Hormonal regulation of leptin receptor expression in primary cultures of porcine hepatocytes

A study was conducted to elucidate hormonal control of leptin receptor gene expression in primary cultures of porcine hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were isolated from pigs (52 kg) and seeded into collagen-coated T-25 flasks. Monolayer cultures were established in medium containing fetal bovine serum for 1 day and switched to a serum-free medium for the remainder of the 3-day culture period. To establish basal conditions hepatocytes were maintained in serum-free William's E medium containing 10 nM dexamethasone and 1 ng/ml insulin. For the final 24 h, insulin (1 or 100 ng/ml) or glucagon (100 ng/ml), were added in the presence or absence of 100 nM triiodothyronine (T3). RNA was extracted and quantitative RT-PCR was performed with primers specific for the long form and total porcine leptin receptors. Leptin receptor expression was calculated relative to co-amplified 18S rRNA. Expression of the long form of the leptin receptor was confirmed under basal conditions. Insulin, glucagon and synthetic human proteins (ghrelin and GLP-1) at 100 ng/ml had no influence on leptin receptor expression; the addition of T3 was associated with a marked increase (P < 0.001) in expression of total and long forms of the leptin receptor by 1.6 and 2.4-fold, respectively. Addition of leptin to cells which were pre-treated with T3 for 24 h (to up-regulate leptin receptor expression), confirmed the lack of a direct effect of leptin on glucagon-induced glycogen turnover and cAMP production. These data suggest that porcine hepatocytes may be insensitive to leptin stimulation even when leptin receptor expression is enhanced by T3.     

Development of Isospora suis from pigs in primary porcine and bovine cell cultures

Sporozoites of Isospora suis penetrated and developed by endodyogeny in primary porcine kidney (PPK) and primary fetal bovine kidney (PFBK) cell cultures. Motile merozoites and binucleate Type I meronts were observed in both types of cultured cells. Multinucleate Type II meronts developed in PPK cell cultures only. These multinucleate meronts were always found singly, were nonmotile and did not form merozoites.     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养犊牛肝细胞脂合成作用的影响

为确定胰岛素(insulin,INS)和胰高血糖素(glucagon,GLN)对奶牛肝细胞脂合成作用的影响,本试验体外培养犊牛原代肝细胞,分别用不同浓度的INS和GLN处理肝细胞:对照组(0nmol/L)、浓度梯度组(1,10,100,1 000nmol/L)。培养1h后分别用免疫印迹(Western blot,WB)方法、荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法以及细胞免疫荧光(immunofluorescence,IF)方法检测INS和GLN处理体外培养肝细胞对关键转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c(SREBP-1c)mRNA表达水平,SREBP-1c核质分布以及下游靶基因脂代谢关键酶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)mRNA表达水平的影响。结果显示:INS处理使SREBP-1c的表达水平和转录活性显著升高,入核量显著增加,其下游的脂合成关键酶ACC和FAS的基因表达水平也显著升高。而与之相反,GLN处理使SREBP-1c的表达水平和转录活性显著降低,入核量显著减少,其下游的脂合成关键酶ACC和FAS的基因表达水平也显著降低。以上结果说明,INS可通过增强SREBP-1c的活性从而促进肝细胞脂合成,增加肝脂沉积;而GLN则通过抑制SREBP-1c的活性从而降低肝细胞脂合成。     

Xenobiotic metabolism in suspensions and primary cultures of isolated hepatocytes prepared from the caudate process of bovine liver

Isolated hepatocytes were prepared from 100- to 125-kg Holstein male calves (n = 10) by perfusion of the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver. The 11th or 12th rib on the right side was resected to provide exposure of the caudate process. Complete postsurgical recovery of the donor from partial lobectomy was confirmed by growth data and serum chemical and hematologic criteria. Hepatocytes were isolated under aseptic conditions, using a 2-step collagenase vascular perfusion procedure. Hepatocyte preparations averaged 85% viability, and the yield averaged 1.2 X 10(7) viable hepatocytes/g of (wet weight) liver. Morphologic characteristics of hepatocytes examined under light and scanning electron microscopy were considered normal, except for occasional surface blebs. Freshly isolated hepatocytes in suspension rapidly decreased in viability and xenobiotic metabolizing capacity (aldrin epoxidation and ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylation and 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronidation and sulfation), and hepatocytes surviving the initial 2 to 3 hours appeared to undergo repair. As an alternative, primary monolayer cultures on collagen-coated plates were evaluated. Hepatocytes attached to the collagen surface within 4 hours and appeared flattened by 12 hours. Although metabolic activity decreased about 30% over 8 hours in culture, the pattern of ethoxycoumarin metabolites was relatively constant. It was not determined to what extent the apparent loss of metabolic capacity was caused by hepatocyte detachment from the collagen surface. Although complicated by the requirement for asepsis, primary cultures were superior to suspensions for xenobiotic metabolism studies in cattle.     

Effects of triglyceride accumulation on induction of urea synthesis by glucagon and dexamethasone in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes

Hepatocyte monolayer cultures from two preruminating and two ruminating calves were used to study the effects of triglyceride accumulation on induction of ureagenesis by glucagon plus dexamethasone. Whether hepatocytes from preruminating and ruminating calves respond similarly to triglyceride accumulation and hormonal treatment was also determined. Hepatocyte monolayer cultures were incubated from 24 to 48 h with a physiological mixture of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA, 0 or 1.5 mM) and a hormone mixture containing glucagon plus dexamethasone (0 or 100 nM of both) added as a 2 x 2 factorial (NEFA x hormones). Ureagenesis was measured at 0, .25, and 5 mM NH4Cl from 48 to 51 h and activities of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) and arginase were measured at 48 h. There was no significant age-related interaction for any of the measurements. Therefore, monolayer culture of hepatocytes from preruminating calves provides a reasonable model for studying the effects of glucagon, dexamethasone, and triglyceride accumulation on ureagenesis in the ruminating bovine. Intracellular triglyceride was increased by NEFA (2.3 vs 15.6 +/- 1.9 microg TG/microg DNA, P < .001). Triglyceride-engorged cells exhibited decreased ureagenesis (1.04 vs .87 +/- .135 nmol/(microg DNA x h), P < .05) but had unaltered OTC and arginase activity. Hormone addition did not affect triglyceride accumulation but increased ureagenesis (.70 vs 1.21 +/- .135 nmol/(microg DNA x h), P < .0001). There was no interaction between hormone addition and triglyceride accumulation on ureagenesis. To separate the effects of dexamethasone from that of glucagon on ureagenesis, hepatocyte monolayer cultures from one ruminating and three preruminating calves were used. Hepatocyte monolayer cultures were incubated from 24 to 48 h with glucagon (0 or 100 nM) and dexamethasone (0 or 100 nM) added as a 2 x 2 factorial. Ureagenesis was measured at 0, .25, and 5 mM NH4Cl from 48 to 51 h. Glucagon increased ureagenesis (.77 vs 1.24 +/- .11 nmol/(microg DNA x h), P < .0001). Dexamethasone did not affect ureagenesis, nor was there any interaction between glucagon and dexamethasone. Therefore, glucagon alone was responsible for the induction observed with the mixture of glucagon and dexamethasone. In conclusion, glucagon is able to increase ureagenesis in bovine hepatocytes, and triglyceride accumulation does not interfere with the induction.     

Expression of leptin mRNA and CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins in response to insulin deprivation during preadipocyte differentiation in primary cultures of porcine stromal-vascular cells

The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) and leptin gene expression in response to insulin deprivation in preadipocytes and adipocytes. Adipose tissue from 7 d-old pigs was digested enzymatically and stromal-vascular (S-V) cells were seeded and plated for 3 d in fetal bovine serum (FBS) with dexamethasone (DEX) followed by 6 d (Days 3–9) in serum-free medium with insulin (850 nM or 10 nM), transferrin, and selenium. During FBS+DEX treatment (Days 0–3) a large number of preadipocytes develop with no lipid accretion. In contrast, preadipocyte number does not change with lipid accretion during insulin treatment (Days 3–9). Total RNA and cells were harvested from S-V cultures after periods with and without insulin after FBS+DEX. Northern-blotting and Western blot analysis were used to study leptin mRNA and C/EBP protein expression in cultures, respectively. Insulin deprivation from Days 3–4 reduced leptin mRNA and C/EBP- protein expression. Treatment with 850 nM or 10 nM insulin from Days 3–9 induced leptin mRNA and C/EBP- expression at a similar level. In cultures treated with 10 nM insulin from Days 3–7, leptin and C/EBP- expression were reduced markedly by insulin deprivation from Days 7–9, but were restored by insulin treatment for 6 hr before harvesting. The restoration of leptin expression by insulin was blocked by cycloheximide treatment. However, C/EBP-β protein levels did not change regardless of insulin deprivation. Insulin deprivation from Days 7–9 in cultures treated with 850 nM insulin from Days 3–7 did not influence C/EBP- or leptin mRNA expression, whereas C/EBP- and leptin expression were reduced after treating these cultures with 1.5 uM okadaic acid for 45 min before harvesting on Day 9. However, cycloheximide treatment for 6 hr before harvesting did not reduce leptin mRNA expression. These results suggest that 1) leptin expression is positively correlated with C/EBP- expression, and 2) the maintenance of leptin expression after insulin deprivation in 850 nM insulin-treated cultures on Day 9 may be associated with the presence of C/EBP- expression and/or activation.     

Effect of dexamethasone, feeding time, and insulin infusion on leptin concentrations in stallions

Three experiments tested the hypotheses that daily cortisol rhythm, feeding time, and/or insulin infusion affect(s) leptin secretion in stallions. Ten mature stallions received ad libitum hay and water and were fed a grain concentrate once daily at 0700. In Exp. 1, stallions received either a single injection of dexamethasone (125 microg/kg BW i.m.; n = 5) or vehicle (controls; n = 5) at 0700 on d -1. Starting 24 h later, blood samples were collected every 2 h for 36 h via jugular venipuncture. Cortisol in control stallions varied (P < 0.01) with time, with a morning peak and evening nadir; dexamethasone suppressed (P < 0.01) cortisol concentrations. Leptin and insulin were greater (P < 0.01) in the treated stallions, as was the insulin response to feeding (P < 0.01). Leptin in control stallions varied (P < 0.01) in a diurnal pattern, peaking approximately 10 h after onset of eating. This pattern of leptin secretion was similar, although of greater magnitude (P < 0.01), in treated stallions. In Exp. 2, five stallions were fed the concentrate portion of their diet daily at 0700 and five were switched to feeding at 1900. After 14 d on these regimens, blood samples were collected every 4 h for 48 h and then twice daily for 5 d. Cortisol varied diurnally (P = 0.02) and was not altered (P = 0.21) by feeding time. Insulin and leptin increased (P < 0.01) after feeding, and the peaks in insulin and leptin were shifted 12 h by feeding at 1900. In Exp. 3, six stallions were used in two 3 x 3 Latin square experiments. Treatments were 1) normal daily meal at 0700; 2) no feed for 24 h; and 3) no feed and a bolus injection of insulin (0.4 mIU/kg BW i.v.) followed by infusion of insulin (1.2 mIU.kg BW(-1).min(-1)) for 180 min, which was gradually decreased to 0 by 240 min; sufficient glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia. Plasma insulin increased (P < 0.01) in stallions when they were meal-fed (to approximately 150 microIU/mL) or infused with insulin and glucose (to approximately 75 microIU/mL), but insulin remained low (10 microIU/mL or less) when they were not fed. The increases in insulin were paralleled by gradual increases (P < 0.01) in leptin concentrations 3 to 4 h later in stallions fed or infused with insulin and glucose. When stallions were not fed, leptin concentrations remained low. These results demonstrate that feeding time, and more specifically the insulin increase associated with a meal, not cortisol rhythm, drives the postprandial increase in plasma leptin concentrations in horses.     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素和神经肽Y对体外培养犊牛肝细胞硬脂酰CoA去饱和酶mRNA表达的影响

在应用实时荧光定量PCR法观察胰岛素(In)、胰高血糖素(GLN)、神经肽(NPY)对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞硬脂酰CoA去饱和酶(Stearoyl CoA desaturase,SCD) mRNA丰度的影响.结果显示,随着培养液中In含量的升高,肝细胞中的SCD mRNA表达逐渐升高(P＜0.05),呈现明显的剂量依赖促进效应;随着培养液中GLN含量的升高,肝细胞SCD mRNA丰度表达逐渐减弱,高血糖素处理组SCD mRNA表达均极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);而随着NPY质量浓度在0～1 000 ng/L之间逐渐上升,肝细胞SCDmRNA的表达水平不断升高,各处理组显著高于对照组,除50 ng/L处理组和500 ng/L处理组之间差异不显著外,其他处理组之间差异显著(P＜0.05).结果表明,胰岛素和神经肽Y促进SCD mRNA表达,胰高血糖素抑制SCD mRNA表达.     

Developmental alterations in the regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion in Holstein calves

Twenty-one Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned at birth to 3 groups. Two groups (each of 7 calves) were raised as follows: fed a milk diet alone or fed milk with grain supplementation after 2 weeks of age; studies were done when calves reached 4 weeks of age. The 3rd group was fed on milk with grain supplementation until weaning after which the calves were maintained on grain and pasture. These calves (older calves) were studied at 12 weeks of age. Either propionate (0.28 mmol/kg) or glucose (0.56 mmol/kg) was injected IV in a random order. Samples of blood were obtained from the calves before and immediately after injections were done and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after secretagogue injection. Plasma was examined for glucose by a glucose oxidase procedure and for immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) by radioimmunoassay. The IRI response to the injection of glucose was greater in older calves (P less than 0.02). Patterns of IRI secretion, as determined by heterogeneity of regression, showed age differences for both secretagogues (P less than 0.05). Base-line IRG was greater in milk/grain-fed calves than in milk-fed calves (P less than 0.05). Mean IRG response to propionate injection was higher (P less than 0.05) in milk/grain-fed calves than in milk-fed calves. Plasma glucose concentration increased in older calves, but decreased in milk-fed calves after propionate injection. The data indicate that maturation in the ruminant is accompanied by altered regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The interaction between moxidectin and MDR transporters in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

The interaction of moxidectin (a macrocyclic lactone, ML) with P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) was studied in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes by measuring the intracellular accumulation of [14C]-moxidectin over 72 h in the presence of specific inhibitors: for P-gp, verapamil (10 microM); for MRPs, MK571 (100 microM), indomethacin (10 microM) and probenecid (3.8 mM); and for BCRP, fumitremorgin C (5 microM). The P-gp and MRP inhibitors increased significantly (P < 0.01) by 48.7%, 49.8%, 49.9% and 57.2% the area under the time-intracellular concentration curve (AUC) of moxidectin in rat hepatocytes, while the BCRP inhibitor, fumitremorgin C, had no effect on the AUC compared with the control. In addition, the mRNAs of all the drug transporters studied were detected in rat hepatocytes from 0 to 72 h. Using this cellular model it has been shown that MRP inhibitors increase moxidectin intracellular concentrations to a similar extent as the P-gp inhibitor. The identification of all the transporters that interact with MLs remains a challenge, which currently concerns several important therapeutic fields.     

The biotransformation of sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and aditoprim by primary cultures of pig hepatocytes

The in vitro biotransformation of three sulfonamides, trimethoprim and aditoprim, was studied using primary cultures of pig hepatocytes. Incubation of monolayer cultures with sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ¹⁴C-sulfadimidine (SDD) resulted in the formation of the corresponding N 4-acetylsulfonamide to different extents, depending upon the molecular structure of the drug. Addition of the acetylsulfonamides to the cells showed that these compounds were deacetylated, each to a different extent. A relatively low degree of acetylation (in the case of SDD) was paralleled by extensive deacetylation (i.e. AcSDD), whereas extensive acetylation (i.e. SMX) was in concert with minor deacetylation (i.e. AcSMX). The addition of bovine serum albumin to the medium resulted in a decrease in conversion of sulfonamides as well as acetylsulfonamides. The main metabolic pathway of ¹⁴C-trimethoprim (TMP) was O -demethylation with subsequent conjugation. Two hydroxy (demethyl) metabolites were formed, namely 3'- and 4'-demethyl trimethoprim, which were both glucuronidated while 3'-demethyl trimethoprim was also conjugated with sulphate. The capacity to form conjugates with either glucuronic acid or sulphate was at least as high as the capacity for O -demethylation since more than 90% of the metabolites were excreted as conjugates in the urine of pigs. Addition of ¹⁴C-aditoprim (ADP) to the hepatocytes led to the N -demethylation of ADP to mono-methyl-ADP and di-desmethyl-ADP. During the incubation another three unknown ADP metabolites were formed. In contrast to TMP, no hydroxy metabolites or conjugated metabolites of aditoprim were formed. These in vitro results were in agreement with the in vivo biotransformation pattern of the studied sulfonamides and trimethoprim in pigs.     

铜对肉鸡原代肝细胞活性及糖原含量的影响

为了探讨铜对肉鸡原代肝细胞活性及糖原含量的影响,试验分别用10,50,100μmol/L Cu2+在体外孵育原代肝细胞,PAS染色后测定30分钟和1,2,4,24,48,72小时各时间点的原代肝细胞活性及24小时时的糖原含量。结果表明:50μmol/L和100μmol/L Cu2+仅分别在72小时和4小时之后明显降低细胞活性;随着铜浓度的升高,糖原含量减少。说明高浓度铜可降低原代肝细胞活性,促进肝糖原分解。     

Isolation and culture of fetal porcine myogenic cells and the effect of insulin, IGF-I, and sera on protein turnover in porcine myotube cultures

Porcine myogenic cells isolated from 50 to 55-d porcine fetuses were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until they were needed to establish cultures. Approximately 75.8 +/- .59% of the clonal cultures established from these frozen stocks produced myotubes and 60.8 +/- 2.3% of the nuclei in differentiated mass cultures were in myotubes. Differentiated cultures contained higher levels of creatine phosphokinase activity than undifferentiated cultures. Additionally, differentiated cultures incorporated [35S]methionine into putative myosin heavy chain, alpha-actinin, and actin more rapidly than did undifferentiated cultures. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and sera stimulated total protein synthesis rate and decreased total protein degradation rate in myotube cultures. Based on our initial characterization, we believe that we have developed an effective and practical procedure for isolating and culturing fetal porcine myogenic cells.     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外单层培养的肝细胞胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ mRNA丰度的影响

以持家基因β肌动蛋白(β-actin)作为内参照,通过竞争PCR法检测不同浓度的胰岛素和胰高血糖素对犊牛肝细胞中胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ mRNA丰度的影响.结果表明,胰岛素和胰高血糖素都能直接调控胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ mRNA的表达,胰岛素促进胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ mRNA的表达,而胰高血糖素抑制胰岛素样生长因子-ⅠmRNA的表达,存在量变关系.     

Serum levels of gastrin, insulin and glucagon as possible factors of anorexia in pigs infected once with Ascaris suum

In order to determine possible mediators for development of anorexia in pigs infected with Ascaris suum, serum levels of gastrin, insulin and glucagon were measured. After a single high oral dose of 100,000-200,000 embryonated eggs the serum levels of gastrin and insulin in the infected pigs did not significantly differ from those in controls. Serum glucagon levels in the infected groups, however, were lower than those in controls and the difference was more evident 24 days postinoculation and later.     

Effects of leptin and leptin peptide amide on the release of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone and prolactin from cultured porcine anterior pituitary cells

The present study was carried out to determine whether leptin or leptin (116–130) peptide amide (lep (116–130)), an active fragment of the native protein in rats, is able to stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH) or prolactin (PRL) from cultured porcine anterior pituitary (AP) cells in vitro. The AP cells were obtained from 6 month‐old pigs and were incubated for 3 h with 10^?11?10^?7 mol/L leptin or lep (116–130) after being cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 3–4 days. Leptin significantly increased the concentration of LH and GH in the culture medium at concentrations of 10^?8 and 10^?7 mol/L, respectively, compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Leptin did not increase the concentration of PRL in the culture medium. In contrast to these results, no effects of lep (116–130) on the release of LH, GH or PRL were seen in the cultured cells. These results suggest that leptin stimulates the release of LH and GH by acting directly on porcine AP cells, and that a fragment of leptin protein comprising amino acids 116–130 is not associated with the secretion of hormones in pigs.