Competitive interactions between native and exotic salmonids: a combined field and laboratory demonstration

Abstract –  We studied the impact of two exotic salmonid species (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on native brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) habitat, growth and survival. Habitat selection and vertical distribution between young-of-the-year of the three species were examined in a stream aquarium under different sympatric and allopatric combinations. In addition, similar species combinations were introduced in a Pyrenean mountain stream (southwest France) in order to extend laboratory results to growth and apparent survival. Both laboratory and field results indicated that rainbow trout significantly affected native brown trout habitat selection and apparent survival. On the contrary, brown trout habitat, growth and apparent survival were hardly affected by brook trout. These results support the idea that rainbow trout negatively influence native brown trout, and that competition could influence the outcome of fish biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems.     

基于碳氮稳定同位素的太湖鱼类营养生态位研究

为探究太湖鱼类的营养生态位特征,于2019~2020年开展了太湖鱼类的碳氮稳定同位素调查,分析了鱼类营养生态位大小、生态位重叠度及营养级。研究结果表明,鱼类δ13C值范围为-27.67‰~-17.92‰,δ15N值范围为6.02‰~20.31‰。营养生态位大小（SEAc值）范围为0.14‰2~20.43‰2,其中黄颡鱼的生态位最大,光泽黄颡鱼的生态位最小。短颌鲚、陈氏短吻银鱼和鲢的SEAc值均较小,表明他们利用的食物源和生境范围较窄,鳙的SEAc值较大,表明其利用的食物源和生境范围较广。鱼类的营养生态位重叠度为0~70.6%。大银鱼与翘嘴鲌的生态位重叠度最大（70.6%）,其次为鲈与翘嘴鲌（39.9%）,其余物种间的生态位重叠度范围为0~38.9%。短颌鲚与其他肉食性鱼类的生态位重叠度较小,表明他们之间的食物资源竞争较弱。陈氏短吻银鱼与鲢、鳙在生态位上存在明显的分离,这与陈氏短吻银鱼专食浮游动物有关。鱼类营养级范围为0.73~3.62,鮠一种的营养级最高,泥鳅的营养级最低。分析表明,鱼类营养生态位的大小与其摄食的食物种类以及对不同生境的利用程度有关;大部分鱼类间生态位重叠度较低,表明鱼类在资源利用上存在较大分离。本研究结果也为太湖鱼类食物网分析及渔业资源管理提供了基础数据。     

黄河口水域主要鱼种的时空生态位宽度和重叠

生态位在研究群落结构、种间关系和生物多样性等方面具有重要作用。为深入了解黄河口水域鱼类群落结构和种间关系,本研究根据2013—2014年在黄河口水域进行的7个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,应用平均拥挤度、生态位宽度和生态位重叠值等指数研究了该水域12种鱼类的时空生态位宽度和重叠特征。结果表明,黄河口水域主要鱼种时间生态位宽度变化范围为0～1.53,其中矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaemrichthys stigmatias)和方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)时间生态位宽度值较高,安氏新银鱼(Neosalanx anderssoni)和鮻(Liza haematocheila)较低。主要鱼种空间生态位宽度具有明显季节变化。所有鱼种间的平均空间生态位重叠值也有着明显的季节差异。生态位宽度和重叠值与各鱼种数量、分布、生态习性和生境状况密切相关,反映了该海域不同鱼种对生境资源的不同利用能力。     

环境因子对海萝藻体生长及成活的影响

研究了温度、光照强度、盐度和营养盐对海萝（Gloiopeltis furcata）藻体生长的影响以及 pH、干露、淡水浸泡对藻体成活的影响。海萝藻体分别培养在不同温度（10℃、14℃、18℃、22℃和26℃）、不同光照强度（2500 lx、4500 lx、6500 lx、8500 lx 和10500 lx）、不同盐度（15.5、18.0、20.5、23.0、25.5、28.0、30.5、33.0、35.5和38.0）和添加不同质量浓度的营养盐[硝酸钠（NaNO3）10 mg·L -1、20 mg·L -1、40 mg·L -1、80 mg· L -1和相对应的磷酸氢二钾（K2 HPO4）1 mg·L -1、2 mg·L -1、4 mg·L -1、8 mg·L -1]21 d。结果表明,海萝藻体生长的最合适温度为10～14℃,光照强度为6500～10500 lx,盐度为18～38;不同营养盐质量浓度对藻体生长的影响不明显。海萝藻体在不同 pH（5.5～10.0）条件下培养10 d,结果显示藻体正常成活的 pH 范围为6.5～9.0。海萝藻体分别经不同时间的阴干、泡淡水、晒干,结果显示阴干24～48 h 或泡淡水24～48 h 以下藻体仍然能够正常成活;阴干3 h 后泡淡水3 h,藻体也能正常成活;在阳光下晒干超过2 h,藻体不能正常成活。     

When alien catfish meet—Resource overlap between the North American Ictalurus punctatus and immature European Silurus glanis in the Arno River (Italy)

Due to the increasing globalisation and ongoing introduction of alien species specifically regarding European freshwater ecosystems, native and already present alien species will be confronted with competitors with unknown outcomes. One such case is the situation of the European catfish Silurus glanis introduced in the Arno River (Central Italy), a species sought after by anglers, which is facing competition from the later introduced alien North American channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Large catfish species are highly valued among anglers, but their interspecific interactions and potential ecosystem-level impacts are still poorly known. We used stomach contents and stable isotope analyses to study niche partitioning between these two alien catfish species, coexisting in the Arno River. The results suggest partial niche segregation, with immature S. glanis showing a narrower dietary and isotopic niche and a slightly higher trophic position than I. punctatus. Monitoring the catfish population sizes, trophic niches and effects on lower trophic levels are essential for future management and mitigation of their potential impacts on invaded freshwater ecosystems.     

Effects of non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on threatened juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an Idaho stream

Macneale KH, Sanderson BL, Courbois J-YP, Kiffney PM. Effects of non-native brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) on threatened juvenile Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in an Idaho stream.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 139–152. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  Non-native fishes have been implicated in the decline of native species, yet the mechanisms responsible are rarely apparent. To examine how non-native brook trout may affect threatened juvenile Chinook salmon, we compared feeding behaviours and aggressive encounters between these sympatric fish in Summit Creek, Idaho. Snorkelers observed 278 focal fish and examined diets from 27 fish in late summer 2003. Differences in feeding behaviours and diets suggest that there was minimal current competition for prey, although individual Chinook feeding activity declined as their encounter rate with other fish increased. While difference in size between fish generally determined the outcome of encounters (larger fish 'winning'), it was surprising that in some interspecific encounters aggressive Chinook displaced slightly larger brook trout (≤20 mm longer). We suggest that in late summer, frequent intraspecific interactions may be more important than interspecific interactions in potentially limiting Chinook growth in Summit Creek and perhaps in other oligotrophic streams where they co-occur.     

石羊河尾闾青土湖荒漠植物群落种间关联及生态位研究

基于野外样地调查资料,采用方差比率法、χ_²检验、Pearson相关、Spearson秩相关、联结系数Ochiai和生态位量化方法,探究了荒漠植物群落种间关系,以期为石羊河尾闾干涸湖泊植被恢复与重建提供理论支撑。结果表明：青土湖荒漠植物群落包括24个植物种,其中灌木8种,多年生草本8种,一年生草本8种,草本植物占总物种数的66.67%。不同生活型荒漠植物中重要值最大的分别为白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、猪毛菜(Salsola collina)。方差比率分析表明,青土湖荒漠植物群落种间总体上呈现不显著负联结的关系,群落处于波动演替状态。Ochiai系数0~0.3的种对占总对数的72.83%,种对间的相关性较弱。生态位宽度较大的灌木有白刺(21.728)、梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron(10.321)、黑果枸杞Lycium ruthenicum(5.711);多年生草本有芦苇(12.556)、黄花补血草Limonium aureum(4.874)、荒漠黄耆Astragalus grubovii(4.248);一年生草本猪毛菜(9.340)、盐生草(7.822)、虫实(2.330)。生态位重叠较大的种对有灰绿藜和碟果虫实(0.84)、沙蒿和戈壁驼蹄瓣(0.77)、黄花补血草和画眉草(0.77)、砂蓝刺头和红砂(0.75)。群落物种生态位重叠均值为0.12,种间竞争较小。建议在石羊河下游青土湖人工植物群落构建过程中重视种间关系,选择种间竞争小的灌木和多年生草本植物作为生态恢复的植物种。     

Use of ecological niche modelling to predict distributions of freshwater fish species in Kansas

Abstract – An essential innovation in aquatic biodiversity research would be a robust approach to accurately predict species’ potential distributions. In this paper, I conduct an analysis to test the efficacy of ecological niche modelling for predicting fish species’ potential distributions using an artificial‐intelligence algorithm, the Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐Set Prediction (GARP). Models of species’ ecological niches are developed using GARP, and projected onto geography to predict species distributions. To test the validity of this approach, I used freshwater fish distribution data for twelve fish species occurring in Kansas. These taxa were chosen to represent phylogenetic, distribution, and habit diversity. I subset these data by omitting half of the counties from model building, and test models using the omitted counties. Models were tested using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses. Of the species tested, all were statistically significant with the models showing excellent predictive ability. Omission errors across taxa ranged from 0 to 17%. This inferential capacity opens doors to many synthetic analyses based on primary point‐occurrence data.     

基于河流生态系统健康的生态修复技术研究进展

随着人类对河流大规模开发利用,河流生态系统遭受严重破坏。近年来,生态修复引起了社会广泛关注,也取得了显著的进步。本文从河流生态系统特性和所受胁迫出发,介绍了河流健康概念和评价方法,回顾了国内外河流生态修复相关研究发展历程,归纳了河流生态修复的理念,并以河流健康因素为基础,总结了水量、连通性、水质、水生生物4个方面的生态修复技术及其实践案例,最后根据当前研究的不足,提出了河流生态修复的3个研究方向,以期为未来的修复实践提供参考和指导。     

The lake at Llandrindod Wells—a restoration comedy?

• 1. The lake at Llandrindod Wells, Wales, UK, is a typical urban shallow lake. Created in the 19th century for amenity, it has a long history of management for various, often conflicting, purposes. After the 1950s, the once clear water became turbid with phytoplankton, and aquatic plants became very scarce.
• 2. The most likely reason for this was introduction of common carp, for angling, into a fish community that contained no piscivores. Mobilization of phosphorus from the sediments by activities of the fish led to severe internal phosphorus loading, culminating ultimately in a requirement to close the lake, temporarily in summer, to water contact activities, because of a risk of toxic cyanophyte blooms.
• 3. The lake‐owners decided to restore the lake to greater amenity and conservation value by biomanipulation of the fish community and associated works. The restoration was successful in restoring clear water and plant communities, but because of the nature of the plants reintroduced, there were new problems of dense plant growth. Ownership of the lake then changed and, in a somewhat confused situation, the lake has been returned to a carp fishery.
• 4. Documents on the history of management of the lake, and available limnological data, are reviewed in relation to a general strategy for lake restoration and general lessons are drawn for future restoration projects.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆盐碱水湖塘生态养殖模式下鱼类生长及肌肉营养品质

为探究新疆盐碱水湖塘生态养殖模式下鱼类的生长和肌肉营养品质及鱼类养殖对盐碱湖塘水质的影响,自2022年4月9日起,在新疆阿拉尔市十四团天鹅湖连续开展60 d盐碱水湖塘生态养殖实验,每30 d采集1次鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis),分析盐碱水湖塘生态养殖模式下这4种鱼类的生长性状和肌肉营养品质;连续开展150 d水质检测,每30 d采集水样1次,分析水质理化指标变化。结果显示,盐碱水湖塘生态养殖模式下鲤、鲫、草鱼和叶尔羌高原鳅的特定生长率(SGR)分别为0.77%/d、0.55%/d、0.65%/d和0.89%/d;3种大宗淡水鱼类肌肉中水分含量介于75.32%～76.13%,显著高于叶尔羌高原鳅(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量介于17.79%～22.35%,显著低于叶尔羌高原鳅(P<0.05),3种大宗淡水鱼类和叶尔羌高原鳅肌肉中水分和粗蛋白含量存在显著差异(P<0.05);4种鱼类肌肉中均测出17种氨...