混菌固态发酵对豆粕营养特性的影响

利用枯草芽孢杆菌1.0892和米曲霉2.0951混合发酵豆粕,在优化发酵底物组成和发酵条件后,对发酵前后豆粕中各种营养成分进行对比,结果表明:发酵后豆粕中大豆多肽、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙和磷含量显著提高(P0.05),真蛋白、粗纤维和粗灰分含量显著降低(P0.05);发酵后豆粕中胰蛋白酶抑制因子显著减少(P0.05),并且还富含各种活性酶。     

混合菌发酵稻草室温条件的研究

试验采用正交设计的方法,确定了康氏木霉、白腐菌、酵母菌混菌发酵的最佳培养基,然后通过单因素筛选出混菌最优的培养条件,结果表明:康氏木霉和酵母菌组,白腐菌和酵母菌组可以兼容共生,康氏木霉和白腐菌组有一定拮抗作用,但通过混合菌种优化条件的筛选,能降低拮抗。即混合发酵稻草最优培养基组成为稻草:麸皮6:4,尿素2%,营养液60%。混合菌种接种量为2 ml,接种比例1:2:1(康氏木霉:白腐菌:酵母菌)、培养6 d,发酵最终产物中粗蛋白含量从3.49%增加到16.59%,粗纤维含量从44.56%下降到23.17%。     

黑水虻幼虫处理豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕对抗营养因子和小肽的影响

为了降低饼粕原料中抗营养因子的含量,同时提高其小肽的含量,我们利用黑水虻幼虫分别处理未发酵与发酵的豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕,并对结果进行单因素方差分析。研究发现:与空白豆粕组相比,添加了200只黑水虻幼虫的发酵豆粕中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子、β-伴大豆球蛋白、总戊聚糖和植酸的含量分别下降了63%、59%、4%和63%,而小肽和粗蛋白的含量分别增加了657%和2%;添加了200只黑水虻幼虫的发酵棉籽粕中粗蛋白和小肽的含量分别增加了11%和630%,植酸、单宁和游离棉酚的含量分别下降了87%、30%和81%;添加了200只黑水虻的发酵菜籽粕中粗蛋白和小肽含量分别增加3%和468%,植酸、单宁、噁唑烷硫酮的含量分别下降98%、50%和99%。同时,在发酵饼粕(豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕)中加入黑水虻幼虫处理后,样品的平均重量分别降低了0.81 g/50 g、1.5 g/50 g和3.8 g/50 g。     

发酵蛋白饲料及应用

<正>1发酵豆粕豆粕是大豆经浸提脱油后的副产品,是畜禽最重要的植物性蛋白源,其粗蛋白含量高,可达到43%～48%;其必需氨基酸含量丰富,并有较平衡的氨基酸组成。但由于豆粕中存在大豆抗原蛋白、植酸、胃肠胀气因子等热稳定性因子,大豆凝集素、胰蛋白酶抑制因子,脲酶、脂肪氧化酶等热不稳定性抗营养因     

高产蛋白酶酵母菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺优化

本试验研究了高产蛋白酶酵母菌在不同条件下对发酵豆粕品质的影响。以蛋白酶活性为指标，对豆粕发酵的时间、含水量、菌液接种量和葡萄糖添加量进行优化，根据单因素试验结果设计正交试验，探究高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵对豆粕中蛋白酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶、果胶酶活性和粗蛋白质、小分子多肽、胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量的影响。结果表明，单因素试验条件下，分别在含水量50%、菌液添加量4%、葡萄糖添加量1.5%时发酵豆粕具有最高的蛋白酶活性。以单因素试验结果设计正交试验，与对照组相比，9个试验组蛋白酶活性增长100.56%~380.13%、纤维素酶活性增长2.67%~81.77%、植酸酶活性增长53.89%~252.81%、果胶酶活性增长13.84%~70.83%、小分子多肽增长574.67%~1 981.08%、粗蛋白质含量增长9.24%~16.49%、胰蛋白抑制剂含量降低7.36%~67.39%。高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵豆粕可以显著提升其营养价值，降低抗营养因子含量。使用高产蛋白酶酵母菌对豆粕进行发酵，若需要发酵豆粕中水解酶活性最高，发酵条件为葡萄糖1%、混合菌液2%，含水量45%，在室温下发酵5 d；需要粗蛋白质、多肽含量以及胰蛋白酶抑制剂降低率最高时，发酵条件为葡萄糖2%、混合菌液4%，含水量55%，在室温下发酵5 d。     

不同发酵条件对发酵豆粕营养成分的影响

试验评定几种不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的感观品质,并测定豆粕和4种不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和粗纤维含量,旨在探讨发酵及发酵条件对豆粕营养成分的影响。试验结果表明:1)豆粕发酵后,pH下降,气味酸香,色泽较好;2)发酵后,豆粕的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量提高,适宜的发酵条件可明显提高发酵豆粕的粗蛋白含量;3)不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量不同;4)不同发酵条件的发酵豆粕的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗灰分和粗纤维含量不同。     

不同菌种发酵湿豆粕指标对比试验报告

研究不同菌种发酵豆粕发酵指标,可以改进发酵豆粕工艺或选用合适类型的发酵豆粕。笔者分别用乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌+复合蛋白酶以及枯草芽孢杆菌+复合蛋白酶发酵豆粕,在3个周期内,每组分别测定发酵豆粕的粗蛋白质含量、酸溶蛋白含量、总酸含量、还原糖含量、消化率、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、植酸含量、大豆抗原蛋白含量等指标。结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌提高粗蛋白含量最优,乳酸菌发酵豆粕产酸量最高,枯草芽孢杆菌和复合蛋白酶制剂提高酸溶蛋白含量作用明显,枯草芽孢杆菌和复合蛋白酶制剂发酵豆粕抗营养因子含量显著降低。     

发酵蛋白饲料及其应用

<正>1发酵豆粕豆粕是大豆经浸提脱油后的副产品,是畜禽最重要的植物性蛋白源,其粗蛋白含量高,可达到43%～48%;其必需氨基酸含量丰富,并有较平衡的氨基酸组成。但由于豆粕中存在大豆抗原蛋白、植酸、胃肠胀气因子等热稳定性因子,大豆凝集素、胰蛋白酶抑制因子,脲酶、脂肪氧化酶等热不稳定性抗营养因     

玉米芯发酵生产单细胞蛋白初步研究

以玉米芯为发酵原料,选用酵母菌、绿色木霉、黑曲霉进行单菌固态发酵。结果表明,发酵后玉米芯粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量增加,粗纤维含量明显降低（绿色木霉、黑曲霉组）,且与对照组差异显著（P〈0.05）。其中酵母菌发酵产物的粗蛋白质含量提高5.75%、粗脂肪提高0.28%、还原糖降低0.32%、纤维素降低2.56%;绿色木霉发酵产物的粗蛋白质含量提高1.75%、粗脂肪提高0.34%、还原糖提高0.34%、纤维素降低5.20%;黑曲霉发酵产物的粗蛋白质含量提高3.29%、粗脂肪提高0.22%、还原糖提高1.52%、纤维素降低7.74%。     

乳酸菌发酵豆粕工艺参数优化及其对豆粕营养成分的影响

试验旨在研究乳酸菌发酵豆粕工艺参数优化及其对豆粕营养成分的影响。采用单因素试验和正交试验探究发酵时间、发酵温度、乳酸菌粉接种量、液料比对发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量的影响,优化发酵工艺参数,比较最优工艺条件下发酵前后豆粕中各营养成分的差异。结果显示,影响发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量的因素排序为发酵时间>乳酸菌粉接种量>发酵温度>液料比,最优工艺参数为发酵温度32℃、乳酸菌粉接种量1.5%、发酵时间72 h和液料比0.8 L/kg。在最佳工艺条件下,发酵后豆粕中粗蛋白含量达49.64%。与发酵前相比,发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量显著高于发酵前（P<0.05）,胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量降解率达97.32%(P<0.05)。研究表明,利用乳酸菌对豆粕进行固态发酵可进一步有效改善豆粕营养价值,提高豆粕利用率。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.