山东省兽用抗菌药物生产经营和使用情况调查报告

通过对山东省动物养殖企业的调查,初步摸清了当前兽用抗菌药物的使用情况：部分兽用抗菌药物存在超范围使用问题,小规模动物养殖单位存在抗菌药物滥用和兽药残留隐患;兽用抗菌药物在动物饲养用药费用中占一半以上,但占动物饲养总成本的比例不足1%。建议采取宣传、引导等措施,进一步推动抗菌药物的合理使用。     

Data warehouse for assessing animal health, welfare, risk management and -communication

The objective of this paper is to give an overview of existing databases in Denmark and describe some of the most important of these in relation to establishment of the Danish Veterinary and Food Administrations' veterinary data warehouse. The purpose of the data warehouse and possible use of the data are described. Finally, sharing of data and validity of data is discussed. There are databases in other countries describing animal husbandry and veterinary antimicrobial consumption, but Denmark will be the first country relating all data concerning animal husbandry, -health and -welfare in Danish production animals to each other in a data warehouse. Moreover, creating access to these data for researchers and authorities will hopefully result in easier and more substantial risk based control, risk management and risk communication by the authorities and access to data for researchers for epidemiological studies in animal health and welfare.     

Towards the establishment and standardization of a veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa

The objective of this study was to establish a repeatable, standardized laboratory procedure for monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from animals and food of animal origin in South Africa, with reagents prepared in-house. The emergence of resistance and the spread of resistant bacteria can be limited by implementing a veterinary antimicrobial drug policy, in which inter alia systematic monitoring and prudent use play essential roles. The bacteria included in this study represented three different categories, namely zoonotic bacteria (Salmonella), indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) and veterinary pathogens (Mannheimia haemolytica). Thirty isolates of each species were collected with the aim of standardizing the laboratory methodology for a future national veterinary surveillance and monitoring programme. Susceptibility to ten selected antimicrobial drugs was determined by means of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using the microdilution method. The method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards was used as the standard. Multi-well plates containing varying dilutions of antimicrobial drugs and prepared in-house for MIC determinations, yielded repeatable results. Storage of plates for 2 months at -70 degrees C did not influence results meaningfully. Within this limited sample of bacteria, MIC results did not indicate meaningful resistance against any of the ten selected antimicrobial drugs. The findings of the study will be used to establish a national veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa. To allow for international comparison of data, harmonisation of the surveillance and monitoring programme in accordance with global trends is encouraged. Ideally it should be combined with a programme monitoring the quantities of antimicrobial drugs used. The aim is to contribute to slowing down the emergence of resistance and the problems associated with this phenomenon by means of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs.     

Public health and policy

Antimicrobial agent usage data are essential for focusing efforts to reduce misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in food producing animals because these practices may select for resistance in bacteria of animals. Transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans can lead to human infection caused by resistant pathogens. Resistant infections can lead to treatment failures, resulting in prolonged or more severe illness. Multiple World Health Organization (WHO) reports have concluded that both antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage should be monitored on the national level. The system for collecting antimicrobial usage data should be clear and transparent to facilitate trend analysis and comparison within and among countries. Therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion use should be recorded, along with route of administration and animal species and/or production class treated. The usage data should be compared to resistance data, and the comparison should be made available in a timely manner. In the United States, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria is performed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria, however, the United States still lacks a mechanism for collecting antimicrobial usage data. Combined with antimicrobial resistance information from NARMS, antimicrobial usage data will help to direct education efforts and policy decisions, minimizing the risk that people will develop antimicrobial resistant infections as a result of eating food of animal origin. Ultimately mitigation strategies guided by usage data will be more effective in maintaining antimicrobial drugs for appropriate veterinary use and in protecting human health.     

Characterization of backyard poultry production systems and disease risk in the central zone of Chile

Backyard poultry production systems (BPS) are an important and widespread form of poultry production. There is a common perception that biosecurity standards in BPS are generally poor and BPS are usually associated with animal diseases and zoonoses. In this study BPS were identified in the vicinity of six wetlands, having these a higher risk of presenting and introducing avian diseases such as HPAI and Newcastle disease, as defined by the national veterinary services, in to Chile's main poultry production area. BPS were characterized through a field questionnaire and the main areas covered by the survey were BPS structure, biosecurity and value chain. The BPS identified in this study share most characteristics on biosecurity, poultry management and product commercialization, but it was possible to identify a certain degree of variation within and among the study sites. BPS in Chile are similar to those in other regions, with a relatively small flock size (average 37 birds), a low level of biosecurity measures and lack of poultry disease management. Management findings include that most farmers used mixed/partial confinement, with low or no biosecurity and disease control measures in place. Eggs were the main output and were used mainly for home consumption or sale at local markets. Sick birds' treatment with drugs approved for other species or for human use could represent a risk to human health, owing to the possible presence of drug residues in poultry products. Despite the different structures of the poultry sector worldwide, BPS can play a major role in disease maintenance and spread because its management conditions characteristics and the lack of animal health services adapted to these production systems. This should be an alert message to the veterinary authorities to improve coverage of veterinary assistance and surveillance activities in backyard poultry production.     

Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance in critical care medicine

Objective: To review the human and companion animal veterinary literature on nosocomial infections and antimicrobial drug resistance as they pertain to the critically ill patient. Data sources: Data from human and veterinary sources were reviewed using PubMed and CAB. Human data synthesis: There is a large amount of published data on nosocomially‐acquired bloodstream infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections, and strategies to minimize the frequency of these infections, in human medicine. Nosocomial infections caused by multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens are a leading cause of increased patient morbidity and mortality, medical treatment costs, and prolonged hospital stay. Epidemiology and risk factor analyses have shown that the major risk factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance in critically ill human patients is heavy antibiotic usage. Veterinary data synthesis: There is a paucity of information on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance and nosocomially‐acquired infections in critically ill small animal veterinary patients. Mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance are universal, although the selection effects created by antibiotic usage may be less significant in veterinary patients. Future studies on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance in critically ill animals may benefit from research that has been conducted in humans. Conclusions: Antimicrobial use in critically ill patients selects for antimicrobial drug resistance and MDR nosocomial pathogens. The choice of antimicrobials should be prudent and based on regular surveillance studies and accurate microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drug resistance is becoming an increasing problem in veterinary medicine, particularly in the critical care setting, and institution‐specific strategies should be developed to prevent the emergence of MDR infections. The collation of data from tertiary‐care veterinary hospitals may identify trends in antimicrobial drug resistance patterns in nosocomial pathogens and aid in formulating guidelines for antimicrobial use.     

动物源性食品中多种兽药残留种类及检测方法

动物源食品中多种兽药残留主要是动物在生长和加工中额外添加。该种残留现象具有水平低、种类多、机制效应复杂的特点。针对该种动物制品在进行兽药残留检测中应综合运用新技术新方。目前在动物源食品中多种兽药残留检测中常用的技术为高效液相色谱质谱联合使用技术,该项技术具有检测灵敏度高,数据获取精准的特点,能对多种兽药残留情况进行定性定量的分析,在动物源食品多种兽药残留检测过程中应用较为广泛。该文主要论述动物源食品中多种兽药残留的种类及兽药残留检测技术。     

2019年我国兽用抗菌药物使用情况分析研究

对2019年国内兽用抗菌药物销量数据进行了统计分析,按照兽用抗菌药销售量等同于使用量的评价指标,结果发现,国内兽药使用总量为37159.12吨;其中,使用量最大的是四环素类,占比36.56%;促生长用抗菌药的用量为14871.05吨,占比48.12%;每吨动物产品兽用抗菌药使用量为160 g。与2018年相比,兽用抗菌药物使用量略有上升,每吨动物产品使用的抗菌药物量也同比增加,这提示我国兽用抗菌药物使用管理不能放松,减抗政策需继续实施,久久为功。     

中国与美国、欧盟、日本和CAC猪组织中兽药残留限量标准的对比研究

为便于中国兽药残留标准的改进和相关法规体系的建立提供参考,同时为中国畜产品贸易提供数据参考,保障人们的饮食安全,促进中国畜产品经济的更好发展,本研究首先对中国新国标GB 31650-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中兽药最大残留限量》中规定的猪组织中兽药残留种类和兽药最大残留限量（MRLs）标准进行了简单分析;然后对美国、欧盟、日本和食品法典委员会（CAC）规定的猪组织中兽药残留种类和兽药MRLs标准与中国新国标进行对比,通过对规定兽药总数、中国没有规定而其他标准有规定的兽药种类、其他标准严于中国标准的兽药种类等几项内容的比较,找出差异。结果显示,中国新国标做出了更加详细的补充和修改;从整体上来看,中国规定的猪组织中兽药MRLs标准越来越完善,大部分标准与欧盟、美国、日本和CAC规定标准的差距也越来越小,然而在部分种类兽药MRLs标准的规定方面和这些国家或组织仍有一定的差距。中国需加强与各个发达国家和组织的交流与合作,推进中国的兽药残留标准的发展,加快对动物产品质量安全标准的更新。     

食品动物兽药残留试验注册资料评审主要内容及常见问题

食品动物使用兽药后,肉蛋奶等动物性食品中兽药残留对消费者可能产生毒害作用,影响人类健康和消费安全,因此,控制动物性食品中兽药残留问题已成为兽药研发和保障食品安全的重要内容。食品动物兽药残留试验资料主要包括兽药最大残留限量标准、兽药残留检测方法标准和休药期确定三个方面内容。本文结合近年来食品动物兽药残留试验注册资料的评审主要内容及常见问题进行综述,旨在为食品动物用兽药的研发与注册提供参考。     

Uses of informatics to solve real world problems in veterinary medicine

Veterinary informatics is the science of structuring, analyzing, and leveraging information in an effort to advance animal health, disease surveillance, research, education, and business practices. Reference and terminology standards are core components of the informatics infrastructure. This paper focuses on three current activities that use reference standards in veterinary informatics: (1) the construction of a messaging standard in a national animal health laboratory network, (2) the creation of breed and species terminology lists for livestock disease surveillance, and (3) the development of a standardized diagnoses list for small animal practices. These and other endeavors will benefit from research conducted to identify innovative and superior tools, methods, and techniques. The authors believe there are many areas requiring study and special focus in order to advance veterinary informatics, and this paper highlights some of the needs and challenges surrounding these areas.     

Approaches in the safety evaluations of veterinary antimicrobial agents in food to determine the effects on the human intestinal microflora

The administration of antimicrobial agents to livestock creates potential for antibiotic residues to enter the food supply and be consumed by humans. Therefore, as a process of food animal drug registration, national regulatory agencies and international committees evaluate data regarding the chemical, microbiologic, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmacologic, toxicologic, and antimicrobial properties of veterinary drugs to assess the safety of ingested antimicrobial residues to consumers. Currently, European, Australian and United States guidelines for veterinary drug registration require a safety assessment of microbiologic hazards from consumption of antimicrobial residues taking into account the potentially adverse effects on human intestinal microflora. The main concerns addressed are selection of resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and disruption of the colonization barrier of the resident intestinal microflora. Current requirements differ among national agencies. Efforts are ongoing internationally to review and harmonize approaches and test methods and protocols for application to these microbiologic safety evaluations of antimicrobial drug residues in food. This review describes the background to current regulatory approaches used in applying in vitro and in vivo methods to set a microbiologic acceptable daily intake for residues in food derived from animals treated with an antimicrobial agent. This paper also examines the current research needs to support these evaluations.     

A human health risk assessment for macrolide-resistant Campylobacter associated with the use of macrolides in Danish pig production

In 2006, macrolides were withdrawn from the list of antibiotics recommended for veterinary treatment of diarrhoea in Danish pigs. The motive was to lower the antibiotic consumption in general and to mitigate the risk related to human infection with macrolide-resistant (Mres) Campylobacter. We subsequently conducted a risk assessment following international guidelines to address the risk for human health associated with usage of macrolides in Danish pigs. Data originated from surveillance programs, published papers, reports and statistics. Furthermore, an exposure model was built in @Risk. Mres Campylobacter is the hazard of interest. Data from different EU countries show that beef contains a very low prevalence (typically 0.1-1.1%) of Campylobacter; moreover, Mres is uncommon in Campylobacter isolates from cattle (between 0% and 6%). Beef was therefore left out of further analysis. For pork at retail, a high variation in the prevalence of Campylobacter has been reported within EU; but generally the prevalence is <10%, and the isolates are often Mres. EU data indicate that poultry meat harbor a high prevalence of Campylobacter (more more than 10%) with Mres at prevalence ranging from 0% to 8%. According to the exposure model - that included origin of meat as well as consumption patterns - most human cases of Mres campylobacteriosis (157 out of 186) was ascribed to imported meat. Only seven cases could be explained by veterinary usage of macrolides in Danish pigs. In general, human cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting, and it is questionable whether there is any excess risk related to infection with Mres Campylobacter compared to sensitive Campylobacter. In conclusion, the risk associated with veterinary use of macrolides in Danish pigs for the human health of Danes seemed to be low.