Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the lungs of sheep with acute and chronic pneumonia

Total lactate dehydrogenase and the absolute and percentage levels of its isoenzymes were measured in lung lesions and macroscopically normal areas of lung from lambs with chronic proliferative exudative pneumonia and acute pasteurella pneumonia. Lung lesions had a higher total enzyme activity which was associated mainly with increases in the activity of the LDH₄ and LDH₅ isoenzymes, particularly in chronic pneumonia, and gave lung lesions a considerable potential for altering the serum isoenzyme distribution. Thus, the nature of any changes in the serum isoenzyme distribution will depend on whether the isoenzymes are released from abnormal or normal areas of lung. This appears to be the first report on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in ovine pneumonia.     

Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in tissues of laboratory animals

The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme distributions in tissues of the ICR mouse, Wistar rat, guinea pig and golden hamster were analyzed by histoelectrophoresis. Tissues obtained were as follows: liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, heart, femoral muscle, uterus, kidney, spleen, lymph node, cerebrum, spinal cord and erythrocyte. Histoelectrophoresis was for the direct analysis of LDH and CPK isoenzymes in the tissues and had high practical value compared with previous tissue-extraction methods. In tissues of the mouse, guinea pig and golden hamster, LDH isoenzymes showed five bands. In the rat, LDH isoenzyme was separated into four fractions. CPK isoenzyme showed three bands; BB, MB and MM. In some tissues, the MM band was separated into two sub fractions.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid from healthy beagles

Serum and CSF lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH isoenzyme profile, as well as total protein, were measured in samples obtained from 26 healthy Beagles. The LDH activity in serum was approximately 10 times that in the CSF. The CSF LDH isoenzyme profile was a mirror image of the serum LDH isoenzyme profile. Age was negatively correlated (ie, as age increased, the activity decreased) with LDH3 in CSF and LDH5 in serum and was positively correlated with LDH1 in serum. Seemingly, simultaneous measurement of serum and CSF LDH activity and LDH isoenzyme profile can aid in establishing status of the blood-brain barrier, whether brain damage exists and whether other organ systems are involved.     

Lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of clinically normal dogs

The total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the percentage distribution of its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of clinically normal adult dogs are presented. Total LDH activity was greatest in skeletal muscle followed by heart muscle, kidney, small intestinal mucosa, liver, lung, pancreas and bone. Each tissue had a unique isoenzyme pattern and the proportions of the isoenzymes in serum suggested that liver is the source of normal serum LDH. The tissue isoenzyme patterns were similar to those obtained by other authors in human beings, horses, cattle, sheep and cats although in liver, differences between ruminants and monogastric animals including dogs were evident. The data presented provide a basis for the interpretation of serum LDH isoenzyme patterns in canine disease.     

Experimental studies of chronic pneumonia of sheep

Strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from sheep affected with chronic pneumonia were inoculated by endobronchial route to conventionally-reared and SPF (Specific Pathogen-Free) lambs. Changes resembling those of the naturally-occurring disease were produced in most lambs given the organisms in combination and in some given M. ovipneumoniae alone. Similar but less extensive changes were seen in SPF lambs and fewer animals were affected. Different strains of M. ovipneumoniae did not affect the extent of changes produced in SPF lambs. M. ovipneumoniae became established in the lungs of both types of sheep; P. haemolytica did so less readily.

It was concluded that chronic pneumonia may be reproduced in conventional animals by combined inoculation of M. ovipneumoniae and P. haemolytica. Age and status of immunity to mycoplasmas may account for the different responses of conventional and SPF lambs.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in cetaceans.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme activity was analyzed in cetaceans. Animals that were treated by i.m. injection and others that received azole therapy had distinctly different LDH isoenzyme profiles. A third distinctive pattern was occasionally observed in clinically normal animals with elevations in total transaminase and LDH activity levels. DH isoenzyme activity patterns were not affected by mild or moderate hemolysis, refrigeration after 24 hr, or freezing for 24 hr with subsequent thawing. However, severe hemolysis produced artifactual changes similar to those observed in individuals that received injections but of a lesser magnitude. DH isoenzyme activity patterns may provide useful corroboration of other clinical findings when diagnostic modalities are limited, especially to differentiate nonspecific enzyme elevation from nonpathologic elevations in serum enzyme concentrations due to i.m. injections or azole therapy.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme distribution and patterns in chicken organs

Unlike most mammals, chicken lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes cannot be separated using the 'Titan-Gel' electrophoresis. However, using isoelectric focusing at a pH range of 3.0 to 9.0, a good and clear separation of all five isoenzymes was achieved. Generally, three characteristic groups were seen: (a) those having a cathodic domination (breast muscle and serum) with mainly lactate dehydrogenase-5 (b) those having an anodic domination (heart, muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, erythrocytes) of mainly lactate dehydrogenase - 1 and 2 and (c) those with a more uniform distribution (spleen, lung, and brain).The total lactate dehydrogenase activity was the highest in the breast muscle, followed by the heart muscle, liver and serum with the lowest activities in the lung and pancreas.     

Identification by culture, PCR, and immunohistochemistry of mycoplasmas and their molecular typing in sheep and lamb lungs with pneumonia in Eastern Turkey

This study used cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunoperoxidase to examine samples from 216 lungs from sheep and lambs with macroscopic pneumonia lesions for the presence of Mycoplasma species. DNA was extracted from lung tissue samples and broth cultures with the help of a DNA extraction kit and replicated using genus-specific and species-specific primers for mycoplasma. The lung samples were examined by the immunoperoxidase method using hyperimmune Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae serum. The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) test was used for the molecular typing of M. ovipneumoniae isolates. Mycoplasma was isolated in the cultures of 80 (37.03 %) of a total of 216 lung samples. Genus-specific mycoplasma DNA was identified by PCR in 96 (44.44 %) samples in broth cultures and 36 (16.66 %) directly in the lung tissue. Of these 96 cases in which genus-specific identification was made, 57 (59.37 %) were positive for reaction with species-specific primers for M. ovipneumoniae and 31 (32.29 %) for Mycoplasma arginini. The DNA of neither of the latter two species could be identified in the remaining eight samples (8.33 %) where mycoplasma had been identified. As for the immunoperoxidase method, it identified M. ovipneumoniae in 61 of 216 lung samples (28 %). Positive staining was concentrated in the bronchial epithelium cell cytoplasm and cell surface. RAPD analysis resulted in 15 different profiles. Our results suggest that PCR methods could be successfully used in the diagnosis of mycoplasma infections as an alternative to culture method and identifying this agent at the species level.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in bovine liver tissue

Liver lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in normal and diseased cows were analyzed electrophoretically. This method (histoelectrophoresis) was improved for the direct analysis of tissue LDH isoenzymes. The mean values of LDH 1 through LDH 5 in the livers of normal cows were 31.7, 24.8, 27.3, 12.8, and 3.3%, respectively. In cases with hydropic degeneration of the liver, the patterns revealed increases of LDH 1 and LDH 2 as compared to normal cows. The patterns showed a decrease of LDH 1 and an increase of LDH 2 in fatty change of the liver. Congestion of the liver alone decreased LDH 1 and increased LDH 3, LDH 4 and LDH 5. Necrosis of the liver decreased LDH 1 and LDH 2, and increased LDH 3, LDH 4 and LDH 5. It was suggested that the functional hepatocellular damage due to anoxia might be a important factor of the change of liver LDH isoenzyme patterns. We have attempted to standardize the LDH isoenzyme patterns by using a computer under various conditions. In cases with hydropic lesions, the diagnostic sensitivity (DS) was 53% (28 of 53 cases) and the predictive value of positive tests (PVPT) was 100% (28 cases of 28 cases selected). In cases with congestive or necrotic lesions, DS was 41% (9 of 22 cases) and PVPT was 69% (9 cases of 13 cases selected).     

Isolation of mycoplasmas from pneumonic sheep lungs in the Sudan

A cell type with properties similar to those of the brush cell was recognised in the bronchial epithelium of calves. It occurred in small numbers and was not found in airways distal to the small bronchi. The ultrastructural features are described, emphasising the two constant characteristics (i) a dense population of thick apical microvilli and (ii) cytoplasmic filament bundles which extent into the microvilli.     

Studies on the properties of acid erythrocyte phosphatase in sheep and the isoenzymes of sheep and goat acid erythrocyte phosphatase]

Ovine erythrocytic acid phosphatase showed two peaks of activity at pH 5.0 and 5.7 in acetate buffer with p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate. The enzyme was only slightly inhibited by fluoride and L-phenylalanine, but high concentrations of urea strongly inhibited it. Activity of the enzyme was greater in goat erythrocytes than in sheep. By means of starch electrophoresis, three isoenzymes belonging to nine types were separated from the ovine enzymes, while three isoenzymes of five types were present in goats. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was suitable for detecting the rapidly migrating isoenzymes.