氟西汀和5-羟色胺对肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

为探讨5-羟色胺转载体(5-HTT)在肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征发病中的机制,采用MTT比色法、流式细胞术及Hoechst33258荧光染色法研究5-羟色胺(5-HT)和5-HTT抑制剂氟西汀对体外培养的肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMC)增殖与凋亡的影响,发现氟西汀能够抑制5-HT促PASMC增殖的作用;氟西汀能明显促进PASMC的凋亡,但氟西汀和5-HT共同作用于细胞,PASMC凋亡率明显少于氟西汀单独处理组。表明5-HTT在调节肉鸡PASMC的增殖和凋亡方面起重要作用,有可能参与肺动脉高压肉鸡肺血管重构的形成。     

五羟色胺对体外培养山羊黄体细胞增殖的影响

为了探讨5-羟色胺(5-HT)与山羊黄体细胞的生长是否存在密切的关联性,揭示其在黄体发育中的生物学作用,采用胶原酶Ⅱ消化法获得原代山羊黄体细胞并用催产素(OT)染色对细胞进行鉴定,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定不同浓度5-HT对山羊黄体细胞的影响,免疫组织化学染色法(SP法)检测山羊黄体细胞中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白的表达。MTT法结果显示,5-HT对山羊黄体细胞的增殖起到促进作用,促增殖的浓度范围在10~(-8) mol/L~10~(-4) mol/L,浓度越高,促增殖作用越明显。免疫组织化学染色法证实,5-HT能够使山羊黄体细胞中PCNA蛋白的表达增多。结果提示,5-HT可能是通过促进PCNA蛋白的表达来实现对山羊黄体细胞的促增殖作用。5-HT在黄体发生、发展过程中发挥的重要作用及相关分子机制的初步揭示都为生殖内分泌系统的研究奠定了理论基础。     

酶消化法分离培养肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞

试验旨在探讨胶原酶消化法分离并培养肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞(pul monary artery smooth muscle cell,PASMC)的方法。将1～7日龄雏鸡的肺动脉中膜剪成小于1 mm2的组织块,0.1%Ⅱ型胶原酶消化分离PASMC并进行原代培养和传代培养。倒置显微镜下观察培养细胞的形态,对培养细胞进行HE染色和光学显微镜观察,并采用抗α-肌动蛋白单克隆抗体(α-Smooth muscle actin)免疫组化染色法检测细胞胞浆内α-肌动蛋白的表达,用以鉴定所培养的细胞。结果表明,倒置显微镜下细胞为长梭形,呈典型的"峰—谷"状,未见明显异型细胞。α-actin胞浆染色阳性细胞数占总细胞数的97%以上。因此,胶原酶消化法可用于分离培养肉鸡PASMC,且有方法简单,成活细胞数多、传代周期短的特点,可用于肉鸡心血管疾病如肺动脉高压和肺血管重构的研究工作。     

DDR1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的调控作用

旨在通过干扰或过表达盘状蛋白结构域受体1（DDR1）基因,探讨其对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖、凋亡及周期的影响。本研究将DDR1基因小干扰RNA片段和过表达载体pcDNA3.1-DDR1转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,采用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测细胞中DDR1的干扰和过表达效果;利用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡（早凋、晚凋）的变化;利用qRT-PCR检测增殖与凋亡相关基因的表达情况。结果,在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中干扰DDR1基因后,其mRNA和蛋白表达分别下调94%和30%,而过表达DDR1基因后,其mRNA和蛋白表达分别上调68.24和1.38倍;干扰DDR1极显著抑制细胞的增殖（P<0.01）,细胞早凋与晚凋比例极显著上升（P<0.01）;干扰组G1期细胞比例极显著上升（P<0.01）,S期细胞比例极显著下降（P<0.01）,G2期细胞比例显著下降（P<0.05）,提示细胞阻滞在G0/G1期。相反,过表达DDR1能显著促进细胞增殖（P<0.05）,显著抑制细胞晚期凋亡（P<0.05）,G1期细胞比例极显著下降（P<0.01）,S期细胞比例极显著上升（P<0.01）,促进细胞由G1期向S期的转换。qRT-PCR检测结果显示,干扰DDR1后显著上调BAX、Caspase9基因的表达（P<0.05）,极显著上调P53、FAS基因的表达（P<0.01）,且显著下调PCNA、CyclinB1基因的表达（P<0.05）;过表达DDR1后,分别显著和极显著下调Cytc与BAX基因的表达（P<0.05,P<0.01）,并极显著上调CyclinB1基因的表达（P<0.01）。综上可见,DDR1能够调控奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖、凋亡和周期,可为阐明DDR1参与奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生长发育的分子机制提供参考。     

外源褪黑素对鹿茸软骨细胞生长发育的影响

试验旨在探讨褪黑素对体外培养的鹿茸软骨细胞增殖、周期及凋亡的影响。利用甲苯胺蓝、茜素红S、阿利新蓝染色鉴定软骨细胞,采用外源添加褪黑素的方法,用不同浓度（0、400、800、1 200、1 600和2 000 pg/mL）、不同时间（24、48和72 h）处理鹿茸软骨细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖。选取800 pg/mL褪黑素处理软骨细胞24 h,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的分布及细胞凋亡情况,采用ELISA试剂盒检测细胞培养液中睾酮含量。结果显示,经不同浓度的褪黑素处理鹿茸软骨细胞不同时间后,800 pg/mL褪黑素处理鹿茸软骨细胞24 h细胞活力极显著增加（P<0.01）。软骨细胞经褪黑素处理后,与对照组相比,褪黑素处理组细胞G1期比例显著降低（P<0.05）;G2期比例极显著增加（P<0.01）,细胞被阻滞在G2期;褪黑素处理组细胞早期凋亡率无显著变化（P>0.05）,晚期凋亡率显著下降（P<0.05）;ELISA检测睾酮分泌水平均显著上升（P<0.05）。综上,外源添加800 pg/mL褪黑素可以促进鹿茸软骨细胞的增殖,抑制软骨细胞的晚期凋亡,促进睾酮的分泌;以上结果可为阐明褪黑素参与鹿茸生长发育机制提供参考。     

5-羟色胺影响肠黏膜上皮细胞屏障的研究进展

5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）作为一种重要的神经递质和胞间信使,具有多种生物学功能。90%以上的5-HT分布在胃肠系统中,在胃肠系统中发挥重要的生理学功能,许多肠道疾病的发生与肠道中5-HT的表达量变化有关。5-HT影响肠黏膜上皮细胞的增殖和维持,同时升高肠黏膜通透性,间接促进杯状细胞黏液的分泌。其作用机制可能是5-HT刺激传入神经元,激活血管活性肠肽、乙酰胆碱的分泌,间接引起腹泻。作者对5-HT引起腹泻的原因,以及对肠黏膜上皮细胞生物学功能的影响作一综述,以期对腹泻等肠道性疾病诊疗具有一定指导作用。     

TGF-β1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

应用特异性方法检测转化生长因子(TGF-β1)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖和凋亡的作用,用不同浓度的TGF-β1作用于体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,在不同时间收集培养细胞及其培养液,应用MTT法检测细胞增殖、应用分光度法检测caspase-3活性、测定DNA片段化率法检测细胞凋亡。结果表明,1、5、10ng/mL TGF-β1试验组与对照组比较细胞增殖差异显著(P<0.05),随TGF-β1浓度增大抑制细胞增殖作用增强。细胞凋亡检测显示,1、5、10ng/mL TGF-β1试验组与对照组比较细胞凋亡差异均显著(P<0.05),随TGF-β1浓度增大促进细胞凋亡作用增强。TGF-β1可以抑制奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡及其凋亡相关因子的初步研究

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）是由镰刀菌属病原真菌产生的真菌毒素之一,在自然界广泛存在,可引起人畜中毒。为了解DON对血管内皮细胞的危害及其可能机制,本试验采用不同浓度的DON（0.25-10μg/mL）作用于猪髋动脉内皮细胞（PIEC）和人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）2种细胞24 h,倒置显微镜下观察其形态变化,MTT法测定细胞增殖的变化,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组织化学染色方法测定细胞凋亡过程中Caspase-9和Bax表达的变化。结果显示,高浓度DON可明显改变细胞的形态;不同浓度的DON均可抑制细胞的增殖;TUNEL凋亡检测结果显示,不同浓度的DON对这2种细胞均有诱导凋亡的作用;对于PIEC细胞,在DON浓度为0.5μg/mL时,凋亡率达到最高（71.74%）;HUVEC细胞则在DON浓度为5μg/mL时,凋亡率达到最高（26.61%）,此后随浓度的升高,凋亡率下降,可能与凋亡细胞崩解脱离细胞片有关。根据试验结果初步推断,DON诱导PIEC凋亡可能与Caspases途径有关,Bax在其中起到了一定的凋亡促进作用;而在诱导HUVEC细胞凋亡的过程中未检测到Caspase-9和Bax的变化,故认为DON诱导HUVEC细胞凋亡与Caspases途径和促凋亡因子Bax均无关。     

敲低SQLE基因对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

为了探讨角鲨烯环氧酶（squalene epoxidase,SQLE）基因对体外培养奶牛乳腺细胞凋亡及增殖的影响,本研究用RNAi技术敲低奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中SQLE基因;用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中SQLE基因及凋亡和周期相关基因的表达;用CCK-8法检测其对细胞增殖的影响;用周期和凋亡检测试剂盒筛选细胞,用流式细胞术准确计数处于不同周期的细胞数和凋亡细胞数。结果显示,奶牛乳腺上皮细胞转染siRNA后,SQLE基因相对表达量显著下降（P<0.05）,细胞增殖受到极显著抑制（P<0.01）;G1期细胞数量显著下降（P<0.05）,G2期细胞数量没有显著性改变,S期细胞数量显著上升（P<0.05）;肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员6（又称Fas或CD5）的相对表达量显著上升（P<0.05）,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂1B（cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B,P27）相对表达量显著上升（P<0.05）,而细胞周期素D1（Cyclin D1）、B淋巴细胞瘤因子2（B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2）、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂1A（cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A,P21）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bcl-2 associated X,apoptosis regulator,Bax）显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,敲低SQLE基因通过调节相关基因的表达抑制乳腺上皮细胞的增殖。     

鸡TGFβ1对MDCC-MSB1细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移与侵袭的影响

旨在探讨鸡TGFβ1对MDCC-MSB1细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移与侵袭的影响。作者将构建的鸡TGFβ1过表达载体、干扰表达载体以及相应阴性对照转染MDCC-MSB1细胞,然后检测转染后各组细胞鸡TGFβ1的表达水平、细胞增殖能力、细胞周期与凋亡,细胞的迁移与侵袭能力。结果显示,与相应阴性对照相比,转染TGFβ1过表达质粒可显著上调MDCC-MSB1细胞的TGFβ1表达水平,显著抑制MDCC-MSB1细胞的增殖,且使G1期细胞增加、S和G2期细胞减少,同时增加细胞凋亡率,降低细胞的迁移与侵袭能力;转染TGFβ1干扰表达质粒可显著下调MDCC-MSB1细胞的TGFβ1表达水平,显著促进MDCC-MSB1细胞的增殖,G1期细胞减少、S和G2期细胞增加,同时降低细胞凋亡率,增加细胞的迁移与侵袭能力。结果表明,鸡TGFβ1可抑制MDCC-MSB1细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭,促进其凋亡。     

Effects of s-allyl-L-cysteine on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse dentate gyrus

In this study, we investigated the effects of S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), a major sulfur-containing compound present in garlic, on Ki67- and doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells, which were used as a marker for cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, respectively, in the mouse dentate gyrus. SAC (300 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to 8-week-old mice once a day for 3 weeks. The animals were then sacrificed at 11 weeks of age. SAC administration significantly increased Ki67-positive nuclei and DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Furthermore, serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT(1A)) levels in the hippocampus were also increased. These results suggest that SAC significantly increased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation by increasing 5-HT(1A) levels in the dentate gyrus.     

肺动脉高压肉鸡肺小动脉中膜5-HT量及其与肺血管重构的关系

静脉注射纤维素粒子复制肉鸡肺动脉高压模型,观察肺小动脉中膜5-羟色胺(5-HT)表达和肺小动脉管壁病理形态学变化,探讨5-HT与肺血管重构的关系。80羽科宝肉鸡分为对照组(n=30)和试验组(n=50)。20日龄时,试验组每羽鸡静脉注射0.3 mL的纤维素悬液;对照组每羽鸡静脉注射等体积生理盐水。记录肺动脉高压综合征(PHS)发病率,并分别于21、28、35、42 d从各组随机抽样,测定右心室/全心室质量比(RV/TV)、红细胞压积(PCV)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肺小动脉管壁面积/管总面积(WA/TA)、平均中膜厚度(mMTPA)和肺厚壁末梢血管百分比(TWPV%);采用免疫组化方法标记5-HT,并用病理图像分析软件检测肺小动脉5-HT的量。结果表明:试验组肉鸡PHS发病率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);RV/TV值在35、42 d时显著升高(P<0.05);PCV在28、35 d时显著升高(P<0.05);Hb值在35 d时显著升高(P<0.05);血管mMTPA、WA/TA和TWPV%在35、42 d时均显著升高(P<0.05);肺小动脉5-HT含量升高,在各时间点均差异显著(P<0.05),且5-HT含量...     

Experimental reproduction of transmissible viral proventriculitis by infection of chickens with a novel adenovirus-like virus (isolate R11/3)

Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broiler chickens by eyedrop inoculation of adenovirus-like virus (AdLV), isolate R1 1/3. No clinical signs and no weight gain depression were observed in chickens inoculated with AdLV (R11/3); however, gross and microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were present in proventriculi of inoculated chickens. Proventriculi of AdLV (R11/3)-inoculated chickens were markedly enlarged, compared with sham-inoculated controls, by day 7 postinoculation (PI). Microscopic lesions in proventriculi of inoculated chickens were detected beginning on day 3 PI and consisted of degeneration and necrosis of glandular epithelium, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, replacement of glandular epithelium with ductal epithelium, and diffuse interstitial lymphoid infiltration; no microscopic lesions were observed in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) antigens were detected in proventriculi by immunohistochemistry on days 3-10 PI in inoculated SPF chickens and days 3-21 PI in inoculated commercial broiler chickens; no viral antigens were detected in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) was reisolated from proventriculi of inoculated SPF and commercial broiler chickens on days 5 and 7 PI. No virus, viral antigens, or lesions were detected in proventriculi collected from sham-inoculated chickens. These findings indicate an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP.     

Detection of chicken anemia virus in the gonads and in the progeny of broiler breeder hens with high neutralizing antibody titers

Previous evidence for the presence of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in the gonads of immune specific-pathogen-free chickens raised the question whether this occurs also in commercial breeders. The presence of CAV was investigated by nested PCR in the gonads and spleens of hens from two 55- and 59-week-old, CAV-vaccinated (flocks 2 and 3), and two 48- and 31-week-old non-vaccinated broiler breeder flocks (flocks 1 and 4). In addition, lymphoid tissues of 20-day-old embryos from these hens were also investigated for the presence of CAV. CAV was detected in the gonads and of 5/6 and 11/22 of the vaccinated hens and in some hens also in the spleen alone. Embryos from 7/8 and 5/18 of these hens were positive. In the non-vaccinated flocks, CAV was detected in the gonads of 11/34 and 10/10 hens in flocks 1 and 4, respectively. In addition, 11 birds in flock 1 had positive spleens. CAV DNA was detected in 3/11 and 2/10 of their embryos. CAV-positive gonads and embryos were detected in samples from hens with moderate as well as high VN antibody titers. Vaccinated chickens positive for CAV in the gonads and in their embryos had VN titers ranging from >1:512 to <1:2048. In non-vaccinated chickens, the VN titers of CAV positive chickens ranged from 1:128 to 1:4096. These results demonstrate that CAV genome can remain present in the gonads of hens in commercial broiler breeder flocks even in the presence of high neutralizing antibody titers that have been associated with protection against CAV vertical transmission. It also suggests that transmission to the progeny may occur irrespectively of the level of the humoral immune response in the hens.     

Pharmacological characterisation of the electrically evoked release of monoamines from chicken brain in vitro

1. A study was conducted to develop an in vitro model for examining the basal and electrical-stimulation-induced release of [3H]monoamines from chicken hyperstriatal neurones in order to demonstrate the presence of presynaptic autoreceptors for the three main monoamine transmitters: noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-HT. 2. Two sets of experiments were carried out: the first was to evaluate the effect of calcium and tetrodotoxin (TTX, sodium channel conductance inhibitor) in order to demonstrate that evoked release of monoamines was a consequence of exocytotic processes; the second to investigate the effect of selective agonists and antagonists on neurotransmitter release. 3. Ross and Cobb broiler chickens of either sex (approximately 7 to 8 weeks old) were used. Slices of hyperstriatal tissue were preincubated with [3H]noradrenaline, [3H]dopamine or [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), washed, perfused and electrically stimulated at three time points (S1, S2 and S3) which released [3H]noradrenaline, [3H]dopamine and [3H]5-HT, as determined by scintillation spectrometry. 4. When calcium was removed from, or TTX added to, the superfusion medium prior to and including the second period of electrical stimulation (S2) the evoked releases of [3H]noradrenaline, [3H]dopamine and [3H]5-HT at S2 were abolished. 5. In the presence of the selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist UK 14304 during the S2 period, the S2/S1 ratio was lower than the control ratio due to a reduction in the stimulated release of [3H]noradrenaline. The selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist RX 821002 blocked the UK 14304-induced reduction of evoked release and the S2/S1 ratio was similar to the control ratio. 6. The D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole reduced the S2/S1 ratio for [3H]dopamine release, an effect blocked by the antagonist AJ 76. The 5-HT1B receptor agonist CP 94253 during S2 reduced the S2/S1 ratio due to a reduction in evoked [3H]5-HT. This effect was blocked by the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist GR 55562. 7. The results demonstrate, for the first time, the functional presence of presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors, presynaptic 5-HT1B autoreceptors and presynaptic D2-like autoreceptors in broiler chicken hyperstriatal neurones in vitro.     

Evaluation of Salmonella serotype distributions from commercial broiler hatcheries and grower houses

By conventional trayliner (hatcheries) and drag swab assembly (broiler houses) culture methods, the isolation distribution of Salmonella serotypes from five commercial broiler hatcheries (three sample times) and 13 broiler farms (eight sample times) was evaluated. A total of 11 different Salmonella serotypes were isolated from hatcheries, with Salmonella heidelberg (9/30) and Salmonella kentucky (6/30) accounting for 50% of the total isolations. Of 700 chick paperpad trayliners sampled, regardless of lot (breeder flock source) or hatchery, 12% were positive for Salmonella. When 10 individual trayliners were cultured from individual lots (same breeder flock source), Salmonella was detected in 24/57 lots (42%). Multiple serotypes were simultaneously isolated from the same lot on three occasions (6%). Of the 21 lots that were serially sampled, the Salmonella serotype detected was different within lots eight times (38%) on at least one occasion of two or more sampling times. Of the 196 individual broiler houses sampled, 44 were positive for Salmonella (42%). Twelve different serotypes were isolated from broiler houses during this study. The serotypes isolated most frequently were S. heidelberg (34/94) and S. kentucky (22/94). These two serotypes accounted for 59.6% (56/94) of the total broiler house isolations. Of the 38 houses that were serially sampled, two or more serotypes were detected in the same broiler house on 20 occasions (53%). Of the 38 serially sampled houses (four or more times), a consistent Salmonella serotype was detected in five houses (13%). In only 5 of the 38 (13%) serially sampled houses did we fail to detect Salmonella on four or more samplings. No significant difference in Salmonella isolation frequency was observed between poultry houses using new or used litter. These data support previous findings indicating that paratyphoid Salmonella serotypes are prevalent in some broiler hatcheries and houses. Further, the observation of multiple serotypes simultaneously and serially isolated from the same breeder hatchery lots suggests that breeder flocks may be infected with more than one serotype, possibly providing a source for multiple serotype infections in progeny grower flocks.     

Effect of enzyme supplementation of a rye-based diet on xylanase activity in the small intestine of broilers,on intestinal crypt cell proliferation and on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of the birds

1. A study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility to peptic digestion of exogenous xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) from Trichoderma longibrachiatum, added to a rye-based diet for broiler chickens, in order to elucidate its possible site of action. 2. It was also designed to investigate the effects of the enzyme (plus exogenous protease EC 3.4-24.28) when added to a rye-containing diet (60% rye/kg diet) on crypt cell proliferation in the mucosa of the small intestine, on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the small intestine digesta and in portal blood and on nutrient digestibilities. 3. In Experiment 1, the enzymes were added at activities 10x and 30x those recommended in commercial practice, but in Experiment 2 the activities were the recommended levels. 4. A significant proportion (estimated to be 15 to 20%) of the xylanase added at the higher concentration (15,000 and 45,000 units/kg diet) remained active in the small intestine of the growing chicken. 5. The crypt cell proliferation rate in birds fed on the control diet (45 cells/2 h) was significantly higher than in birds fed on the diets supplemented with enzyme at the higher level (29 and 33 cells/ 2 h), but there was no significant effect on SCFA. In birds fed on the diet supplemented with enzyme at the commercial level there was no clear-cut effect on crypt cell proliferation but exogenous xylanase could be detected in the small intestine. Intestinal fluid viscosity was reduced and growth performance of the birds was improved by the supplementation with exogenous enzymes. 6. Part of the improvement in growth performance could be ascribed to a 25% increase in the digestibility of nitrogen and a doubling of the digestibility of fat.