Mechanisms of Aluminum Tolerance in Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Transgenic Rice

Transgenic rice, in which C4-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is overexpressed, was grown in hydroponic culture to evaluate its tolerance for high aluminum (Al) content in relation to organic acid synthesis and exudation into the rhizosphere. With regard to root growth in short-term experiments, PEPC-transgenic rice was more tolerant of Al than the wild type. At increased Al levels in the root medium, root tips of the transgenic rice accumulated less Al than those of the wild type. Aluminum-induced oxalate exudation from roots occurred at increased rates in the transgenic line. Overexpression of C4-PEPC drastically increased PEPC activity in leaves of the transgenic rice, causing higher organic acid concentrations in leaves and roots. The increased organic acid concentrations seemed to cause higher exudation rates of oxalate from roots, leading to a detoxification of Al in the root apoplast and rhizosphere.     

海藻糖对转C4型PEPC水稻种子萌发耐旱性的影响

为揭示海藻糖参与高表达转玉米C₄型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)基因(C₄-PEPC)水稻(Oryza sativa)(简称PC)在干旱胁迫下种子萌发的生理机制,本研究以PC及其未转基因野生型受体Kitaake(简称WT)种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度海藻糖联合干旱处理下,其种子活力、萌发过程中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量、α-淀粉酶活性,以及α-淀粉酶、PEPC、糖信号、部分海藻糖相关基因的表达。结果表明,干旱处理均显著抑制了两材料的发芽率,并且抑制了芽的生长;外施低浓度海藻糖可缓解干旱对种子萌发的抑制,与WT相比,PC对海藻糖更加敏感,当海藻糖浓度为0.5 mmol·L^-1时已表现出明显的缓解效应,且较10 mmol·L^-1海藻糖对WT的缓解效果更佳。外施0.5 mmol·L^-1海藻糖联合干旱处理可以维持水稻的种子活力、种子内渗透调节物质含量以及α-淀粉酶活性,尤其有益于PC。外施0.5 mmol·L^-1海藻糖通过上调PC内依赖钙信号的CBL1-OsSnRK3.1/3.23基因的表达,激活OsK1a-OsMYBS1/2-OsAmy3/8途径;同时诱导OsTPP1/7合成海藻糖,上调蔗糖和葡萄糖含量,进而增强糖代谢,维持种子萌发。此外,海藻糖也上调了SAPK8/9/10和C₄-PEPC的转录水平,使PC在芽期表现耐旱。本研究结果为改善直播稻田的发芽率和“C₄稻”的创制提供了新线索。     

磷高效转基因水稻OsPT4对红壤无机磷组成的影响

本研究以磷高效转基因水稻OsPT4为材料,以非转基因亲本日本晴(Nipp)和磷高效突变体水稻PHO2为对照,设施磷和不施磷2个处理,利用根盒试验研究磷高效转基因水稻OsPT4的种植对根际及非根际土壤无机磷组成的影响。结果表明:(1)Os PT4和PHO2的植株干重和磷含量均显著高于Nipp,而土壤全磷和无机磷总量均低于Nipp;(2)Os PT4和PHO2水稻根际和非根际土壤无机磷组分含量均表现为O-PFe-PAl-PCa-P;(3)施磷处理时,Os PT4和PHO2的根际土壤O-P、Ca-P含量显著低于Nipp,其非根际土壤Al-P、Fe-P和O-P含量也显著低于Nipp。不施磷处理时,Os PT4和PHO2的根际土壤Fe-P含量和非根际土壤Fe-P、O-P含量均显著低于Nipp,其根际土壤Ca-P含量显著高于Nipp。说明在供磷条件下,磷高效转基因水稻对A1-P、O-P和Ca-P的吸收活化能力较强,而缺磷条件下,磷高效转基因水稻可促进其根系对Fe-P的吸收利用。     

豌豆铁蛋白转基因水稻纯系重要生物学特性的变异

选取经7代自交纯化并结合GUS标记辅助选择所获得的26份独立豌豆铁蛋白(pea ferritin,Fer)转基因水稻(Oryza sativa)纯系,以秀水11为CK,就外源基因(Fer)导入对稻米Fe含量、重要农艺性状、稻米品质和植株耐逆性的影响进行了研究。结果表明:1)26份转基因纯系的精米平均总铁含量为10.37μg/g,仅有4份(即Fer34、Fer36、Fer39和Fer65)显著高于CK(6.46μg/g);2)除单株穗数和剑叶长外,播抽天数、株高、主穗长、主穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等7个性状均有部分纯系与CK存在显著差异,但尚未发现经济性状明显变劣的纯系;3)所有参试纯系的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、米粒长、米粒宽、米粒长/宽比和直链淀粉含量等7个性状表现均与CK相仿,而在垩白粒率、垩白度、碱消值和胶稠度等4个性状,部分纯系发生了显著变异,其变化缺乏明显的规律性;4)参试纯系间的耐冷性和耐热性变异与稻米铁含量变化并无显著相关性,但对稻瘟病(Pyricularia oryzae)、白叶枯病(Xanthomonas oryzae)和褐稻虱(Niaparvata lugens)抗(耐)性有随着稻米铁含量增加而减轻危害的趋势。     

Genotypic Differences in Potassium Nutrition in Lowland Rice Hybrids

China imports most of its potassium (K) requirements for crop production. The objective of this study was to evaluate indica rice hybrids for K‐use efficiency. Twenty‐eight indica rice hybrids were evaluated in nutrient solution. The K influx rate was greatest in genotype Weiyou 64 (684.9 nmol K⁺ plant^?1 h^?1) and least in genotype Xie A/909 (457.2 nmol K⁺ plant^?1 h^?1). The K‐use efficiency was greatest in genotype ShanA/909 [81.8 mg dry matter (DM) produced per mg K taken up] and least in genotype Shanyou 64 (55.9 mg mg^?1). The maximum biomass was produced by genotype Shan A/4663‐5 (100.8 mg DM per plant), and the least biomass was produced by genotype Xie A/4663‐4 (59.1 mg DM per plant). These results suggest that K shortage for rice production can be alleviated by using K‐efficient rice genotypes.     

Water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under intermittent ponding and different intensity of puddling

Abstract

To increase the water use efficiency (WUE) of rice, two sets of experiments were carried out from 1997 – 1999. Experiment one: Irrigation period of rice was divided into three stages: early (S₁, 10 – 35 days after transplanting, [DAT]); middle (S₂, 36 – 60 DAT) and late (S₃, 61 – 85 DAT). Intermittent ponding (IP) was imposed at single, two stages or the entire growing period. Continuous ponding (CP) in all three stages was taken as control. Though the highest grain yield (6.71 mg ha^?1) was obtained under control, this regime was responsible for the lowest WUE. In contrast, IP in all stages was responsible for maximum WUE with minimum yield level. Imposition of IP in S₁ resulted in higher (0.529 kg m^?3) WUE along with insignificant reduction in yield over control. Experiment two: Three puddling practices were: (i) High intensity puddling (HIP); (ii) Moderate intensity puddling (MIP); and (iii) Low intensity puddling (LIP). On average, HIP resulted in the lowest value (6.5 mm d^?1) of percolation rate. Both grain yield (6.93 mg ha^?1) and WUE (0.597 kg m^?3) attained highest value under HIP. A decrease in puddling intensity under MIP and LIP lowered the yield by 2.97 and 17.75% respectively. In the case of WUE, the reduction was 16.27 and 54.66%.     

Using farmer knowledge to combat low productive spots in rice fields of a Sahelian irrigation scheme

In the oldest sections of Burkina Faso's largest irrigation scheme in the Sourou Valley (13° 10′ N, 03° 30′W) rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields dropped from about 5 to 6 t ha⁻¹ in the early 1990s, shortly after establishment of the scheme, to 2 to 4 t ha⁻¹ from 1995 onwards. Farmers blamed this yield decline on the appearance of 2 to 20 m diameter low productive spots. According to farmers and field measurements, the low productive spots decreased yields by 25–50 per cent. The low productive spots are caused by Zn deficiency. Low Zn availability is related to the very low DTPA‐extractable Zn content of the soil (0·08–0·46 mg kg⁻¹), the alkaline‐calcareous character of the soil, the non‐application of Zn fertilizers, and a relatively large P fertilizer dose (21 kg P ha⁻¹). Farmers were correct in relating the calcareous nature of the soil to the presence of the low productive spots. They were instrumental in identifying application of decomposed organic resources (e.g. rice straw at 5 t ha⁻¹) as a short‐term solution that increases yields by 1·5 to 2·0 t ha⁻¹. Application of Zn fertilizer (10 kg Zn ha⁻¹) in 29 farmer fields in the 2001 dry season eradicated the low productive spots and increased yields from 3·4 to 6·0 t ha⁻¹. Although application of Zn fertilizer is strongly recommended, it is not yet available in Burkina Faso. Based on a comparison of fertilizer prices on the world market and the local market, we expect that the use of Zn fertilizers will be highly profitable (cost/value ratio ≫ 2). Despite the relatively recent introduction of irrigated rice cropping, most farmers showed a good understanding of cropping constraints and possible solutions. Both farmers and researchers mutually benefited from each other's knowledge and observations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

覆膜旱作稻N、P、K养分利用特征

在田间试验条件下对覆膜旱作稻体内N、P、K养分浓度、吸收动态及N肥利用率作了研究。结果表明,相同施肥处理条件下不同生育期覆膜旱作稻N、P、K养分浓度及吸收量均高于水作稻,尤以生育中后期较为明显;覆膜旱作稻全生育期N、P、K养分吸收量明显高于水作稻,分布在籽粒中的N、P、K养分含量也有所提高,而在整株中的占有率差异不大,N肥利用率提高12%左右。     

水稻抗纹枯病基因OsSeh1的克隆及功能鉴定

为了挖掘抗水稻纹枯病的相关功能基因,本研究从日本晴(Oryza sativa L.spp.japonica,var nippobare)水稻品种中克隆了1个编码核孔蛋白的基因,命名为Os Seh1。该基因与拟南芥中的At Seh1同源,且不同植物物种的Seh1具有相同的保守结构域。Os Seh1蛋白定位于烟草叶片细胞核内。水杨酸和纹枯病病原菌均能诱导水稻Os Seh1的表达,水杨酸诱导48h时Os Seh1表达量达到最高值,约为诱导0h的2倍;而立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)诱导24h时Os Seh1表达量达到最高,为诱导0h的3.5倍。接种纹枯病病原菌15d后,转基因过表达水稻植株比野生型抗性高,而RNA干扰(RNAi)植株比野生型更感病。抗病性显著的T1过表达植株中Os Seh1的相对表达量为6~11,比野生型相对表达量高3~4倍,而感病性显著的RNAi植株中Os Seh1的相对表达量为0.2~0.6,表明Os Seh1的表达水平与水稻对纹枯病病菌的抗性正相关。本研究初步证明了Os Seh1在水稻抗纹枯病中的重要功能,为利用水稻自身基因资源提高纹枯病抗性提供了新思路。     

Impact of Elevated Ozone on Nutrient Uptake and Utilization of Chinese Hybrid Indica Rice (Oryza Sativa) Cultivars under Free-Air Ozone Enrichment

To assess the effects of ozone (O₃) on uptake and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in rice for planning rational fertilization under projected O₃ elevation. Two hybrid indica cultivars were exposed to ambient and elevated O₃ (E-O₃) under a free-air O₃ enrichment system. E-O₃ differently affected the accumulation and distribution of biomass, and the absorption and distribution of nutrients between cultivars. These effects were related to rice cultivar and nutrient type. E-O₃ led to significantly decreased partial factor productivity and grain production efficiency (GPE) of nitrogen in both cultivars; however, the effects of E-O₃ on GPEs of phosphorus and potassium varied with cultivar. Responses of nutrients harvest indices between cultivars to E-O₃ were adverse. Differences between cultivars and elements should be considered when examining E-O₃ potentially affecting the nutrient dynamics for the purpose of reducing the amount of fertilizer applied in paddy systems to decrease potential environmental pollution.     

Alleviation of Soil Aluminum Phytotoxicity in a Typical Paddy Soil in Southern China by Using Weak Organic Acids

Weak organic acids including tartaric and citric acids were applied to a typical paddy soil in southern China to test their effects on rice in the field for three years. Their effects were also compared with top dressings of the two acids, basal application of diammonium acid phosphate, calcium carbonate, and the control. The results showed that rice grain yield of the citric acid treatment was significantly higher than that of the control and the same difference was also observed for the filled spikelets per panicle. There were no significant difference among all the treatments and the control on the accumulation of above ground dry matter. However the root dry matter, length, peroxidase activity, and white root number of citric acid treatment were significantly higher than that of the control, while no significant differences among other treatments were observed. Basal application of citric acid played a positive role on this soil.     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Rice Grain Yield,Nitrogen-Use Efficiency,and Water Quality in Paddy Field

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is common in the central Zhejiang Province area, China. A three-year (2009–11) experiment was conducted to determine the optimum N application rate for this area by studying the effects of various N rates on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, N-use efficiency (NUE), and quality of paddy field water. Results showed that no significant yield differences were observed under N rates from 180 to 315 kg ha^?1. The NUE could be improved by reducing N application rates without significantly decreasing yield. Due to high ammonia (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃^—N) concentrations, 5–7 days after N application was a critical stage for reducing N pollution. The N rate for the greatest yield was 176 kg ha^?1, accounting for 65 percent of the conventional N rate (270 kg ha^?1). The N-rate reduction in this area may be necessary for maintaining high yield, improving NUE, and reducing environmental pollution.     

水稻CAT与逆境应答关系及酶活性分析

通过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）是一种四聚体血红素酶,主要存在于过氧化物酶体与乙醛酸循环体及相关细胞区域内。水稻中含有CAT1、CAT2和CAT3三种主要同工酶。它们在各组织不同的发育阶段,发挥着重要作用。在本研究解析了水稻过氧化氢酶同工酶基因在NaCl、NaHCO3、Na2CO3、PEG6000、H2O2、低温等逆境处理下mRNA表达特性。结果表明在不同的逆境下过氧化氢酶同工酶在表达上存在差异性。同时利用蛋白表达系统,对水稻过氧化氢酶CAT1和CAT3蛋白进行了纯化实验,对纯化的蛋白的酶活性分析的结果表明,CAT1和CAT3的酶活性没有十分显著的差别。     

Effects of Seasonal Nitrate Flush on Nitrogen Metabolism and Soluble Fractions Accumulation in Two Rice Varieties

ABSTRACT

Two rice varieties, ‘Piaui’ (a landrace) and ‘IAC-47’ (an improved variety), were grown in nutrient solution containing 20 mg nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-nitrogen (N) L^{? 1} up to 32 days after germination (DAG). After this, a group of plants received 200 mg NO₃ ^?NL^{? 1}, while the other was kept at 20 mg NO₃ ^?NL^{? 1} up to 42 DAG. From 42 until 56 DAG, all plants received 5 mg NO₃ ^?NL^{? 1}. Plants were collected at 42 and 56 DAG, soluble fractions, nitrate reductase (NR) and GS enzymatic activities were determined. The nutritional history of the plants affected significantly the uptake and use of nitrogen (N), and should be taken into consideration in the studies of N-use efficiency. The variety ‘Piaui’ was more efficient than ‘IAC-47’ in N-uptake use, accumulating more NO₃ ^? in its tissues at the initial phases of its cycle for subsequent utilization.     

OsEXPA8基因对水稻悬浮细胞的周期和大小的影响

膨胀素是植物细胞特有的一种细胞壁松弛蛋白,在很大程度上决定着植物细胞的生长速率.α-膨胀素(α-expansin,EXPA)和β-膨胀素(β-expansin,EXPB)是植物膨胀素家族中两个较大的亚家族.水稻(Oryza sativa)中至少有34个α-膨胀素基因.本研究通过转基因技术,研究了一个水稻根特异性表达的α-膨胀素基因OsEXPA8对水稻悬浮细胞的细胞周期和细胞大小的影响.利用流式细胞仪,分析不同培养时期野生型和转基因型细胞周期的差异,结果发现,35S∷OsEXPA8(过表达)转基因悬浮细胞大部分处于G2/M期,而OsEXPA8-RNAi (knock-down)转基因悬浮细胞多处在G1期;利用血球计数板测定细胞数量,结果表明,35S∷OsEXPA8转基因细胞数量＞野生型细胞数量＞OsEXPA8-RNAi转基因细胞数量;利用显微镜测定不同培养时期的细胞大小,发现35S∷OsEXPA8转基因细胞大小＞野生型细胞大小＞OsEXPA8-RNAi转基因细胞大小;测定愈伤组织块大小,发现35S∷ OsEXPA8转基因愈伤组织块大小＞野生型愈伤组织块大小＞ OsEXPA8-RNAi转基因愈伤组织块大小.本研究结果表明,OsEXPA8能够促进水稻悬浮细胞的分裂和生长,从而增加细胞数量,增大细胞体积,对水稻悬浮细胞的生长具有调控作用.该研究将有助于更好地了解植物细胞壁的松弛过程,从而深入地认识植物的生长发育进程.同时,膨胀素作为一种细胞壁松弛因子在农业上具有潜在的生物工程应用价值.     

The Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Some Physiological Parameters as Affected by Iron in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Plant

The effects of interaction between cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) and iron (Fe)- ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were studied in rice plant. The seedlings of rice were treated with 0, 50, and 100 μM CdCl₂ supplemented with 5, 10 and 20 ppm Fe as Fe-EDTA for 30 days. Plants were grown under controlled condition. In all the plants treated with CdCl_2, growth parameters [relative leaf growth rate (RLGR), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf water content area (LWCA)], soluble, and unsoluble sugars contents decreased. Addition of Fe-EDTA moderated cadmium effects. Under CdCl₂ stress without Fe, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity increased, however, in solutions containing both CdCl₂ and Fe-EDTA, MDA content, proline content and activities of antioxidant enzymes decreased. In 50 μM CdCl₂, total protein content increased but in 100 μM decreased. With increasing Fe in solutions containing CdCl₂, protein content decreased. The results indicated that with increasing Fe-EDTA in CdCl₂ treated plants, the effects of toxicity of Cd decreased.     

Influence of phosphorus limitations on the growth,nutrient partitioning and physiology of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) seedlings

The effects of four rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 0.56, 5.6 and 56.0 mg l^?1) in soilless medium on the growth and physiology of mahogany seedlings were examined. The greatest response occurred at the 56 mg l^?1 rate, with relatively small differences between other treatments. Biometric parameters increased at the 56 mg l^?1 compared to 0 mg l^?1 rate except root dry mass. Both the concentration and the total content of P and Kjeldahl nitrogen (N) increased in leaves, stems and roots with P application rate. Foliar concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and sulfur (S) declined, and boron (B) and copper (Cu) increased with P limitations; zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) were unaffected. Physiological adaptations of mahogany to P limitations include the preferential allocation of carbon (C) to plant roots, and increases in P utilization efficiency, P acquisition efficiency and the concentration of organic acids in xylem fluid. Root phosphatase activity was not influenced by P fertilization.     

有机肥施用对菜地磷素径流流失及磷素表观利用率的影响

采用田间小区定位试验(2011—2012年)研究了自然降雨条件下有机肥施用对太湖流域典型蔬菜地磷素径流流失、蔬菜产量及磷素表观利用率的影响。结果表明:冬瓜种植季内菜地径流水量可达1 800~3 528m~3/hm~2,且与降雨量呈显著线性正相关关系。单施化肥(T1)处理条件下,菜地磷素(TP)径流流失量和流失系数分别达3.45kg/hm~2和1.08%,有机肥施用(T2、T3)显著增加TP径流流失量达14.79%和115.36%,而流失系数却降低39.63%(P0.05)和9.11%(P0.05)。从冬瓜产量角度考量,较T1处理而言,有机肥施用(T2、T3)条件下,虽然经济产量和废弃物产量分别提高1.41%~2.88%和4.17%~6.20%,但冬瓜经济系数却稍有下降,但处理间差异不显著。同时,虽然有机肥施用(T2、T3)显著增加冬瓜磷素吸收量达27.27%和46.18%,但磷素表观利用率却显著降低36.79%和61.22%(P0.05)。有机肥施用显著增加菜地磷素盈余,T2、T3处理条件下,盈余量高达238.44~496.28kg/hm~2,分别达T1处理的2.60倍和5.42倍。