珲春盆地地下水固有脆弱性评价

随着珲春经济的快速发展,为防范珲春盆地可能发生的地下水污染并为防止地下水污染提供决策依据,采用DRASTIC评价方法对珲春盆地地下水固有脆弱性进行了评价研究,结果表明,由于盆地地下水埋深较浅,含水层颗粒较大,渗透性强等因素,珲春盆地地下水大部分处于稍强脆弱程度,建议严格保护地下水,减少各类污染源。     

基于CIM-GRA-Gis体系的静升盆地地下水脆弱性动态特征分析

本研究选择人类活动频繁、环境脆弱的静升盆地作为典型研究区,在了解区域地质背景环境的基础上,采用综合指数法、灰色关联度法与Gis技术相结合,评价了静升盆地地下水脆弱性,并对不同年份的地下水脆弱性进行了动态分析,探讨了人类活动对地下水脆弱性的影响。结果表明：从时间上看,静升盆地地下水脆弱性有增高的趋势,其中脆弱性升高一级的面积为8.1 km2,占总面积的32%,升高二级的面积为2.22 km2,占总面积的9%,升高三级的面积为0.18 km2,占总面积的1%;从空间上看,地下水脆弱性从盆地西部到东部逐渐减弱,盆地西部地下水脆弱性等级的变幅大于盆地东部;从与地下水位关系看,在地下水水位逐年下降的情况下,地下水脆弱性与地下水水位埋深之间呈非线性负相关关系。研究结果可以为静升盆地国土整治,地下水的开发、利用、保护及区域经济社会发展提供科学依据,也可为其它地区水土资源的开发利用与保护提供有益参考。     

基于WOE与PCA的油田钻井区地下水脆弱性研究

油田钻井的选址必须尽量减少其对地下水及周边环境的影响。以伊通县油田钻井选址为例,利用主成分因子分析法(PCA)和证据权重法(WOE)对研究区分别进行了地下水脆弱性评价。在地下水固有脆弱性基础上,增加土地利用方式、河流距离及河流密度3个指标,建立了地下水脆弱性评价指标体系,利用硝酸盐浓度评价与验证,并通过ROC曲线比较其评价性能,AUC值分别为0.73和0.80,则WOE的评价性能较优。利用Arc GIS对评价结果进行可视化,结果表明,脆弱性较低的面积占研究区的25.57%,脆弱性中等、较高的区域占69.85%,研究区油田钻井选址尽量避免东北部漫滩、一级阶地、河流及水库影响范围。该研究对于WOE应用到地下水脆弱性评价具有参考价值,为油田钻井选址提供依据。     

基于改进DRASTIC模型的陕西省地下水脆弱性评价

地下水在保障我国居民生活、支撑社会经济可持续发展和维持生态平衡等方面具有重要的作用,当前我国地下水污染仍呈加重趋势。2019年印发的《地下水污染防治实施方案》对我国地下水污染防治做出了总体的部署和具体的要求,而脆弱性评价是制订地下水污染防治方案的重要前提。本研究构建了基于改进DRASTIC模型的陕西省地下水脆弱性评价模型,利用ArcGIS将搜集到的数据进行处理和统计分析,赋予7个影响指标不同的权重,并对影响指标的大小进行分级评分,再利用栅格代数运算获得了陕西省地下水脆弱性指数,进一步用加权平均的方法通过7个图层的叠加计算了地下水脆弱性的相对大小,最终获得了陕西省地下水脆弱性评价结果。结果表明:DRASTIC模型可以根据研究区的具体情况和资料数据的收集情况灵活地进行改进,且易于在ArcGIS平台下实现,因此非常适宜用于不同范围的地下水的脆弱性评价;整个陕西省低脆弱性区、较低脆弱性区、中脆弱性区、较高脆弱性区、高脆弱性区分别占陕西省总面积的22.6%、18.9%、33.8%、17.6%、7.1%,陕西省南部地下水脆弱性整体高于北部。     

基于DRASTIC模型的地下水脆弱性评价综合赋权研究

地下水脆弱性研究对于地下水资源的配置和保护具有重要意义,其中评价指标的赋权是研究过程中非常关键的一步。针对传统DRASTIC模型评价指标权重分配方法存在的弊端,采用主观方法和客观方法相结合的形式对评价指标进行综合赋权。主观方法采用改进的三标度层次分析法,客观方法采用因子分析法。基于DRASTIC模型选取7种影响地下水脆弱性的评价指标,将提出的综合赋权方法用于云南省安宁市草铺片区地下水脆弱性评价,使用斯皮尔曼相关系数对评价结果进行验证,并将3种方法的评价结果进行对比,结果显示经过综合权重法计算后,研究区地下水脆弱性等级与氨氮浓度具有更高的相关性,相关系数达到0.604,表明综合赋权法在地下水脆弱性评价中具有一定的可靠性和科学性。     

干旱区地下水脆弱性机理及评价指标体系的探讨

从系统学的观点出发,辩证地研究了干旱区地下水系统作为一个开放性的自然-人工二元复合系统所具有的功能及其环境,揭示了其脆弱性机理,建立了地下水脆弱性的评价指标体系,并根据模糊数学的原理,对石羊河流域各分区的地下水脆弱性采用二级模糊综合评判模型进行了评价。评价结果表明:民勤县和古浪县为极端脆弱,凉州区为严重脆弱,金昌市为一般脆弱。评价结果与实际情况相符合,说明该评价指标体系和评价方法具有一定的科学性和合理性。     

地下水脆弱性模糊评价方法的探讨

通过分析目前广泛采用的DRASTIC方法存在的主要问题,将地下水脆弱性定义为模糊性概念,结合模糊分析评价理论及三标度分两步的层次分析法建立了一套改进的地下水脆弱性评价模型,使得指标定额的确定及权重的分配更具科学性。为测试模型可靠性,将其应用于祁县东观镇地下水脆弱性评价中,并利用GIS 软件绘图功能,绘制出脆弱性分布图。评价结果与相关资料显示的实际情况基本吻合,验证了改进DRASTIC模型的合理可靠性,丰富和完善了地下水脆弱性评价方法。     

村镇浅层地下水脆弱性评价及其验证

根据村镇地质环境条件和农业生产活动,在传统DRASTIC模型基础上,增加综合土地利用类型、地表水水质、农药使用量、化肥使用量作为农村地区地下水特殊脆弱性评价指标;选取地下水味感、结垢情况、色度、"三氮"、铁锰、pH、电导率、UV_(254)作为验证指标。采用模糊层次分析法确定权重,结合ArcGIS技术,对农村浅层地下水特殊脆弱性进行评价、验证。通过某一典型村镇应用分析表明,该脆弱性评价模型的结果能客观反映该村镇浅层地下水脆弱性情况。     

城市湿地生态系统脆弱性研究

湿地生态系统脆弱性是学界研究的热点,在参考前人研究成果的基础上,以生态特征、整体功能和社会环境3个要素建立湿地生态系统脆弱性评价指标体系,采用均方差法计算各评价指标的权重值,运用灰色关联理论构建评价模型,对六盘水市明湖国家湿地公园的生态系统脆弱性进行了研究。研究结果表明,六盘水明湖国家湿地公园生态系统脆弱性属于微脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、强脆弱和极脆弱的综合关联度值分别为0.575 0、0.749 9、0.789 0、0.634 6和0.515 2,说明六盘水明湖国家湿地公园生态系统脆弱性属于中度脆弱等级。通过评价,了解了明湖国家湿地公园生态系统脆弱性,为明湖湿地公园的进一步规划和管理提供了参考依据。     

基于电阻率勘探技术的地下水脆弱性评价方法研究

地下水脆弱性评价是保护地下水资源的一种重要手段,在含水层脆弱等级法(AVI)基础上建立了一种基于电阻率勘探数据的地下水脆弱性评价方法。通过一维与二维电阻率勘探获得视电阻率数据,利用反演计算获得包气带厚度及真实电阻率值,再根据建立的定量模型计算出能够反映地下水脆弱性的综合电阻率值(IEC)。研究表明,电阻率成像技术能够准确的确定含水层上方的包气带厚度,计算出的IEC值能够反映出包气带的总体特征,进而实现地下水脆弱性的定量评价。因此,利用电阻率勘探数据可以实现地下水脆弱性评价,为地下水资源的保护提供理论依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。