0±3.2)和(5.8±0.5)d;卵的孵化期为(24.2±0.9)d.而对照组以家兔、狗和牛分别作为嗜群血蜱幼蜱、若蜱和成蜱的宿主,完成其生活史需要(130.2±12.8)d,幼蜱的吸血前期、吸血期、蜕皮前期和蜕皮期分别为(7.1±1.2)、(5.8±0.8)、(12.1±2.5)和(12.3±1.7)d;若蜱的吸血前期、吸血期、蜕皮前期和蜕皮期分别为(6.2±0.7)、(4.6±0.3)、(12.4±2.1)和(12.9±0.3)d;成蜱吸血前期、吸血期、产卵前期、产卵期和死亡期分别为(7.6±1.1)、(6.1±0.4)、(10.7±0.8)、(15.7±2.4)和(8.1±0.7)d;卵的孵化期为(23.3±1.6)d.试验组与对照组相比,嗜群血蜱幼蜱和若蜱饱血体质量差异显著(P<0.05),而成蜱的饱血体质量差异极显著(P<0.01).雌蜱产卵量与饱血体质量之间呈显著正相关r=0.912(P<0.01),试验组生殖效率指数REI为10.48,生殖适合度指数RFI为6.82,均与对照组差异显著(P<0.05).本研究的结果表明兔是嗜群血蜱较适宜的宿主.     

转基因羊对体表吸血蜱的生物学特性影响

本文对转基因动物养殖基地的3种不同的转基因山羊(转人β-干扰素、人抗凝血酶Ⅲ和乙肝表面抗原基因)与野生型山羊体表吸血蜱的生物学特性进行比较研究,分析了蜱的种类、感染率、感染强度、饱血雌蜱的产卵量和幼蜱孵化率,以及第二代蜱实验条件下生长发育数据,从而探索转基因羊对环境生物的安全评估。结果发现,与野生型羊群比较,转基因羊群对体表吸血蜱的侵袭能力和吸血后各项生长发育的生物学特征无显著影响。     

湖南省需步县南山牧场长角血蜱的发育史观察

经观察，长角血蜱雌虫１月份和８月份在兔体饱血时间为６－９ｄ，８月份和９月份在牛体饱血期为４－７ｄ，饱血雌虫产卵前期为７－１０ｄ，产卵期为１７－２７ｄ，产卵数３１２－１２６８粒，卵孵化期为１６－２１ｄ。幼虫８月份在兔体饱血期为５－７ｄ，９月份为３－４ｄ，８月份在牛体饱血期为３－５ｄ，９月份为２－２．５ｄ。饱血幼虫蜕化期８月份为１６－１９ｄ，９月份为１０－１７ｄ。     

青海血蜱Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis生活史的研究(一九八三年十月)

本文报导了实验室内,在相对湿度基本相同(90—94％)、温度不同(14.8—17.4℃、25℃、30℃)的条件下,对采自自然草场上的青海血蜱饥饿成虫,在羊体上吸饱血后,进行了:产卵前期及产卵期、卵期、幼虫吸血期、幼虫蜕变期、若虫吸血期、若虫蜕变期、雌虫吸血期等的试验观察。结果得出其生活史较长,一个世代平均需要525.9—265.9—211.8天。并对性别比例、各期饥饿虫体的寿命和量度,做了观察记载。青海血蜱除邓国藩描述的与日本血蜱在形态上不同外,在生物学特性上也有差异,前者较后者产卵数少而各期虫体的吸血和蜕变时间短。     

甘肃省部分牛羊血液原虫传播媒介的实验研究

利用蜱传播试验,确定了甘肃省一些牛羊血液原虫的媒介和传播方式。甘肃省牛的双芽巴贝斯虫媒介为微小牛蜱。大巴贝斯虫媒介为长角血蜱。瑟氏泰 勒虫媒介为长角血蜱;绵羊无浆体的媒介为草原革蜱。微小牛蜱、长角血蜱可分别传播双芽巴贝斯虫和大巴贝斯虫,传播方式为经卵传递。将采集于甘肃文县牛体上的微小牛蜱和两当县的长角血蜱饱血雌虫孵育而来的次代幼虫分别叮咬除脾牛体后,２头牛各自感染双芽巴贝斯虫或大巴贝斯虫。将采自崇     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.