绵羊杂交改良和不同育肥方式的结果分析

选用无角陶赛特公羊作为杂交父本,利用人工授精技术对3个试验小区小尾寒羊进行杂交改良。从后代按出生日龄选择杂交公羔(THF1)为试验组,小尾寒羊纯繁公羔为对照组(HH),分别采用全混合日粮、精粮分开舍饲和放牧+补饲方式进行育肥试验。结果表明,采用全混合日粮舍饲育肥方式增重效果>精粗料分开舍饲育肥方式>放牧+补饲的育肥方式,陶寒杂交一代的育肥增重效果>小尾寒羊。通过经济效益分析比较,采用全混合日粮舍饲育肥方式经济效益>放牧+补饲的育肥方式>精粗料分开舍饲育肥方式,THF1组采用全混合日粮舍饲、"放牧+补饲"和精粗分开舍饲方式比HH组纯利润分别增加49.95元、41.09元和30.28元,育肥陶寒杂交羊的经济效益显著高于小尾寒羊。     

不同精粗比全混合颗粒日粮和TMR对湖羊生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同精粗比全混合颗粒日粮和全混合日粮(TMR)对湖羊育肥生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响,探索湖羊全混合颗粒饲料的配制技术和使用效果。结果表明:全混合颗粒饲料育肥体重约30kg湖羊,平均日增重192~201g/d,精粗比5∶5、4∶6、3∶7的全混合颗粒日粮组间平均日增重差异不显著(P﹥0.05),但均高于TMR组,精粗比3∶7的全混合颗粒日粮组日增重(201g/d)著显高于TMR组(158g/d)(P<0.05);湖羊生理生化指标均处于正常范围内。综上,湖羊全混合颗粒日粮适宜精粗比为3∶7。     

高精粗比日粮对滩寒杂羊生产性能的影响

为了研究高精粗比日粮对滩寒杂羊生产性能的影响,试验选择断奶滩寒杂种羊90只,随机分为3组,每组30只,分别饲喂精粗比为7∶2、8∶2和9∶1的日粮。结果表明:断奶滩寒杂种羊采用精粗比为7∶3的日粮育肥可取得较好的育肥效果,精粗比为8∶2和9∶1的日粮既不符合羊的消化生理特性,又不利于羊体健康与增效,断奶滩寒杂羊生长育肥期60 d内效果最佳。     

精补料增重净能对西杂肉牛育肥性能和成本的影响

选择48头体重相近([192.90±26.38)kg]的8～10月龄西门塔尔杂交肉牛随机分为4个试验组,通过添加大豆油饲喂按等同梯度从5.94 MJ/kg递增到6.57 MJ/kg增重净能的等同蛋白质和必需氨基酸的精补料,探讨4组高增重净能的精补料饲喂杂交肉牛的育肥性能和成本。150 d育肥试验的结果表明,饲喂6.36 MJ/kg增重净能精补料3和5.94 MJ/kg精补料1的杂交肉牛全期日增重分别为1.26 kg和1.19 kg,精料重比分别为2.95和3.16,增重耗精料成本占摄入成本分别为79.53%和84.51%(P<0.05、P<0.01),显著差异来自精补料增重净能的二元曲线效应;饲喂6.57 MJ/kg增重净能精补料4和6.15 MJ/kg精补料2的杂交肉牛全期育肥性能在数据上优于精补料1和低于精补料3(P>0.05)。由此结论,在饲喂黄贮玉米秸秆条件下,6.36 MJ/kg增重净能的精补料3明显提高杂交肉牛育肥性能、饲料效率和育肥利润空间;过高增重净能的精补料4没有表现出最佳育肥效果。     

玉屏风散对育肥阉牛胃肠道消化酶活性以及生产性能的影响

研究玉屏风散对育肥阉牛胃肠道消化酶活性以及生产性能的影响.试验选用健康、体重相近(548±50 kg),40月龄的"利×鲁"杂交一代育肥阉牛36头,随机分为四个组,分别按精料量的0%、1%、1.5%、2%添加玉屏风散,饲喂60 d后屠宰.试验结果表明:在日粮中添加玉屏风散可以显著的提高育肥阉牛瘤胃纤维素酶、皱胃蛋白酶以及小肠中的胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、胰脂肪酶的活性;在日粮中添加玉屏风散可以提高阉牛的日增重、胴体重、屠宰率、高档肉占活重的比率、净肉率,降低料重比,以1.5%添加组最佳,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05).在日粮中添加玉屏风散可以显著提高育肥阉牛胃肠道消化酶的活性,并有提高育肥阉牛生产性能的趋势.     

不同精粗比日粮对秦川肉牛甲烷产量和瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究不同精粗比日粮对秦川肉牛甲烷产量和瘤胃发酵的影响。选取秦川肉牛公牛、阉牛、母牛各3头,分为3个处理,每个处理3头牛。3种粗蛋白水平相同(16.44%)的日粮,精粗比分别为30∶70(低能组)、50∶50(中能组)、70∶30(高能组)。试验牛饲养在环境控制代谢仓实时测定甲烷气体排放量;采用瘤胃穿刺技术采取瘤胃液分析瘤胃发酵情况。结果表明:(1)日粮精粗比的提高显著降低了秦川肉牛公牛、阉牛和母牛的甲烷排放量(P0.05),且在高能组能量水平下,秦川肉牛阉牛的甲烷排放量显著低于母牛和公牛(P0.05);(2)在瘤胃发酵指标方面,日粮精粗比的提高显著降低了秦川肉牛公牛、阉牛和母牛的瘤胃pH(P0.05),同时显著降低了秦川肉牛公牛、阉牛和母牛瘤胃NH3-N浓度(P0.05);(3)日粮精粗比的提高显著提高了秦川肉牛公牛、阉牛和母牛的瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度(P0.05),并显著降低了乙酸丙酸比值(P0.05)。在中等能量日粮下,阉牛和母牛的乙酸丙酸比值显著高于公牛(P0.05)。日粮精粗比的提高显著提高了公牛、阉牛瘤胃发酵中的丁酸浓度(P0.05),母牛瘤胃发酵中丁酸浓度有上升趋势,但不显著(P0.05),在高能组下,阉牛的丁酸浓度最高(P0.05)。研究结果表明,在舍饲条件下,提高秦川肉牛日粮精粗比,可显著降低甲烷气体的排放,且阉牛甲烷排放量最低,其次为母牛、公牛;在舍饲育肥条件下,提高日粮的精粗比可以显著提高舍饲秦川肉牛瘤胃丙酸的浓度,且阉牛的乙酸丙酸比值最低。     

饲粮能量水平对育肥前期锦江阉牛生长性能、养分消化和能量代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮能量水平对育肥前期(14～16月龄)锦江阉牛生长性能、能量代谢规律的影响,并建立消化能需要量模型。试验选用50头体况良好、体重[(301.74±30.98) kg]相近的锦江阉公牛,随机分为5组,每组4个重复(栏),每个重复2～3头牛。A组为对照组,B、C、D、E组饲粮的综合净能水平在A组饲粮基础上分别提高6%、12%、18%、24%,5种饲粮的综合净能水平分别为6.02、6.38、6.74、7.10、7.46 MJ/kg。试验预试期10 d,正试期116 d。饲养试验结束后立即进行消化代谢试验,测定锦江阉牛生长性能及养分消化率,并建立育肥前期锦江阉牛消化能需要量模型。结果表明:1)各组间锦江阉牛的平均日增重(ADG)差异不显著(P0.05),但随着饲粮能量水平的提高而呈逐渐增加的趋势。各组的平均干物质采食量随着饲粮能量水平提高呈逐渐降低趋势,但组间差异不显著(P0.05)。C、D、E组的料重比均显著低于A组(P0.05)。2)各组间锦江阉牛采食总能、消化能、总能消化率及养分表观消化率均差异不显著(P0.05)。3)育肥前期锦江阉牛ADG与消化能存在高度线性正相关(R2=0.996)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,提高饲粮能量水平能够提高育肥前期锦江阉牛的生长性能;消化能需要量模型为:消化能=0.638W0.75+36.837×ADG。     

精补料能量对西杂肉牛育肥性能和成本的影响

选择40头体重接近(400.8±32.1)kg的周岁西杂肉牛随机分为4个试验组,饲喂从5.27 MJ/kg到5.90 MJ/kg增重净能的4组精补料,经过150 d育肥试验全部屠宰测定,探讨4组增重净能精补料饲喂杂交肉牛的育肥性能和成本。结果表明,饲喂增重净能5.90 MJ/kg和5.69 MJ/kg精补料的杂交肉牛总增重、净肉增重、料重比和料肉比均优于饲喂增重净能5.27 MJ/kg和5.48 MJ/kg精补料的杂交肉牛;饲喂增重净能5.90 MJ/kg和5.69 MJ/kg精补料的杂交肉牛单位增重成本比增重净能5.27 MJ/kg和5.48 MJ/kg的平均降低11.71%,单位净肉增重成本平均降低17.33%;饲喂增重净能5.90 MJ/kg精补料的各项试验指标最好,饲喂增重净能5.27 MJ/kg精补料的最差(P0.05,P0.01)。由此结论,高增重净能的精补料明显提高杂交肉牛育肥和产肉性能、改善总增重和净肉增重的饲料效率和成本。     

日粮精粗比对藏羔羊增重的影响

试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对羔羊增重的影响,为育肥羔羊日粮合理配制提供理论依据。选择90只2月龄藏羔羊,随机分为3组,分别饲喂精粗比为7∶3、6∶4和5∶5的3种日粮,试验期120 d。结果表明,羔羊日增重随日粮精粗比的提高而增加(P<0.01),提高日粮精粗比能有效提高饲料利用效率,精粗比为7∶3的日粮饲喂藏羔羊经济效益较好。     

不同精粗比日粮对滩羊生产性能及消化代谢的影响

为了研究不同精粗比日粮对滩羊生产性能及消化代谢的影响,试验选择宁夏滩羊公羔羊33只,随机分为3组,每组11只,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组分别饲喂精粗比为75∶25、50∶50、35∶65的日粮,进行饲养试验和消化试验。结果表明:试验Ⅰ组滩羊体重增长最快,总增重极显著高于试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组(P0.01),平均日增重达165.17 g;精料比例从35%增加到75%明显提高了干物质和粗脂肪的表观消化率,蛋白质的表观消率也有所提高,但提高幅度较小。说明精粗比为75∶25的日粮短期育肥效果最优。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …