不同麻醉方式对犬角膜移植眼压及术中并发症的影响

为了探讨不同麻醉方式对犬穿透性角膜移植手术眼压及并发症的影响.方法:本试验以扬州本地犬为试验动物,分别采用异氟烷吸入麻醉与速眠新配合氯胺酮肌肉注射麻醉进行穿透性角膜移植手术,测定麻醉前后眼压,并观察术中并发症.     

三种麻痹诱导方法对杂种犬吸入麻醉的影响

为评价3种麻醉诱导方法在吸入麻醉中对试验犬麻醉效果的影响.本试验将15只杂种犬,分为A、B、C3组,每组5只.A组为盐酸氯胺酮、速眠新Ⅱ组,B组为戊巴比妥钠组,C组为盐酸氯胺酮、地西泮注射液组,各组在诱导麻醉后行气管插管,应用异氟烷进行吸入麻醉,在不同时间点对试验犬的心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、...     

犬异氟烷吸入麻醉的模型建立

通过采用异氟烷对犬进行吸入麻醉和麻醉监测,探讨异氟烷对犬合理的吸入麻醉方式以便进行复杂的外科手术。在以注射丙泊酚3 mg/kg体重进行诱导麻醉的条件下,通过选取异氟烷为1%,1.5%,2%,2.5%,3%,4%6个浓度点对8只实验犬进行吸入麻醉,并进行麻醉监测,结果显示:随着异氟烷浓度增加,犬的呼吸次数逐渐降低,心率减慢,血氧饱和度下降。浓度为4%时,8只犬血氧饱和度均低于85%,缺氧严重;浓度为2.5%~3%时,麻醉迅速但持续时间不宜过长,当浓度为1%~2%时,进入麻醉状态慢,但对犬心脏和肺抑制作用小。     

犬眠宝异氟醚麻醉及手术对犬血浆中T3、T4影响

为了观察犬眠宝注射麻醉和异氟醚吸入麻醉对经历去势术犬血浆中甲状腺激素T3、T4的影响,试验将20只实验犬随机均分为犬眠宝注射麻醉组(Q组)和异氟醚吸入麻醉组(I组),每组10只。两组分别进行犬去势术,术中进行麻醉监测,并采静脉血,用放射性免疫法(RIA),检测血浆的含量,测定血浆中的T3、T4。试验结果表明,犬眠宝、异氟醚麻醉及手术对犬血浆中T3、T4的影响具有相似之处,均表现为术中升高,术后持续降低直至48h恢复到麻醉前水平。     

速眠新与氯胺酮复合麻醉对犬呼吸循环的影响

为观察速眠新、速眠新与氯胺酮复合麻醉时犬呼吸循环的影响,20只成年健康犬分为速眠新组和速眠新与氯胺酮复合组,各10只.速眠新组诱导时肌肉注射速眠新0.1 mL/kg;速眠新与氯胺酮复合组采用速眠新与氯胺酮肌肉注射,速眠新与氯胺酮配比度为1:2,给药量为0.2 mL/kg.术前监测诱导前、后呼吸频率(RR)、通气量(VE)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、呼气末二氧化碳(P_(ET)CO_2)、心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP)等参数.结果表明,速眠新组诱导后1 min RR、SpO_2比诱导前显著下降(P<0.05),VE下降非常显著(P<0.01),MAP、HR均低于诱导前(P<0.05).速眠新与氯胺酮诱导前、后呼吸循环参数之间无显著变化(P>0.05).     

三种麻醉诱导方法对杂种犬吸入麻醉的影响

为评价3种麻醉诱导方法在吸入麻醉中对试验犬麻醉效果的影响。本试验将15只杂种犬,分为A、B、C 3组,每组5只。A组为盐酸氯胺酮、速眠新Ⅱ组,B组为戊巴比妥钠组,C组为盐酸氯胺酮、地西泮注射液组,各组在诱导麻醉后行气管插管,应用异氟烷进行吸入麻醉,在不同时间点对试验犬的心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、体温(TPR)、心电(ECG)进行监测,监测各时间点参数应用SPSS13.0软件进行统计并与A组数据相比较。试验结果表明,B、C两组与A组在麻醉后的心率、诱导5 min后的血氧、试验犬诱导期差异显著P<0.05,A组麻醉诱导剂对试验犬存在心率抑制作用,部分试验犬出现心电延迟;3组试验犬诱导期为B相似文献   

右美托咪定复合利多卡因持续输注对犬异氟烷麻醉的影响

为了减小异氟烷麻醉的不良反应,获得良好的麻醉效果,探讨了盐酸右美托咪定和利多卡因复合静脉输注对异氟烷麻醉效果的影响。将12只临床健康的小型成年犬随机分为单一异氟烷(13mL/L)维持麻醉组(ISO)和右美托咪定(每小时2μg/kg静脉输注)-利多卡因(每小时50μg/kg静脉输注)-异氟烷(7.5mL/L)复合维持麻醉组(LDI)。两组犬均采用相同的麻醉前处理并辅助机械通气,麻醉维持时间1h,并监测和记录各项麻醉相关指标。结果显示,与ISO组相比,复合麻醉组犬只能更快地进入麻醉稳定期(P0.01),镇静、镇痛和肌松效果更好(P0.05),恢复苏醒的时间也更短(P0.01);期间动物心率明显降低(P0.01),但血压和血气离子浓度变化相对稳定。此外,心脏出现的代偿性扩张(P0.05)和血液动力学变化并未明显影响心脏的收缩和射血功能,均在临床可接受范围内。结果表明,盐酸右美托咪定和利多卡因复合用药可减少异氟烷的使用浓度,提供稳定的麻醉效果,动物的苏醒质量更佳,可以用于临床麻醉。     

异氟烷联用速眠新Ⅱ对西藏小型猪麻醉效果的观察

为了获得对西藏小型猪安全、高效、稳定的麻醉效果,创造良好的外科手术环境,试验采用肌肉注射速眠新Ⅱ(0.1 mL/kg)行诱导麻醉和吸入异氟烷行维持麻醉的联合麻醉方法对10头行氩氦刀冷冻术的西藏小型猪进行麻醉,观察以速眠新Ⅱ作为诱导麻醉对西藏小型猪的麻醉效果以及异氟烷在手术过程中的使用量、镇痛效果、呼吸频率和心率变化及术后苏醒情况。结果表明:速眠新Ⅱ应用于西藏小型猪可达到诱导麻醉的预期效果,手术过程中异氟烷平均吸入浓度为1.78%,西藏小型猪平均心率为69次/min,平均呼吸频率为19次/min,氧饱和度范围值是95%～100%,麻醉过程中未出现麻醉死亡。说明异氟烷联用速眠新Ⅱ是一种较理想的麻醉方法,可应用于长时间的手术过程。     

七氟醚氟烷异氟醚对犬心脏功能影响的临床比较

为评价七氟醚对心脏功能的影响。并与氟烷和异氟醚作比较，对动物医院就诊、心肺功能正常、拟作手术治疗的8例患犬进行麻醉试验，所有犬均以l-美散痛和安定和为麻醉前给药，分别以1.5%七氟醚、1.0%七氟醚与66.7%笑气、1.0%氟烷、1.5%异氟醚维持手术麻醉，并作人工呼吸，各组均未观察到心律异常，手术麻醉期间，七氟醚组犬心率降幅（4.73%）低于异氟醚组（9.74%)或氟烷组（10.23%)。七氟醚组、氟烷组和异氟醚组的收缩压/舒张压轻度升高（七氟醚3.38%/11.93%氟烷6.09%/9.09%，异氟醚4.82%/6.25%)。而七氟醚与笑气组的收缩压/舒张压则降低（6.84%/5.73%)。证实七氟醚应为临床首选的吸入麻醉剂。     

不同麻醉剂对代孕母猪胚胎移植麻醉效果的影响

研究旨在探究不同麻醉剂对代孕母猪胚胎移植麻醉效果的影响,选出最适合代孕母猪胚胎移植的麻醉剂。选择1 567头代孕母猪,采用静脉注射方式注射丙泊酚进行诱导麻醉,分别使用丙泊酚、氯胺酮和异氟烷等3种麻醉药物维持麻醉进行胚胎移植手术,记录麻醉剂的用量及手术时间。结果显示,使用丙泊酚进行麻醉平均所需丙泊酚用量为51.8 mL,平均手术时间为38.0 min;使用丙泊酚+氯胺酮进行麻醉平均所需丙泊酚用量为14.4 mL,平均所需氯胺酮用量为24.0 mL,平均手术时间为33.8 min;使用丙泊酚+异氟烷进行麻醉平均所需丙泊酚用量为31.3 mL,平均所需异氟烷用量为33.0 mL,平均手术时间为26.0 min。研究表明,与其他两组相比,使用丙泊酚+异氟烷麻醉效果好、麻醉风险低、手术时间短,更适用于代孕母猪胚胎移植手术。     

Hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in goats

OBJECTIVE: To determine hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in young healthy goats. DESIGN: Randomized prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 24 healthy 9-month-old female goats. PROCEDURE: Goats were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride and anesthetized with halothane (n = 12) or isoflurane (12) while undergoing tendon surgery. End-tidal halothane and isoflurane concentrations were maintained at 0.9 and 1.2 times the minimal alveolar concentrations, respectively, and ventilation was controlled. Venous blood samples were collected approximately 15 minutes after xylazine was administered and 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities and bilirubin concentration were measured. Goats were euthanatized 25 or 62 days after anesthesia, and postmortem liver specimens were submitted for histologic examination. RESULTS: All goats recovered from anesthesia and survived until euthanasia. Serum SDH, GGT, and ALP activities and bilirubin concentration did not increase after anesthesia, but serum AST activity was significantly increased. However, serum hepatic enzyme activities were within reference limits at all times in all except 1 goat in which serum AST activity was high 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia. This goat had been anesthetized with halothane and had the longest duration of anesthesia. No clinically important abnormalities were seen on histologic examination of liver specimens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that use of halothane or isoflurane for anesthesia in young healthy goats is unlikely to cause hepatic injury.     

A comparison of the immunological effects of propofol and isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia in healthy dogs

Most anesthetics have an immuno-suppressive effect on cellular and neurohumoral immunity, and research shows that total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol has a greater immuno-protective effect than inhalational anesthesia in human medicine. However, in veterinary clinics, these effects remain ambiguous. To clarify the details, we focused on propofol and isoflurane, investigating clinical blood hematology and immunological profiles drawn from healthy dogs under and after two anesthesia techniques. Twelve healthy adult beagles were included in this study, randomly assigned to the propofol anesthesia group (group P: n=6) or the isoflurane anesthesia group (group I: n=6). In both groups, the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood decreased after 2 hr of anesthesia (2 hr), but group P showed significantly less decrease than group I. For T-lymphocyte subsets examined by flowcytometry, the ratio of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of group P at 2 hr also exhibited a high level compared to group I. Moreover, for mRNA expression of cytokines measured by real-time PCR, the IL2 (pro-inflammatory cytokine) of group P showed no decrease like group I. The IL10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) of group P also showed no increase like group I, while both cytokines maintained nearly the same level until 2 hr. These results suggest that, compared to propofol, isoflurane had more strongly immuno-suppression caused by anesthesia, and propofol itself might have some immuno-protective effects. Thus, TIVA with propofol might benefit immunological support in the perioperative period of dogs.     

Ketamine and the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine in cats anesthetized with halothane and isoflurane

Epinephrine-induced arrhythmias were studied in 4 cats (group A), using a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Each cat was anesthetized 4 times, 1 week apart, with halothane (1.5% end expired), isoflurane (2.0% end expired), and halothane or isoflurane preceded by ketamine administered IM (8.8 mg/kg). Lead II of the ECG and femoral artery pressure were recorded. Epinephrine was infused in progressively doubled rates (initial rate = 0.125 micrograms/kg/min) for a maximum of 2.5 minutes or until at least 4 ventricular premature depolarizations occurred within 15 s of each other. The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE; micrograms/kg) was calculated as the product of infusion rate and time to arrhythmia. The ADE (means +/- SD) during anesthesia with halothane alone and with ketamine-halothane anesthesia were 1.33 +/- 0.65 and 1.37 +/- 0.59 micrograms/kg, respectively; during anesthesia with isoflurane alone and ketamine-isoflurane anesthesia, the ADE were 9.34 +/- 1.29 and 16.16 +/- 3.63 micrograms/kg, respectively. The ADE was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) during isoflurane anesthesia and ketamine-isoflurane anesthesia than during halothane anesthesia. The percentages of change in systolic blood pressure (means +/- SD) at the ADE during halothane, ketamine-halothane, isoflurane, and ketamine-isoflurane were 31 +/- 34, 41 +/- 17, 127 +/- 27, and 148 +/- 57, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure, eye position, and blood pressure in eucapnic and hypocapnic isoflurane-anesthetized dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure (IOP), eye position, and arterial blood pressure in eucapnic and hypocapnic dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. ANIMALS: 16 dogs. PROCEDURE: Ventilation during anesthesia was controlled to maintain Paco2 at 38 to 44 mm Hg in group- I dogs (n = 8) and 26 to 32 mm Hg in group-II dogs (8). Baseline measurements for IOP, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Responses to peroneal nerve stimulation were monitored by use of a force-displacement transducer. Atracurium (0.2 mg/kg) was administered i.v. and measurements were repeated at 1, 2, 3, and 5 minutes and at 5-minute intervals thereafter for 60 minutes. RESULTS: Atracurium did not affect IOP, HR, or CVP Group II had higher CVP than group I, but IOP was not different. There was no immediate effect of atracurium on arterial blood pressure. Arterial blood pressure increased gradually over time in both groups. Thirty seconds after administration of atracurium, the eye rotated from a ventromedial position to a central position and remained centrally positioned until 100% recovery of a train-of-four twitch response. The time to 100% recovery was 53.1 +/- 5.3 minutes for group I and 46.3 +/- 9.2 minutes for group II. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Atracurium did not affect IOP or arterial blood pressure in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Hyperventilation did not affect IOP or the duration of effect of atracurium.     

Effects of Halothane, Enflurane, and Isoflurane on Supraventricular and Ventricular Rate in Dogs With Complete Atrioventricular Block

Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was produced in 32 chloralose-anesthetized autonomically intact dogs to determine the effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on supraventricular and ventricular rate. Halothane (n = 17), enflurane (n = 6), and isoflurane (n = 9) were administered in three separate experiments in sequential minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0. Supraventricular rate, ventricular rate, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured and recorded at baseline and after a 20-minute equilibration period of each inhalation anesthetic at each MAC multiple. Increasing concentrations of enflurane and isoflurane significantly decreased supraventricular rate ( P < .05). Ventricular rate was not significantly changed by sequential MAC multiples of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. Increasing concentrations of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane significantly decreased MAP with enflurane producing the most significant decrease ( P < .05). Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 5 of 17 dogs anesthetized with halothane and 1 of 9 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Inhalation anesthesia can significantly decrease supraventricular rate and MAP, does not alter ventricular rate, and can produce ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with complete AV block.     

速眠新和异氟烷对蟒蛇的全麻效果研究

本试验通过使用速眠新和异氟烷两种常用全身麻醉剂对缅甸蟒的麻醉效果进行了研究。对15条蟒蛇肌肉注射和腹腔注射(0.1、0.2、0.4 mL/kg)速眠新麻醉剂和对6条蟒蛇使用异氟烷吸入性麻醉后,进行麻醉效果的评估。试验结果表明,常规动物2~4倍的速眠新Ⅱ注射剂对蟒蛇的麻醉效果不明显;4%的异氟烷吸入性麻醉剂可用于蟒蛇的诱导麻醉,2.5%的异氟烷可用于蟒蛇的维持麻醉,其麻醉效果显著,具有诱导麻醉迅速、维持麻醉稳定、肌松作用好、安全性高、可控性强、苏醒快、副作用小等优点。结果显示,异氟烷吸入性麻醉剂可运用于蟒蛇的临床麻醉保定中。     

Comparison of cardiopulmonary effects of isoflurane and halothane after atropine-guaifenesin-thiamylal anesthesia for rumenotomy in steers

Cardiopulmonary effects were assessed in 12 yearling steers anesthetized with guaifenesin and thiamylal sodium, intubated, and allowed to breathe isoflurane or halothane in oxygen spontaneously. Light surgical anesthesia, determined using eye position as a clinical indication of anesthetic depth, was maintained during surgical placement of a rumen cannula. Heart rate and respiratory rate were measured while the steers were standing quietly (baseline). Atropine (0.06 mg/kg of body weight, IM) was given after baseline measurements were taken. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, pHa, PaCO2, PaO2, arterial [HCO3-], esophageal temperature, and end-tidal anesthetic concentration were measured every 15 minutes for 90 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) above baseline in the isoflurane group at 15 and 30 minutes. Mean respiratory rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) above baseline in the halothane group at 45 minutes. At 45 minutes, mean respiratory rate was lower (P less than 0.05) in the isoflurane group, compared with that in the halothane group. Mean values for arterial blood pressures and arterial gases were similar for both agents at comparable times. Mean end-tidal isoflurane concentrations were less than mean end-tidal halothane concentrations at each comparable time during maintenance of similar anesthetic depth. Maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane resulted in higher heart rates and lower respiratory rates, compared with maintenance of anesthesia with halothane in these steers.     

Effect of medetomidine administration on bispectral index measurements in dogs during anesthesia with isoflurane

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between bispectral index (BIS) and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of isoflurane after IM injection of medetomidine or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in anesthetized dogs. ANIMALS: 6 dogs. PROCEDURE: Each dog was anesthetized 3 times with isoflurane. First, the MAC of isoflurane for each dog was determined by use of the tail clamp method. Second, anesthetized dogs were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of medetomidine (8 microg x kg(-1)) or an equal volume of isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution 30 minutes prior to beginning BIS measurements. Last, anesthetized dogs received the remaining treatment (medetomidine or isotonic saline solution). Dogs were anesthetized at each of 4 MAC multiples of isoflurane. Ventilation was controlled and atracurium (0.2 mg/kg followed by 6 microg/kg/min as a continuous infusion, IV) administered. After a 20-minute equilibration period at each MAC multiple of isoflurane, BIS data were collected for 5 minutes and median values of BIS calculated. RESULTS: BIS significantly decreased with increasing MAC multiples of isoflurane over the range of 0.8 to 2.0 MAC. Mean (+/- SD) MAC of isoflurane was 1.3 +/- 0.2%. During isoflurane-saline anesthesia, mean BIS measurements at 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MAC were 65 +/- 8, 60 +/- 7 52 +/- 3, and 31 +/- 28, respectively. During isoflurane-medetomidine anesthesia, mean BIS measurements at 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MAC were 77 +/- 4, 53 +/- 7, 31 +/- 24, and 9 +/- 20, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: BIS monitoring in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane has a predictive value in regard to degree of CNS depression. During isoflurane anesthesia, our results support a MAC-reducing effect of medetomidine.     

Clinical investigations of halothane and isoflurane for induction and maintenance of foal anesthesia

Fifty-eight foals were divided into two groups for study of aspects of the clinical anesthetic management of foals and to characterize effects of halothane (n = 30) and isoflurane (n = 28) in foals. There were no significant differences (P greater than 0.05) in the demographics of the two groups. Results of hemograms and biochemical analysis of venous blood samples before and after anesthesia were either not influenced or only mildly (clinically unimportant) affected by either agent. Like adult horses, foals have an increased PaCO2 when anesthetized with inhaled anesthetics. We could detect no difference in the magnitude of increase in PaCO2 with either anesthetic. Anesthetic induction and recovery was most rapid with isoflurane. The quality of induction and recovery was similarly acceptable with either agent. Heart rate during isoflurane was not significantly different from conscious conditions but during halothane, heart rate was significantly less than control except at 91-120 min when statistical significance was not detected. These results support the clinical impression that foals can be safely and reliably anesthetized with either agent.     

Effect of butorphanol administration on cardiovascular parameters in isoflurane-anesthetized horses - a retrospective clinical evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine cardiovascular responses to administration of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of anesthetic records. ANIMALS: Seventy-six horses anesthetized for a variety of clinical surgical procedures. METHODS: Anesthetic records of clinical equine patients anesthetized between January 1999 and December 2003 were searched. The records were reviewed for horses in which anesthesia was induced with ketamine and a benzodiazepine and maintained with isoflurane, and horses that received butorphanol intraoperatively. Exclusion criteria included horses in which the rate of infusion of an inotrope or end-tidal isoflurane concentration was changed 10 minutes before or after the butorphanol bolus. The horses were separated into two groups: group 1 horses received butorphanol at intervals as part of a balanced protocol, group 2 horses had > or = 10% increase in heart rate (HR) or blood pressure within 10 minutes prior to butorphanol administration. RESULTS: Eighty-nine butorphanol administration events matched the criteria for inclusion, 49 in group 1 and 40 in group 2. There were no significant changes after butorphanol administration in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR) in group 1, or in end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration or hemoglobin oxygen saturation in either group. There were significant decreases in SAP (p < 0.0001), MAP (p < 0.0005), and DAP (p < 0.0008) after butorphanol administration in group 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results presented here confirm that butorphanol can be administered to horses during isoflurane anesthesia without adverse effects on HR and arterial blood pressure. The results imply that butorphanol can deepen the plane of anesthesia and obtund sympathetic stimulation from a surgical procedure.