Assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil

It was found that, in order to estimate the number of weed seeds in soil with a desirable degree of accuracy and confidence level. the sample size depends to large extent on the spatial distribution pattern of the seeds in the soil. The seeds of most weeds found in cultivated soils are distributed according to one of two statistical distributions: Poisson or Negative Binomial. For an acceptable degree of accuracy in estimating the number of seeds in the soil, the sample size must be large, Taking this into account, in this study a practical solution based on a theoretical approach is proposed for the problem of establishing the sample size for a species distributed according to either statistical pattern. In addition, given the sample size, it was possible to determine the estimation error to be expected. This theoretical approach is compared with that proposed in previous studies. Two abaci, based on simple expressions, are provided to determine the sample size, according to the Poisson or the Negative Binormal distribution of the weed species. For Poisson distribution, the sample size is determined (given the desired maximum relative error estimation and the confidence level) as a function of only one parameter: the expected number of seeds per sampling unit m (estimaied by the sample mean). For Negative Binomial distribution, the sample size is determined as a function of two parameters: m and p (estimated according to the relationship between the sample mean and the sample variance). A sample size n nol very different from those given in previous studies is obtained, but the lower limit found for the n -values is lower than that found in these studies.     

不同取样尺度农田土壤速效养分空间变异特征初步研究

以3种取样间距(100m、50m、25m)进行网格取样,对土壤速效养分的空间变异性进行研究。结果表明:取样间距对土壤速效养分的含量水平、变异系数影响不显著;取样间距对合理取样数目具有一定的影响,合理取样数目分别为:碱解氮(71)、速效磷(36)、速效钾(18)。土壤速效养分的空间变异性主要受结构因素影响,但碱解氮与速效磷受随机因素影响强于速效钾。利用Kriging内插法绘制了不同取样间距土壤速效养分的等值线图。     

栗钙土农田土壤养分空间变异特性及采样方法研究

以西宁市二十里铺村的农田为研究区域,采用5 m×5 m网格法,选取84个观测点取样,进行室内分析,测定土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量,分析土壤养分的空间变异规律。研究表明,土壤有机质、水解氮、速效钾的空间变异性不太明显,速效磷的空间变异性明显;有机质、水解氮和速效钾的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起的,速效磷的空间变异是由随机因素引起的。有机质的变异函数理论模型为指数模型,水解氮、速效磷、速效钾变异函数理论模型为球形模型。栗钙土农田采样的密度范围在1~11 m之间,将能够满足精确农业生产对这4种土壤养分的分析要求。     

小麦田草地贪夜蛾的发生为害、空间分布与抽样技术

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是中国重要的外来入侵害虫,我们调查了该虫在云南省寻甸县麦田的发生与为害。结果表明:田间小麦受害株率为30%~100%,幼虫平均密度4.8~105.6头/m 2,二者呈显著正相关关系。苗期至分蘖期为害小麦的草地贪夜蛾多为低龄幼虫(1~3龄幼虫比例为98.3%),拔节期低龄及高龄幼虫均有,抽穗至灌浆期为害小麦则以高龄幼虫为主(3龄以上幼虫比例达75.4%)。空间分布型分析表明,麦田草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫呈聚集分布,高龄幼虫为均匀分布。进一步研究提出了基于幼虫密度及龄期的麦田草地贪夜蛾理论抽样模型和基于防治指标的序贯抽样技术。本研究明确了小麦田草地贪夜蛾发生为害的特点、空间分布特征和抽样方法,为田间种群密度调查和幼虫防治工作提供了技术支撑。     

两种育秧方式下稻水象甲幼虫的空间分布型及其抽样技术

为探讨稻水象甲幼虫在贵州高原山地环境下空间分布结构,应用6种聚集度指标法和2种回归模型法,研究了旱育秧和两段式育秧方式对其空间分布型的影响.2种育秧方式稻田中稻水象甲幼虫均呈密度依赖性负二项聚集分布,基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引.旱育秧稻田稻水象甲幼虫聚集的原因是由环境因素所致,而两段式育秧稻田幼虫聚集的原因是由环境因素与昆虫本身聚集习性共同引发.当防治阈值为12头/丛、置信水平为1.96时,旱育秧稻田幼虫序贯抽样公式为:T1(n),T0(n)=12n±15.2943√n;两段式育秧稻田为T1(n),T0(n)=12n±17.7580√n,两类稻田中百丛虫量分别达到1 353头和1 378头以上时需要进行防治.旱育秧稻田稻水象甲幼虫最适宜的抽样方法为平行线取样法,而两段式育秧稻田则为棋盘式取样法.     

玉米田草地贪夜蛾幼虫的空间分布型与抽样技术

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是一种世界性的重大农业害虫,已于2019年1月侵入中国云南省西部地区,对当地主要经济作物鲜食玉米的生产构成了严重威胁。我们调查了入侵成虫后代幼虫在鲜食玉米田的种群密度和为害情况,分析了幼虫种群的空间分布格局。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾幼虫在玉米田呈聚集分布,聚集度随密度的增加而升高,环境是导致聚集分布的主要因素。基于空间分布型的分析结果,进一步研究提出了幼虫密度的理论抽样模型和基于幼虫密度防治指标的序贯抽样技术。本研究明确了草地贪夜蛾幼虫在玉米田的空间分布特征和抽样方法,为通过调查田间种群密度指导幼虫防治工作提供了技术支撑。     

大丽轮枝菌在茄田土壤中的分布及抽样方法

对茄子黄萎病在田间的空间分布及取样方法进行了研究,并探讨了田间土壤带菌量的准确测定方法。研究结果表明:用分布型指数法测定茄田土壤中微菌核的空间分布型,当菌核数量在8-63 ～39-93 个/g 干土范围内,为聚集分布。当茄田发病率小于75 % 时,病株在田间均属聚集分布;发病率大于75 % 时呈均匀分布。土壤中微菌核的调查方法以棋盘式为最适宜。     

大丽轮枝菌在茄田土壤中的分布及抽样方法

对茄子黄萎病在田间的空间分布及取样方法进行了研究,并探讨了田间土壤带菌量的准确测定方法。研究结果表明:用分布型指数法测定茄田土壤中微菌核的空间分布型,当菌核数量在8-63 ～39-93 个/g 干土范围内,为聚集分布。当茄田发病率小于75 % 时,病株在田间均属聚集分布;发病率大于75 % 时呈均匀分布。土壤中微菌核的调查方法以棋盘式为最适宜。     

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是我国马铃薯恶性入侵害虫。本研究利用聚集度指标检验、Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间的空间分布型进行了研究。聚集度指标检测各虫态均为聚集分布,且种群聚集主要是由马铃薯甲虫各虫态本身的聚集行为,或由其本身的聚集行为与环境异质性共同作用所致。建立了马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间调查的理论抽样数学模型。田间抽样方法,成虫应采用大五点、对角线法;幼虫最适应采用Z字型法;卵最适应采用对角线法。     

The effect of soil type and farm size on the variability of weed infestation in maize (Zea mays L.) fields in the south-west region of Poland

Weeds are a primary factor limiting maize yield. Their occurrence and abundance are affected considerably by environmental factors and farming practices. The variability of weed number in maize depending on the soil type and farm size was investigated. Farms of different sizes vary in farming practices, which affects weediness. Based on this assumption, farm size was considered as indirect factor affecting weed abundance. An investigation of 45 farms that differed in size (5–15 ha, 15–50 ha, >50 ha) and soil type (chernozem, distric cambisol, haplic luvisol) was conducted. Thirteen dominant weed species persistently occurring in maize fields in south-western Poland were examined. Regardless of the soil type and farm size, the most abundant weed species were Echinochloa crus-galli and Chenopodium album. In addition to these species, the most numerous weeds on chernozems were Setaria viridis and Solanum nigrum, while on haplic luvisols and distric cambisols, the most numerous were Viola arvensis and Elymus repens. Additionally, on haplic luvisols, Anthemis arvensis was abundant. Small farms were stronger infested by weeds than large farms due to the implementation of extensive weed-supressing practices, especially low herbicide use. Soil type affected the number of weeds to a greater extent than did farm size.     

宁夏不同农业生态区土壤养分时空变化特征

根据宁夏耕地土壤监测结果,分析了不同农业生态区土壤氮磷钾养分含量的时空变化特征。结果表明,在1970～2000年的30a里,土壤全氮、全磷和全钾含量没有发生显著变化,而土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量呈较显著或显著增长态势,土壤速效钾含量在山区没有明显增减,而在灌区近15a呈明显下降态势。从两个地区比较来看,土壤氮磷钾养分含量总体上都是灌区高于山区,其中地区间差异最大的是土壤有效磷含量,具有极显著差异的是全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量,全钾和速效钾含量在地区间存在较显著或显著差异,全磷量在地区间没有显著差异。从地区内变异系数来看,除土壤全钾外,其他都是山区显著大于灌区,山区变异系数的大小依次为全氮>有效磷>速效钾>碱解氮>全磷>全钾,灌区变异系数的大小依次为碱解氮>有效磷>速效钾>全氮>全磷>全钾。不论山区还是灌区,土壤全钾量的变异系数都是最小。     

Seed dormancy and soil seedbank of the invasive weed Chenopodium hybridum in north‐western China

Seed dormancy and persistence in the soil seedbank play a key role in timing of germination and seedling emergence of weeds; thus, knowledge of these traits is required for effective weed management. We investigated seed dormancy and seed persistence on/in soil of Chenopodium hybridum, an annual invasive weed in north‐western China. Fresh seeds are physiologically dormant. Sulphuric acid scarification, mechanical scarification and cold stratification significantly increased germination percentages, whereas dry storage and treatments with plant growth regulators or nitrate had no effect. Dormancy was alleviated by piercing the seed coat but not the pericarp. Pre‐treatment of seeds collected in 2012 and 2013 with sulphuric acid for 30 min increased germination from 0% to 66% and 62% respectively. Effect of cold stratification on seed germination varied with soil moisture content (MC) and duration of treatment; seeds stratified in soil with 12% MC for 2 months germinated to 39%. Burial duration, burial depth and their interaction had significant effects on seed dormancy and seed viability. Dormancy in fresh seeds was released from October to February, and seeds re‐entered dormancy in April. Seed viability decreased with time for seeds on the soil surface and for those buried at a depth of 5 cm, and 39% and 10%, respectively, were viable after 22 months. Thus, C. hybridum can form at least a short‐lived persistent soil seedbank.     

伊犁河谷土壤含盐量空间变异和格局分析

基于区域变量理论,在GPS和GIS技术支持下,通过地统计学的半变异函数和Kriging空间插值,以察布查尔县为例,定量分析伊犁河谷不同层次土壤盐分的空间异质性.结果表明:0～20 cm、20～40 cm、60～80 cm层土壤盐分的半变异函数符合球状模型,40～60 cm层符合高斯模型.不同层次土壤盐分之间的空间自相关...     

Vertical distribution, size and composition of the weed seedbank under various tillage and herbicide treatments in a sequence of industrial crops

Investigations were conducted during the 2003, 2004 and 2005 growing seasons in northern Greece to evaluate effects of tillage regime (mouldboard plough, chisel plough and rotary tiller), cropping sequence (continuous cotton, cotton–sugar beet rotation and continuous tobacco) and herbicide treatment on weed seedbank dynamics. Amaranthus spp. and Portulaca oleracea were the most abundant species, ranging from 76% to 89% of total weed seeds found in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths during the 3 years. With the mouldboard plough, 48% and 52% of the weed seedbank was found in the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil horizons, while approximately 60% was concentrated in the upper 15 cm soil horizon for chisel plough and rotary tillage. Mouldboard ploughing significantly buried more Echinochloa crus‐galli seeds in the 15–30 cm soil horizon compared with the other tillage regimes. Total seedbank (0–30 cm) of P. oleracea was significantly reduced in cotton–sugar beet rotation compared with cotton and tobacco monocultures, while the opposite occurred for E. crus‐galli. Total seed densities of most annual broad‐leaved weed species (Amaranthus spp., P. oleracea, Solanum nigrum) and E. crus‐galli were lower in herbicide treated than in untreated plots. The results suggest that in light textured soils, conventional tillage with herbicide use gradually reduces seed density of small seeded weed species in the top 15 cm over several years. In contrast, crop rotation with the early established sugar beet favours spring‐germinating grass weed species, but also prevents establishment of summer‐germinating weed species by the early developing crop canopy.     

Effect of different weed management systems on the weed populations, and seedbank composition and distribution in tropical coconut plantations

Weeds are a perennial problem in coconut plantations and cause significant losses in the nut yield. The occurrence of a wide range of weeds also causes difficulties in their eradication. The influence of five different weed management practises on the distribution and composition of the soil weed seed bank in coconut plantations in the low-country dry zone of Sri Lanka was evaluated. The treatments imposed included the application of glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]-glycine), cover cropping with Pueraria phaseoloides , tractor harrowing, tractor slashing, and tractor plowing. All the treatments were applied twice per year, except for the cover cropping treatment. In terms of a reduction in the weed biomass, the application of glyphosate and cover cropping ( Pueraria ) were more efficient in reducing the ground weed population. These methods were very effective in reducing the weed seed density in the top soil layers. Plowing and harrowing significantly reduced the seed bank in the top soil layers and shifted significant numbers of weed seeds to deeper soil profiles. However, the total germinated weed seed count increased by 123.5, 691.4, 1133.1, and 1216.5% in the 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, and 25–30 cm soil depths, respectively, compared with the initial germinated weed seed count in the plowing treatment. Considering all the soil layers, the decline in the germinating weed seed count was very high in the treatment plots with cover cropping and the application of glyphosate; thus, these are considered to be the best practises to reduce the germinating weed seed count in the soil of coconut plantations.     

A modelling approach using seedbank and soil properties to predict the relative weed density in organic fields of an Italian pre-alpine valley

In 1996, a study was conducted on the seedbanks of a pre‐alpine valley in northern Italy which had been organically farmed since 1986. The seedbanks were evaluated using soil cores taken from 16 organic fields located at various altitudes and seed numbers were determined using the ‘seedling emergence method’. Thirteen soil properties were also evaluated. In 2003, the germinable seedbank was assessed in five other fields chosen at random. Soil properties were evaluated by the same method as in 1996. Using the data of the first 16 fields as the analysis data set and those of the latter five as an independent validation data set, a quadratic weed seedbank‐soil properties model was built with partial least square regression analysis. The model estimates the relative abundance of the various species as the sum of the contribution of individual soil properties and has a high predictive capacity. With a novel graphic approach, it is possible to describe the nonlinear relationship between each soil property and weed species relative abundance, giving a rational, quantitative, explanation as to why some species are widespread (e.g. Chenopodium album, Galinsoga parviflora and Chenopodium polyspermum), whereas others tend to concentrate in specific fields (e.g. Spergula arvensis). The approach can, when some hypotheses hold, give a rational basis for the explanation of the relative abundance of species in a weed community and constitutes a useful methodology for study and research.     

油茶象种群密度及空间格局

油茶象Curculio chinensis Chevrolat是我国特有木本油料树种——油茶Camellia spp.的专性蛀果害虫,常导致其大量落果。本文旨在明确油茶象幼体(卵+幼虫)种群动态、空间格局及其关键影响因子,以便为调查取样、长期监测和科学防控等提供理论依据。2017年在湖南常宁普通油茶林,2016年-2017年在湖南益阳小果油茶林于雌虫产卵季节进行了调查,解剖收集的果实并记录其所含幼体数。用6种聚集度指标(m~*/m、I_δ、C、I、C_a、k)和Taylor幂法则、Iwao回归模型分析油茶象幼体的空间格局,并探讨其关键影响因子。调查和分析表明,雌虫于6月上、中旬开始产卵,幼体种群密度呈单峰变化,2016年和2017年高峰期分别在7月25日和7月18日。小果油茶林2016年、2017年高峰期种群密度分别为17.95±1.53和16.27±1.06幼体/样株,高于普通油茶林,分别是普通油茶林种群密度(8.16±1.23幼体/样株)的2.20倍和1.99倍,差异极显著(P0.001)。聚集度指标分析显示,油茶象在普通油茶林均呈聚集分布,在小果油茶林呈聚集分布或随机分布。回归模型表明,该虫在两种油茶林均呈聚集分布。Blackith种群聚集均数λ2,表明油茶象幼体聚集是由亲代雌虫本身的产卵行为与寄主果实特征综合作用的结果。给出了最适理论抽样数公式并绘制了3种抽样精度下最适抽样数随种群密度变化的曲线图。综上,初步明确了油茶象幼体在普通油茶林和小果油茶林的空间分布格局和种群动态,并探讨了其关键影响因子。试验结果可为该虫调查取样、长期监测和科学防控等提供理论依据。     

干旱区绿洲土壤盐分空间异质性及人为驱动力分析

通过对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤含盐量空间异质性及人为驱动力分析,结果表明:土壤含盐量在0-10cm、10-30cm和30-50cm具有一致的空间分布格局,在绿洲的东部、南部和东南部含量分布相对较高,绿洲西部和西北部的含量分布偏低,而在绿洲北部和西南部,土壤含盐量具有中等水平的空间分布。人口的增长以及人类不合理的经济活动致使绿洲部分区域受人为活动影响严重,灌区地下水位上升、土壤弃耕严重,致使盐分在土壤中急剧增加,表聚强烈。因此,改变不合理的经济增长方式,研究先进的农业种植技术,有效控制人口增长速度以及制定相应的盐渍化防治措施是目前渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲急需解决的首要问题。     

草坪害虫中喙丽金龟幼虫的空间分布与理论抽样数

本文采用扩散指标法和Iwao、Taylor回归法测定了上海辰山植物园内‘矮生百慕大’Cynodon dactylon×C.transvaalensis‘Tifdwarf’和日本结缕草Zoysia japonica上的中喙丽金龟Adoretus sinicus越冬幼虫的空间分布型。结果表明,中喙丽金龟幼虫在两种草坪草根部土壤中不同区域的密度相差较大(5~139头/m~2);幼虫在两种草坪草土壤中空间分布型均为聚集型的负二项分布,分布的基本成分为个体群。根据空间分布型的参数,确定了理论抽样数和Kuno序贯抽样方法。     

腾冲红花油茶果实桃蛀螟的空间分布及抽样技术

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