Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved sensor of intracellular energy activated in response to low nutrient availability and environmental stress. In a screen for conserved substrates of AMPK, we identified ULK1 and ULK2, mammalian orthologs of the yeast protein kinase Atg1, which is required for autophagy. Genetic analysis of AMPK or ULK1 in mammalian liver and Caenorhabditis elegans revealed a requirement for these kinases in autophagy. In mammals, loss of AMPK or ULK1 resulted in aberrant accumulation of the autophagy adaptor p62 and defective mitophagy. Reconstitution of ULK1-deficient cells with a mutant ULK1 that cannot be phosphorylated by AMPK revealed that such phosphorylation is required for mitochondrial homeostasis and cell survival during starvation. These findings uncover a conserved biochemical mechanism coupling nutrient status with autophagy and cell survival.     

Autophagy and the nutritional signaling pathway

During their growth and development, animals adapt to tremendous changes in order to survive. These include responses to both environmental and physiological changes and autophagy is one of most important adaptive and regulatory mechanisms. Autophagy is defined as an autolytic process to clear damaged cellular organelles and recycle the nutrients via lysosomic degradation. The process of autophagy responds to special conditions such as nutrient withdrawal. Once autophagy is induced, phagophores form and then elongate and curve to form autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then engulf cargo, fuse with endosomes, and finally fuse with lysosomes for maturation. During the initiation process, the ATG1/ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase 1) and VPS34 (which encodes a class III phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase) complexes are critical in recruitment and assembly of other complexes required for autophagy. The process of autophagy is regulated by autophagy related genes (ATGs). Amino acid and energy starvation mediate autophagy by activating mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is the energy status sensor, the core nutrient signaling component and the metabolic kinase of cells. This review mainly focuses on the mechanism of autophagy regulated by nutrient signaling especially for the two important complexes, ULK1 and VPS34.     

猪乙脑病毒BHK-21细胞传代株BSF.ZZ-1-p60和BSF.ZZ-3-p60的全基因组序列分析

为研究猪源乙脑病毒分离株基因遗传稳定性,对猪源乙脑病毒分离株BSF.ZZ-1和BSF.ZZ-3在BHK-21细胞上连续传代60次后的病毒全基因组进行序列测定及分析。结果表明,BSF.ZZ-1-p60、BSF.ZZ-3-p60基因组全长均与各自的亲本毒株BSF.ZZ-1、BSF.ZZ-3一致,均为10 977 nt,在2个病毒基因组的10 701 nt位点处均插入1个碱基G。与亲本毒株相比,2个细胞传代毒株的病毒基因组经连续传代后趋于稳定,均有10个位点发生氨基酸突变,这些突变主要集中在E蛋白区域。核苷酸序列同源性比对分析发现,与其他JEV参考毒株相比,BSF.ZZ-1-p60和BSF.ZZ-3-p60与弱毒疫苗株SA14-14-2的核苷酸序列同源性较高,分别为99.6%和95.9%,其氨基酸序列与猪源野毒分离株SH0601和HW的氨基酸序列同源性较高,分别为98.2%、86.4%和98.3%、86.5%。     

口蹄疫病毒诱导PK-15细胞发生自噬的研究

[目的]探究Asia1型口蹄疫病毒感染PK-15细胞后能否诱导自噬的发生,分析细胞自噬对口蹄疫病毒复制的影响。[方法]用未经处理的PK-15细胞和自噬抑制剂3-MA处理的PK-15细胞分别感染口蹄疫病毒,通过蛋白免疫印迹和共聚焦激光显微镜检测自噬的诱导情况。[结果]自噬标志分子LC3-Ⅱ和LC3-Ⅰ蛋白水平的比值增加,并且LC3特异的绿色荧光聚集;自噬抑制剂3-MA处理细胞后口蹄疫病毒复制水平显著上调。[结论]Asia1型口蹄疫病毒感染PK-15细胞后能够诱导发生自噬,而自噬又促进口蹄疫病毒的复制。     

Nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha is a critical lithium-sensitive component of the circadian clock

Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, which is associated with altered circadian rhythm. Lithium is a potent inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which regulates circadian rhythm in several organisms. In experiments with cultured cells, we show here that GSK3beta phosphorylates and stabilizes the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha, a negative component of the circadian clock. Lithium treatment of cells leads to rapid proteasomal degradation of Rev-erbalpha and activation of clock gene Bmal1. A form of Rev-erbalpha that is insensitive to lithium interferes with the expression of circadian genes. Control of Rev-erbalpha protein stability is thus a critical component of the peripheral clock and a biological target of lithium therapy.     

Extended culture of mouse embryo cells without senescence: inhibition by serum

Mouse embryo cells cultured in vitro in serum-supplemented media undergo growth crisis, resulting in the loss of genomically normal cells prior to the appearance of established, aneuploid cell lines. Mouse embryo cells established and maintained for multiple passages in the absence of serum did not exhibit growth crisis or gross chromosomal aberration. Cells cultured under these conditions were dependent on epidermal growth factor for survival. Proliferation was reversibly inhibited by serum or platelet-free plasma, suggesting that mouse embryo cultures maintained by conventional procedures are under the influence of inhibitory factors.     

GnIH通过p38MAPK信号通路对猪卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与凋亡的影响

【目的】细胞自噬和凋亡存在着相互制约,p38MAPK信号通路作为细胞凋亡的主要调控通路之一,也对细胞自噬存在促进和抑制的双重作用。已有研究表明,促性腺激素抑制激素(gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone,GnIH)对细胞自噬与凋亡均有影响,但作用机制尚不明确。故探究GnIH通过p38MAPK信号通路对猪卵巢颗粒细胞(pGCs)自噬与凋亡的影响及其机理,为解决母猪的产子率以及同期发情等问题提供参考。【方法】从猪卵巢中提取卵巢颗粒细胞,进行体外培养。1、探究GnIH对p38MAPK信号通路的最佳作用时间:按孵育GnIH时间梯度(0min、10 min、30 min、60 min、90 min)分组,用Western blot检测猪卵巢颗粒细胞p38与p-p38的蛋白表达量变化;2、验证GnIH对p38MAPK信号通路的影响:按(空白对照、GnIH、p38激活剂(U-46619)、U-46619+GnIH)分组,用Western blot检测p38与p-p38的蛋白表达量变化;3、探究不同浓度GnIH对自噬和凋亡的影响:按(空白对照、10-6 mol·L-1 GnIH...     

EMS、NaN_3和~(60)Co γ-射线处理对芝麻根尖的细胞学效应

为了明确理化诱变剂对芝麻诱变当代(M1)根尖细胞的细胞学效应,利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)、叠氮化钠(NaN3)以及物理诱变剂60 Coγ-射线对3个芝麻品种进行诱变处理,研究处理后根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率及微核率的变化。结果表明,5g/L的EMS和2mmol/L的NaN3处理对不同品种芝麻根尖细胞有丝分裂有促进和抑制2种效应。但随着EMS、NaN3处理浓度和60Coγ-射线剂量的增加以及处理时间的延长,有丝分裂指数呈下降趋势,而且诱发芝麻根尖细胞的核畸变和染色体畸变,产生单微核、双微核、染色体断片、落后染色体、染色体桥和染色体团等多种畸变类型。豫芝11号和ms86-1较三黄芝麻对高质量浓度的EMS(15g/L)更敏感,ms86-1较豫芝11号和三黄芝麻对低浓度(2 mmol/L)NaN3更敏感,3个芝麻品种对60Coγ-射线的敏感性依次为ms86-1>三黄芝麻>豫芝11号。     

从江香猪SP1基因组织表达特征及其超表达对间质细胞自噬和凋亡的影响

【目的】分析SP1基因在从江香猪不同组织及不同发育阶段睾丸中的表达情况及其对睾丸间质细胞自噬、凋亡的转录调控作用,为探究SP1基因调控间质细胞自噬的分子机制及提高从江香猪雄性繁殖性能提供理论基础。【方法】选取性早熟的从江香猪作为研究对象,PCR扩增得到其SP1基因编码区（CDS）序列,应用相关在线软件对CDS序列进行生物信息学分析,荧光定量PCR检测性成熟期从江香猪不同组织中SP1表达量,利用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测不同日龄从江香猪睾丸中的SP1基因表达量。【结果】生物信息学分析结果显示,SP1基因CDS序列全长为2361 bp,编码786个氨基酸残基,蛋白二级及三级结构以无规则卷曲和延伸链为主,无跨膜结构域和信号肽剪切位点,且为不稳定蛋白。SP1氨基酸序列有174个磷酸化位点,通过氨基酸同源性分析发现猪SP1与绵羊和牛的亲缘关系最近。对SP1在各组织的表达量进行检测,结果表明SP1基因相对表达量在脾脏中最高;此外,SP1的蛋白水平在180 d的香猪睾丸中有最高表达量,基因水平在30和180 d的香猪睾丸中有较高表达量。进一步构建SP1基因超表达载体,转...     

Phosphorylation by p38 MAPK as an alternative pathway for GSK3beta inactivation

Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is involved in metabolism, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Inhibition of GSK3beta activity is the primary mechanism that regulates this widely expressed active kinase. Although the protein kinase Akt inhibits GSK3beta by phosphorylation at the N terminus, preventing Akt-mediated phosphorylation does not affect the cell-survival pathway activated through the GSK3beta substrate beta-catenin. Here, we show that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) also inactivates GSK3beta by direct phosphorylation at its C terminus, and this inactivation can lead to an accumulation of beta-catenin. p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3beta occurs primarily in the brain and thymocytes. Activation of beta-catenin-mediated signaling through GSK3beta inhibition provides a potential mechanism for p38 MAPK-mediated survival in specific tissues.     

胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)对小鼠卵丘细胞自噬与胞吞相关因子表达的影响

卵丘细胞的质量对卵母细胞的生长发育至关重要,其自噬和胞吞可调控细胞生长及营养运输,以应对恶劣环境对卵母细胞质量的威胁。从促排处理的小鼠输卵管膨大部收集卵丘—卵母细胞复合体(Cumulus oocyte complexes, COCs),分离卵丘细胞进行体外培养,并添加0、50、100、150和200 ng/mL IGF-1处理细胞,分别提取细胞总RNA和总蛋白,实时荧光定量PCR检测各处理组 Atg5、 Beclin1、 LC3、 Cav1和 Cav2 mRNA的相对表达水平。免疫荧光定位不同蛋白在细胞中的表达,并结合蛋白免疫印迹(Western-blot,WB)测定不同质量浓度IGF-1处理组Atg5、Beclin1、LC3、Cav1和Cav2的蛋白表达水平,分析IGF-1对卵丘细胞自噬和胞吞的影响。结果显示:正常培养的卵丘细胞均可表达 Atg5、 Beclin1、 LC3、 Cav1、 Cav2 mRNA和蛋白,蛋白主要定位在细胞质。IGF-1可调控小鼠卵丘细胞Atg5、Beclin1、LC3、Cav1和Cav2蛋白的表达,与对照组相比,各处理组的Atg5蛋白表达量均升高;Beclin1和LC3蛋白表达量显著降低,且在100 ng/mL IGF-1处理组中最低。Cav1和Cav2蛋白在50 ng/mL和200 ng/mL处理组的表达量均显著降低,但在该质量浓度变化范围内,随着IGF-1质量浓度增大,2种蛋白的表达量不是线性降低,而是在100 ng/mL和150 ng/mL处理组表达量有回升现象。表明IGF-1可调控小鼠卵丘细胞的自噬和胞吞相关因子的表达,调控效果与IGF-1的质量浓度有关。     

非洲猪瘟病毒p30蛋白单克隆抗体制备及线性抗原表位定位

【目的】制备非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）p30蛋白的单克隆抗体（monoclonal antibodies,MAbs）并初步分析其所识别的线性抗原表位,为ASFV及其抗体检测方法的建立及p30蛋白结构和功能的研究奠定基础。【方法】将原核表达并纯化的p30重组蛋白作为免疫原,免疫6—8周龄BALB/c雌鼠,每两周免疫1次,共免疫3次,首次免疫是抗原与等体积的弗氏完全佐剂乳化后免疫,第二次和第三次免疫与等体积的弗氏不完全佐剂乳化,3次免疫后1 w断尾采血,间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血清抗体效价,选择血清效价最高的小鼠进行加强免疫,3 d后取小鼠脾淋巴细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞按照4﹕1的比例使用PEG进行常规细胞融合。利用重组p30蛋白作为包被抗原,间接ELISA筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞,有限稀释法进行克隆纯化,直至筛出能够稳定分泌抗体的MAbs。将ASFV接种于猪肺泡巨噬细胞,以筛选的MAbs为一抗、兔抗鼠HRP-IgG为二抗,进行间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）。将感染和未感染ASFV的细胞沉淀处理后进行 SDS-PAGE并转印至硝酸纤维素膜,分别以IFA鉴定为阳性的MAbs上清为一抗、兔抗鼠HRP-IgG为二抗,进行Western blotting分析,筛选获得p30 MAbs。根据已知序列设计引物扩增p30ab与p30bc两段截短基因,其中p30ab代表由第86—153位氨基酸残基的截短体,p30bc代表由第120—187位氨基酸残基的截短体,原核表达部分重叠的截短p30蛋白,最终获得重组蛋白GST-p30ab与重组蛋白GST-p30bc。分别以GST-p30ab和GST-p30bc融合蛋白为包被抗原,以5株MAbs为一抗,以兔抗鼠HRP-IgG为二抗, 通过间接ELISA方法初步定位p30蛋白的抗原表位。【结果】以纯化的重组蛋白为包被抗原,经间接ELISA试验筛选出25株可分泌抗重组 p30蛋白的杂交瘤细胞株。IFA结果显示,5株MAbs（8F4、1D3、1H2、6C3和8E11）与ASFV感染的猪肺泡巨噬细胞IFA 试验呈阳性;Western blotting结果显示,5株MAbs均能够与ASFV感染的细胞呈阳性反应,与未感染病毒的细胞呈阴性反应。试验构建的p30截短体重组蛋白GST-p30ab以可溶和包涵体两种形式表达,而GST-p30bc仅以包涵体形式表达,以两组截短体融合蛋白为包被抗原,通过间接ELISA检测出MAbs 8F4、1H2和6C3与两个重组蛋白均能有效结合,证明MAbs 8F4、1H2和6C3抗原识别区域为两组截短蛋白重叠区域,即第120—153位氨基酸;MAbs 8E11与1D3则只能与GST-p30ab蛋白结合, 证明MAbs 8E11与1D3抗原识别区域为两个重组蛋白的非重叠区域,即第86—119位氨基酸。【结论】本研究可溶性地表达了p30蛋白的第86—153位氨基酸截短体重组蛋白,制备了5株p30 MAbs,定位到2个p30蛋白抗原表位。结合ELISA和IFA,可建立十分可靠的ASFV及其抗体的检测手段。     

miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖及PI3k-Akt信号通路相关基因表达的影响

【目的】明确miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖及PI3K-Akt信号通路相关基因表达的影响,为揭示miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌发育的调控机制打下基础。【方法】以巴什拜羊1日龄羔羊后肢骨骼肌卫星细胞为研究对象,通过转染miR-486 mimics和miR-486 inhibitor致使绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞中miR-486水平上调或下调,探究miR-486对骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖速度及PI3K-Akt信号通路中PTEN、GSK3b、PRKCα、Raf-1、MAPK1、PKN1、Casp9和SGK1等8个相关基因表达变化的影响。【结果】空白对照及转染miR-486 mimics、miR-486 mimics negative control和miR-486 inhibitor negative control的绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞均表现出典型的S形增殖曲线,但各处理间的细胞增殖速度存在明显差异。当绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞中miR-486水平上调可促使细胞进入快速增殖状态,而miR-486水平下调可使细胞保持静止状态。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,当绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞中miR-486水平上调时,可引起PTEN、Raf-1和MAPK1基因相对表达量极显著下调（P<0.01,下同）,PRKCα和PKN1基因相对表达量极显著上调,SGK1基因相对表达量显著上调（P<0.05）;而GSK3β和Casp9基因相对表达量在不同处理组绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞间的差异均不显著（P>0.05）,可能在维持绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞基本生命活动中发挥作用。【结论】miR-486通过调控PI3K-Akt信号通路相关基因的表达而参与绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞生长发育及增殖,为深入研究miR-486对绵羊骨骼肌发育的调控机理及优质肉羊品种培育打下了理论基础。     

Specificity of Drosophila cytonemes for distinct signaling pathways

Cytonemes are types of filopodia in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc that are proposed to serve as conduits in which morphogen signaling proteins move between producing and target cells. We investigated the specificity of cytonemes that are made by target cells. Cells in wing discs made cytonemes that responded specifically to Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and cells in eye discs made cytonemes that responded specifically to Spitz (the Drosophila epidermal growth factor protein). Tracheal cells had at least two types: one made in response to Branchless (a Drosophila fibroblast growth factor protein, Bnl), to which they segregate the Bnl receptor, and another to which they segregate the Dpp receptor. We conclude that cells can make several types of cytonemes, each of which responds specifically to a signaling pathway by means of the selective presence of a particular signaling protein receptor that has been localized to that cytoneme.     

G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation

Cells prepare for S phase during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell biological methods have provided knowledge of cycle kinetics and of substages of G1 that are determined by extracellular signals. Through the use of biochemical and molecular biological techniques to study effects of growth factors, oncogenes, and inhibitors, intracellular events during G1 that lead to DNA synthesis are rapidly being discovered. Many cells in vivo are in a quiescent state (G0), with unduplicated DNA. Cells can be activated to reenter the cycle during G1. Similarly, cells in culture can be shifted between G0 and G1. These switches in and out of G1 are the main determinants of post-embryonic cell proliferation rate and are defectively controlled in cancer cells.     

Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and adrenocortical cytosol protein synthesis

In cultures of mouse adrenocortical tumor cells (Sato's minimal deviation Y-1 clonal strain), the acceleration of steroid biosynthesis after exposure to adrenocorticotropic hormone or cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate is maximum within 15 to 60 minutes and precedes any significant increase in labeling of protein with [4,5-(3)H]leucine. However, when cytosol proteins are separated by acrylamidegel electrophoresis, rapid changes in the amount and labeling of several protein fractions are evident in less than 30 minutes and are no longer evident within 60 minutes. This finding supports the proposal that the effects of tropic hormones and their intracellular mediators involve rapid selective effects on protein synthesis.     

侵染西瓜的黄瓜花叶病毒的生物学鉴定

用生物学、血清学及电镜技术鉴定了西瓜花叶病毒分离物 (XZ -1)的基本属性。研究结果表明 ,该分离物可侵染 6科 17种植物。其中 ,在葫芦科、茄科、菊科、苋科几种植物上表现为花叶 ;在苋色藜、蚕豆上表现为枯斑。桃蚜 (MyzusPersicae)可传毒 ,病毒汁液极易摩擦接种。该分离物汁液的致死温度为 5 5～ 60℃ ,稀释限点为 10 - 3～ 10 - 4,体外存活期约为 2～ 3d。分离物形态为典型球状 ,其提纯物紫外光吸收的最高峰在 2 60nm ,最低峰在 2 40nm。A2 80 /A2 6 0 =0 .69。该病毒核酸含量约为 11.3 %。ELISA测定该分离物与黄瓜花叶病毒的抗血清学反应为阳性 ,初步鉴定该分离物隶属于黄瓜花叶病毒 (CMV)     

EGF·Insulin和IGF-I对食蟹猴耳部成纤维细胞体外增殖的影响

探讨了培养基中不同浓度血清情况下,分别添加不同浓度的表皮生长因子（EGF）、胰岛素（Insulin）和胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）对食蟹猴耳部成纤维细胞体外增殖的影响,目的是寻找这3种物质促进体外培养成纤维细胞的最佳浓度,改善细胞体外培养系统,为以后体细胞及干细胞培养提供参考。将处于对数生长期的10～15代细胞进行常规消化混匀,计数,接种,培养24h后分别向孔中加入含5％和10％的两种血清浓度、添加不同浓度的EGF、Insulin和IGF-I的培养基,6d后分别向孔中加入MTT,然后用酶联免疫检测仪测定各孔在492nnl处的吸光度值（0D）。血清浓度为10％情况下,培养基中添加10ng／ml EGF、10μg／ml Isulin、100ng／ml IGF-I时,食蟹猴耳部成纤维细胞增殖能力最好。     

补饲对放牧西门塔尔犊牛生长性能及血液指标的影响

为研究放牧加补饲对西门塔尔犊牛生长性能和血液指标的影响,选取内蒙古赤峰草原的放牧犊牛16头,分为放牧组和放牧加补饲组,测量体重、体尺等生长性能指标,用酶联免疫法测定血清中总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、葡萄糖(GLU)、白介素1(IL-1)和白介素2(IL-2)等血液指标。结果表明:1)在正试期的0~30 d 2组犊牛的日增重无显著差异(P>0.05),但在31~60 d放牧加补饲组犊牛日增重显著高于放牧组(P<0.05);在整个试验阶段,放牧加补饲犊牛体尺指标除胸围外,均高于放牧组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)放牧加补饲使犊牛血清中尿素氮(BUN)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著提高(P<0.05);而总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)放牧加补饲犊牛免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和白介素1(IL-1)含量显著升高(P<0.05);而三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T₃)、甲状腺素(T₄)、生长激素(GH)和白介素2(IL-2)含量有高于放牧组的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,补饲可提高放牧西门塔尔犊牛的生长性能,改善血液生化指标和血清激素水平,并可改善西门塔尔犊牛整体免疫水平。