大鼠感染微小隐孢子虫后肝、脾和胰腺的病理学变化

60只SPF级SD大鼠随机分成地塞米松免疫抑制感染组和对照组（n=30）,免疫抑制感染组大鼠一次接种1×106个/L微小隐孢子虫卵囊液1mL,空白对照组接种1mL灭菌生理盐水。于试验结束后宰杀大鼠,立即解剖取肝脏、脾和胰腺,Bouin液固定,常规石蜡切片,HE染色,奥林巴斯显微摄影系统观察并显微摄影。结果显示：感染组大鼠肝脏组织肝小叶分界不明显,中央静脉淤血水肿,没有清晰的肝细胞索和肝血窦,呈空泡样病变;肝细胞广泛水泡变性和气球样变,肝血窦充血,肝小叶内有大的纤维性坏死灶。隐孢子虫感染可引起脾脏的脾小结体积变小,边缘区变薄,动脉周围淋巴鞘变薄,脾索变得狭窄、紧缩,脾窦内充血。试验组大鼠的胰腺组织胰岛缩小;内分泌细胞构成的卵圆形细胞团内毛细血管萎缩;胰岛细胞排列紊乱;腺泡细胞溶解变性。     

微小隐孢子虫感染对大鼠血液部分生理生化指标的影响

90只SPF级SD系大鼠随机分为空白对照组、免疫抑制对照组、免疫抑制微小隐孢子虫感染组(n=30)。免疫抑制感染组大鼠一次性接种1×106/L微小隐孢子虫卵囊液1mL,对照组接种1mL的生理盐水。于0,2,7,13,19d采集血样,检测大鼠血液红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白含量及大鼠血清总蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、甘油三酯、尿酸、总胆固醇、血糖含量变化,以研究微小隐孢子虫感染对大鼠血液部分生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:大鼠感染微小隐孢子虫后,对大鼠血液生理指标有一定的影响,但对生化指标没有明显的影响。     

微小隐孢子虫感染对大鼠心、脑抗氧化功能的影响

80只SPF级SD系大鼠随机分成地塞米松免疫抑制感染组和对照组(n=40),免疫抑制感染组大鼠一次性接种1×106/L微小隐孢子虫卵囊液1 mL,对照组接种1 mL生理盐水.于感染前(0 d)和感染后2,7,13,19 d分别宰杀10只大鼠,采集心脏、大脑,检测其GSH-Px、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、总SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量的变化.结果表明,与对照组相比,大鼠感染微小隐孢子虫后,心脏组织的GSH-Px、总SOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD和CAT活性极显著下降(P＜0.01);DA含量极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).脑组织的GSH-Px、总SOD活性在感染后与对照组相比极显著下降(P＜0.01);DA含量在感染后极显著升高(P＜0.01),而脑组织CAT活性在感染后变化不明显.     

硝唑尼特抗免疫抑制小鼠隐孢子虫活性试验

研究硝唑尼特抗隐孢子虫的活性,采用地塞米松抑制昆明鼠免疫功能,经口接种感染微小隐孢子虫孢子化卵囊,成功制备出微小隐孢子虫感染的动物模型。将感染微小隐孢子虫的小鼠随机分为感染对照组以及高、中、低剂量3个药物剂量组,连续经口灌服硝唑尼特治疗1周,观察每只小鼠每天排出微小隐孢子虫卵囊的数量,以感染抑制率来评价硝唑尼特抗微小隐孢子虫的活性。结果表明,200 mg/(kg.d)剂量组能显著减少小鼠排出隐孢子虫卵囊的数量,对治疗微小隐孢子虫感染具有较好的疗效。     

人源隐孢子虫小白鼠感染模型的建立

为评价2种常用免疫抑制方法对小白鼠排人源隐孢子虫卵囊规律的影响,将19日龄小白鼠随机分成2组,第1组通过饮水给予地塞米松,第2组采用导胃管灌服地塞米松。第7 d,2组小白鼠灌胃接种人源隐孢子虫,每只小白鼠感染量为1.5×106个卵囊。两组均在感染当天就有卵囊排出,感染后第6 d粪便卵囊计数明显增加,随之出现3个高峰期,此后逐渐下降。免疫抑制组小白鼠在卵囊持续期不断有死亡但无腹泻症状。试验结果表明,用这2种免疫抑制方法,均能成功感染人源隐孢子虫,但通过灌服地塞米松可使小白鼠获得更高的OPG(每克粪便中的卵囊数)值和更长的排卵囊持续期。     

雌激素对大鼠肠黏膜结构及上皮内淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数量、分布的影响

为了研究雌激素对肠黏膜屏障结构的影响,将18只健康Wistar雌性大鼠进行同期发情处理,于发情间情期随机分为3组：对照组,进行假手术;OVX组,双侧卵巢摘除;OVX＋E2组,双侧卵巢摘除,苯甲酸雌二醇100μg/kg.d连续用药7 d,然后观察小肠黏膜上皮细胞、上皮内淋巴细胞（IEL）、杯状细胞形态结构和数量的变化。结果表明：和对照组相比,OVX组大鼠的小肠黏膜结构有明显的损伤,绒毛萎缩,绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值（V/C）明显降低,IEL数量和杯状细胞的数量减少（P〈0.05）;OVX＋E2组的各项指标明显高于OVX组,但是部分指标低于对照组。结论：卵巢摘除对大鼠小肠黏膜屏障结构有严重影响,补充适量雌激素可以在一定程度上改善这一影响。     

猪圆环病毒2型SD/2008株对仔猪的致病性

为了明确PCV2-SD/2008株对猪的致病性,将12头5周龄健康断奶仔猪随机分为PCV2组和对照组,每组6头.PCV2组经口鼻途径接种PCV2 SD/2008株第3代细胞毒(105.61 TCID50/0.1 mL),3 mL/头,对照组经相同途径接种3 mL细胞维持液.PCV2组中的1头猪从感染后14 d开始出现间断腹泻,一直到持续到试验结束.感染后第4、5周,感染组的周平均增重显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).病理组织学检查可见PCV2感染猪的淋巴结和脾脏内淋巴细胞缺失、单核/巨噬细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润;间质性肺炎、坏死性肝炎和肾炎、小血管炎症等变化,并且感染后35 d比感染后14 d的病理变化更加严重.应用免疫组化方法在感染猪的肺、肝、脾、肾、淋巴结、小肠等多种组织中检测到了PCV2抗原,其中颌下淋巴结、肺、小肠中的阳性信号数与检出率最高.结果表明,PCV2 SD/2008株对仔猪具有明显的致病性.     

小球隐孢子虫诱导的小鼠肠粘膜免疫应答

给３周龄昆明小鼠接种小球隐孢子虫（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｄｉｕｍｐａｒｖｕｍ）卵囊后，在测定其卵囊排出情况的同时，分别用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ和免疫组化染色法对不同时期小肠液中特异性ＩｇＡ及肠粘膜固有层中ＩｇＡ分泌型浆细胞进行定性和定量测定。结果显示，卵囊排出呈间歇型，小肠粘膜固有层中ＩｇＡ分泌型浆细胞消长趋势与小肠液中ＩｇＡ消长趋势相一致，并且它们上升的趋势与卵囊排出下降的趋势相一致，表明在抗隐孢子虫感染中，粘膜免疫起着重要作用。     

致犊牛腹泻肠道原虫的分子生物学鉴定

为确定导致犊牛腹泻的寄生原虫种类及分子学特性,利用基于隐孢子虫核糖体小亚基RNA、蓝氏贾第虫β-贾第素和毕氏肠微孢子虫内转录间隔区的分子生物学技术对腹泻犊牛的粪便样品进行鉴定。结果表明,引起犊牛腹泻的寄生原虫包括微小隐孢子虫、安氏隐孢子虫、瑞氏隐孢子虫、E型蓝氏贾第虫和多种基因型的毕氏肠微孢子虫,并且存在多种原虫混合感染。说明原虫是引起犊牛腹泻的重要病原,畜牧业临床中应加强原虫病的防控。     

隐孢子虫病的防治

1907年,美国寄生虫专家Tyzzer在小白鼠体内作胃腺组织切片时,在上皮细胞内发现了一种细胞内寄生的原虫,并命名为隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium）。1955年Slavin报道隐孢子虫感染火鸡小肠出现急性临床症状,其特征是严重腹泻,但死亡率低,首次证明了隐孢子虫的强致病性。特别是1971年Panciera等在腹泻犊牛小肠中检测到隐孢子虫后更进一步引起了兽医界的兴趣,1985年周圣文等在国内首次发现并报道犊牛隐孢子虫病。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -