隐球壳属(Cryptosphaeria)引起的杨树溃疡病

Cryptosphaeria在欧、美是一类重要病原菌,在我国亦有报道,不仅能引起杨树病害,而且还能引起杨木的腐朽和变色,对杨树的生长潜在着很大的威胁。作者评述了该病的研究历史、分布、危害和发病规律等。     

First report of Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis as causal agent of Cryptosphaeria canker of Populus nigra in Iran

A diatrypaceous fungus was isolated consistently from cankers on Populus nigra trees showing dieback symptoms in Kohgiluyeh Boyer‐Ahmad, Zanjan and Esfahan provinces in Iran. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region of the rDNA identified the taxon as Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis. Pathogenicity tests conducted in potted 3‐month‐old cuttings of P. nigra confirmed Koch's postulates and revealed that C. pullmanensis caused canker on this host. This is the first report of C. pullmanensis causing a canker disease on P. nigra in Iran.     

杨柳树在长春市街路广场园林生态系统中的地位研究

利用样地调查方法,对长春市街路与广场的树木结构进行分析,结果表明：街路与广场共有杨柳树172617株,杨树的平均胸径为19．8cm,平均树高8．5m;柳树的平均胸径为20．0cm,平均树高7．5m。杨柳树的总生物量为83805．5t,总叶面积为14851196．9m^2。杨柳树每年可以制造干物质4629．2t,吸收二氧化碳6786．6t,放出氧气4939．4t,吸滞灰尘5755．4t,吸收二氧化硫44．1t。     

除草剂在杨树、柳树苗圃中的应用试验

试验表明采用使它隆＋高效盖草能除草剂组合，在杨树、柳树当年扦插苗和截干苗圃中低位定向喷施，用药后30d，对双子叶阔叶杂草和单子叶禾本科杂草防除效果为92．49％以上，对苗木生长无影响。较人工除草省时、省工，成本低，见效快。     

Differentiation of poplar and willow clones using RAPD fingerprints

The technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting was used to differentiate species and identify clones of 15 poplar and 15 willow clones (ramets of three poplar clones were also included to verify the stability of the results). Four random DNA primers (Deca-11, Chl-1, Chl-4 and Chl-10) and an M13 universal primer were used to determine DNA polymorphism among the clones. Based on the DNA banding pattern obtained with the four DNA primers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification we conclude that RAPD fingerprinting with properly selected primers can be used for clonal and species differentiation of poplar and willow. The technique is simple, accurate and inexpensive.     

Canker of cypresses caused by Coryneum cardinale Wag. in Britain

Coryneum canker occurs widely on Cupressus macrocarpa in England. Mycelial inoculations caused perennial cankers on Cupressocyparis leylandii and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, severe but annual cankers on Thuja plicata and death of twigs on Juniperus communis. Chamaecy-paris lawsoniana rapidly overcame initial infection. Conidial inoculations on C. leylandii caused cankers. The potential of the disease in Britain and its control are discussed and aids to the identification of the fungus in culture given.     

Identification and characterization of fungi associated with internal wood lesions and decline disease of willow and poplar trees in Iran

During the study of fungal trunk pathogens associated with urban trees decline in Shiraz (Iran), a serious decline of willow and poplar trees was observed. Therefore, an investigation was conducted on these trees in some areas of this city during spring and summer 2012 and 2013, to determine the main fungal trunk pathogens associated with these ornamental plants. Plant materials were collected from trees exhibiting disease symptoms such as yellowing, shoot canker, shoot dieback, defoliation and internal wood necrosis and decayed wood. Fungal isolations were made from discoloured or decayed wood tissue onto 2% malt extract agar (MEA) amended with streptomycin sulphate. Nine species, Fomes fomentarius, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Neoscytalidium hyalinum, Diatrype whitmanensis, Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum, P. aleophilum and P. parasiticum, were identified based on morphology and DNA sequence comparisons. Pathogenicity tests were performed on detached shoots of willow and poplar trees under greenhouse conditions. Lasiodiplodia theobromae caused the longest lesions on willow. On poplar shoots, the longest lesions were caused by P. parasiticum. Diplodia seriata produced the smallest lesions on both woody hosts. First reports from willow wood include P. parasiticum, P. rubrigenum, D. whitmanensis, L. theobromae, D. seriata and N. hyalinum, while new reports from poplar wood include P. parasiticum and Do. sarmentorum. Based on our knowledge, this is also the first report of D. whitmanensis in Iran.     

Pasture production under densely planted young willow and poplar in a silvopastoral system

New Zealand is subject to summer and autumn droughts that limit pasture growth. The planting of willow and poplar trees is one option used to provide green fodder during drought. However, there is a wide concern that such an option can reduce the overall understorey pasture growth. This study evaluated the comparative establishment and growth of densely planted young willow and poplar and their effects on understorey pasture growth. Two experiments were established for 2 years in Palmerston North and Masterton, North Island, New Zealand. In the first experiment, densely planted willow and poplar significantly reduced understorey pasture growth by 24 and 9%, respectively, mainly due to shade, but coupled with soil moisture deficit in summer. In the second experiment, pasture growth in a willow browse block was 52% of that in open pasture as a result of shade and differences in pasture species composition and management. Willow and poplar survival rates were similar (P > 0.05) after 2 years of establishment (100 vs. 90.5%, respectively). However, willow grew faster than poplar in height (1.90 vs. 1.35 m), stem diameter (43.5 vs. 32.6 mm), canopy diameter (69 vs. 34 cm) and number of shoots (8.7 vs. 2.3) at the age of 2 years.     

杨树黑斑病测报模型的研究

在北京郊区黑杨林地内设置固定样地,进行杨树黑斑病Marssonina brunnea病原菌孢子捕捉和病情调查。运用数量化理论I系统分析了病情指数与气象因子之间的关系,结果表明:当平均气温20～28℃、平均相对湿度80%以上、降雨量为60 mm以上时,杨树黑斑病的病情发展迅速。同时建立了杨树黑斑病的数量化测报模型:^yi=-5.236 1x(1,1)+7.388 4x(1,2)-3.045 7x(1,3)-6.231 5x(2,1)-4.540 9x(2,2)+6.261 8x(2,3)+20.496 3x(2,4)+1.146 6x(3,1)+3.613 4x(3,2)+7.025 7x(3,3)+19.680 2x(3,4)。对测报模型检验的预测精度在88.49%～96.43%之间。     

Canker and dieback on Platanus x acerifolia caused by Diaporthe scabra

Cankers and dieback on London plane caused by Diaporthe scabra have been observed in urban plantings in Catania, Italy. Symptoms were delayed spring flush, trunk cankers, small chlorotic leaves associated with dead terminal or lateral branches and an early defoliation. Isolations from infected wood on PDA led to the isolation of the anamorph Phomopsis scabra with α‐conidia production. The infected wood placed in a moist chamber developed pycnidia with α and β conidia and perithecia of the teleomorph D. scabra. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2, the ribosomal intragenic spacer beta‐tubulin 1 and beta‐tubulin 2 genes, congruently indicated that the D. scabra isolate is phylogenetically related to two strains of D. helianthi isolated in Italy from sunflower and to strains of D. eres. Inoculations on young plants of London plane growing in pots confirmed the pathogenicity of the isolated fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in Italy.     

杨树新造林黑斑型溃疡病病原菌的生物学特性试验初报

杜仲生拟茎点霉菌在PDA培养基上生长良好,较难产生分生孢子。最适温度为18～30℃,最适pH值4～7,在蛋白胨和蔗糖的氮、碳条件下生长最好。     

Xylem vulnerability to cavitation varies among poplar and willow clones and correlates with yield

Xylem vulnerability to cavitation is a promising criterion for identifying trees with high drought tolerance, but traditional techniques for measuring cavitation resistance are unsuitable for screening large numbers of genotypes. We tested the potential of the new Cavitron technique for high throughput screening of cavitation resistance in five poplar (Populus spp.) and four willow (Salix spp.) clones. The Cavitron technique enabled the screening of three to four clones per day with sufficient accuracy to reveal significant differences between clones. Because intraspecific screening may be better carried out through the identification of correlated and more easily measured traits, we attempted to identify accessible parameters that correlate to cavitation resistance. Variability in vulnerability to cavitation across clones was poorly correlated with anatomical traits such as vessel diameter, vessel wall strength, wood density and fiber wall thickness; however, a striking correlation was established between cavitation resistance and aboveground biomass production, indicating a possible trade-off between xylem safety and growth potential.     

Pathological changes and defense responses in poplar tissues caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata1

Structural changes in cells affected by the fungus C. fimbriata, involving the cell wall, cytoplasm and plastids were investigated. In the necrotic tissues a high number of fat drops was observed. The progress of hyphae of the fungus in poplar clones differing in their resistance depended on the presence of a cork layer, tannins and starch content.     

海滨湿地杨树、柳树新无性系苗期耐盐性研究

在海滨湿地分别4个盐度梯度，12种杨树、柳树新无性系田间扦插试验结果表明：在苗期，不同杨树、柳树无性系的成活率、保存率、生长量等均与土壤含盐量呈负相关；在出苗期的耐盐能力，1-74杨、1-69杨可达0．241％，35杨为0．188％，J30-16、J35-13、J4-34、J31-17柳为0．089％，其余5个柳树无性系均在0．060％以下；在苗木生长期，其耐盐极限分别为0．343％，0．333％和0．201％。     

中国杨树溃疡病的发生与防治

杨树溃疡病作为我国重大的杨树枝干病害,危害相当严重。文中论述了我国杨树溃疡病发生和防治的现状,深入分析了杨树溃疡病发生的原因和防治中存在的问题,最后就未来我国杨树溃疡病的控制策略和控制技术进行了展望。     

New branch disease of Styphnolobium japonicum caused by Fusarium solani in Xinjiang of China

Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott is a deciduous tree belonging to family Fabaceae and has been widely planted as garden greenery in China. In May 2021, a serious branch canker disease was observed in Alaer City. In order to identify the pathogen, five fungi were isolated from the diseased branches and the pathogenicity was evaluated by inoculating the branches outdoors. The pathogen was re-isolated from all the inoculated branches, therefore fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on the morphological characteristic and polygenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region, β-tubulin and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha, the pathogen was identified as Fusarium solani. This is the first report of F. solani as the causal agent of a branch canker of S. japonicum in Xinjiang of China.     

Occurrence of leaf spot disease caused by Neopestalotiopsis clavispora on Taxus chinensis in China

Taxus chinensis is a valuable tree with uses for timber, medicinal, ornamental and landscape purposes. Most importantly, it is a source of the anti‐cancer drug paclitaxel. In 2016, needle spot disease was observed on T. chinensis in Fujian Province of China. Five isolates of similar morphology were isolated from diseased samples. The pathogen was identified as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora based on morphological and cultural characteristics and confirmed by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU). The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to indicate that the causal agent of needle spot disease on Chinese yew in China is N. clavispora.     

Control tactics of poplar diseases in China

Introduction9Withtherapidlydevelopingofartificialpoplarforests,poplardiseasesincreasedgradually.Specially,poplarlonghornedbeetlesandcankerhavebecomethemainharmfulfactorsofaffectingthedevelopmentofpoplarstands.Therefore,thecontroltacticsforpoplarDothiorellacankerandCytosporacankerhavebeenlistedforkeyprojectinSeventhFive-YearPlan,EighthFive-YearplanandNinthFive-YearplanofChinasincethemiddleof80s.InTwentiethInternationalPoplarConference,"IntegratedcontroltechniqueofpoplardiseaseinChina"as…