稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对磷、钾和pH的影响

免耕土壤速效磷含量在整个面均低于耕翻土壤；0～5cm土壤生物量磷含量免耕高于耕翻，5～15cm免耕低于耕翻；施肥和休闲土壤均维持了较高的有效磷和生物量磷水平。种植作物的免耕土壤缓效钾含量与耕翻土壤没有显差异，0～5cm速效钾含量呈免耕高于耕翻的趋势，休闲的免耕土壤整个剖面缓效钾和速效钾含量都高于耕翻；免耕土壤缓效钾的分布无明显的层次性，速效钾则相反；施肥明显提高土壤速效钾含量，但对缓效钾的影响不大。长期免耕没有导致土壤酸化；免耕土壤pH与耕翻土壤没有差异。     

施钾对两种土壤钾素动态变化影响的研究

采用盆栽试验 ,研究黄土和红土母质发育的褐土中和其上种植的谷子中钾的含量变化 .结果表明 :苗期谷子吸钾很少 ,土壤钾变化也较小 ,对照处理的速效钾和缓效钾均有所增加 ,施钾处理的速效钾有所减少 ,但缓效钾大幅度增加 .拔节期至抽穗期谷子吸钾能力大为增强 ,土壤中缓效钾和速效钾急剧下降 ,达到“最低值” .成熟期谷子根系吸钾能力减弱 ,土壤缓效钾和速效钾开始回升 .     

冀东滨海平原稻区土壤钾库状况与变化

通过对大面积土壤各形态钾的定位监测,研究了1982～2016年30余年间冀东滨海平原稻区土壤钾库的现状、变化及其影响因素,分析了成土母质、耕种施肥等对该区域土壤钾库的影响。主要结果:(1)冀东滨海平原稻区土壤全钾、缓效钾、速效钾平均含量分别为23.04 g/kg、1 615.94 mg/kg、247.37 mg/kg。种稻40～70余年间,各年限土壤全钾、速效钾分别维持在23.96 g/kg、257.41 mg/kg左右。与种稻40年相比,缓效钾年均减少20.19 mg/kg。(2)不同母质土壤全钾、缓效钾、速效钾含量大小顺序为:海相沉积物、泻湖沉积物河流冲积物;土壤缓效钾/全钾和速效钾/全钾均为海相沉积物、泻湖沉积物河流冲积物,3种母质发育的土壤速效钾/缓效钾差异不显著;海相沉积物、泻湖沉积物二者之间的各形态钾含量及比值均无显著差异。(3)土壤速效钾与土壤盐分、有机质均呈显著正相关关系;土壤速效钾与有效磷无显著相关关系。主要结论:随种植年限增加,土壤全钾、速效钾无显著变化,缓效钾显著下降。海相沉积物、泻湖沉积物发育的土壤全钾、缓效钾、速效钾的含量均显著高于河流冲积物,土壤速效钾与盐分呈显著正相关关系。稻区土壤钾输入量小于水稻钾的输出量,随着种稻年限的增加,逐渐消耗土壤缓效钾。     

黄土区土壤钾素径流流失试验研究

通过人工模拟冲刷试验,初步分析了施KCl、植被覆盖度和降雨量对黄土区土壤钾素径流的影响。结果表明:给土壤施KCl后使土壤和径流中的钾流失量增加,施入的KCl主要以溶解态钾的形式流失;植被覆盖度增大,缓效钾、速效钾流失量显著减少;植被(在坡度≤20°时)比坡度对土壤、缓效钾和速效钾流失量的影响更大;坡度比雨量对土壤、缓效钾和速效钾的流失影响更大。     

长期施肥对栗褐土钾素含量的影响

在栗褐土上进行的长期定位施肥试验结果表明,18年后不同施肥处理土壤全钾含量无显著差异,而土壤速效钾含量和缓效钾含量则产生了极显著差异。就表层土壤而言,无外源钾补充的3个处理(NP、N、CK),土壤速效钾含量较低,在78~90 mg.kg-1之间,已接近中等水平的下限,施低量有机肥的3个处理(M1、M1N、M1NP),土壤速效钾含量为150~185 mg.kg-1,施高量有机肥的2个处理(M2NP、M2N),土壤速效钾含量达240mg.kg-1以上。不同处理对土壤缓效钾含量的影响与土壤速效钾含量基本一致,施高量有机肥的处理>施低量有机肥的处理>没施有机肥的处理,但处理间土壤缓效钾的变化幅度明显低于土壤速效钾含量的变化幅度。不同处理对20~40 cm土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量也产生了一定影响,变化规律与耕层相似,但没有耕层明显。     

中国主要旱作粮食耕地土壤钾素的时空演变特征

以小麦和玉米等旱作粮食为主的旱地是我国重要的耕地类型,其对国家粮食安全和稳定发挥着极其重要的作用。基于全国耕地质量监测数据库,分析了1988—2007年和2008—2018年间全国及不同区域主要旱作粮食耕地的钾肥投入量、土壤速效钾和缓效钾的时空演变规律,并探讨了土壤速效钾与缓效钾的量化关系。结果表明,1988—2018年全国主要旱作粮食耕地的化肥钾、秸秆钾和总钾的年均投入量（K2O）均保持在较为稳定的水平,年均投入量分别为125 kg?hm-2?a-1、148 kg?hm-2?a-1和273 kg?hm-2?a-1。在不同区域间均呈现出华北和东北的钾肥投入量显著高于其他区域的趋势。与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年东北、华北、华东和西南的总钾年均投入量增加了4.22%~23.8%,而西北则略有降低。在1988—2018年,全国主要旱作粮食耕地土壤速效钾和缓效钾分别为139 mg?kg-1和665 mg?kg-1,与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年的土壤速效钾和缓效钾分别提高了15.1%和6.72%。在不同区域间,土壤速效钾以西北和东北较高（大于150 mg?kg-1）,而华北和华东较低（136~149 mg?kg-1）,西南最低（116 mg?kg-1）,与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年华北、华东、西北和西南的土壤速效钾分别提高了15.7%、17.7%、4.16%和34.5%,土壤缓效钾分别增加了8.95%、2.15%、5.71%和4.19%,而东北则略有降低。线性方程表明,随着土壤速效钾的提高,2008—2018年土壤缓效钾的增加量（14.2 mg?kg-1）明显高于1988—2007年（7.23 mg?kg-1）,同时,不同区域间的拟合方程也表明,随着土壤速效钾的增加,1988—2018年东北、华东和西北的土壤缓效钾增加量明显高于华北。因此,在全国耕地质量监测平台上,与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年全国和大部分区域主要旱作粮食耕地的土壤速效钾和缓效钾均显著增加。土壤速效钾与缓效钾的线性关系为快速估算缓效钾含量提供了技术参考,但不同试验阶段和区域内拟合方程存在差异,建议不同区域应因地制宜,综合土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量精准划分土壤供钾能力等级,从而为实现藏钾于地的目标奠定基础。     

长期施用氮磷肥对(土娄)土钾素的影响

以长期定位施肥与小麦一玉米轮作田间试验为平台,研究了施肥对(土娄)土土壤钾素的影响以及冬小麦生育期内(土娄)土土壤速效钾、缓效钾及微生物量钾的变化.结果表明:氮磷肥不同施用量对土壤全钾基本没影响,而对速效钾、缓效钾及微生物量钾的影响较大.土壤速效钾和缓效钾均随施肥量的增加而减少,而微生物量钾随施肥量的增加而增加,且0-20 cm土层土壤速效钾、缓效钾及微生物量钾含量均高于20-40 cm土层.小麦生育期内,土壤速效钾和微生物量钾含量的变化一致,均是先上升再下降,再上升,又下降的变化.土壤中微生物量钾与有机碳、全氮均呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤速效钾和缓效钾无显著相关关系.氮磷肥在一定施用量范围内,促进了土壤无机态钾素的消耗,而提高了土壤微生物量钾的含量.土壤钾素的这种变化是作物吸收、施肥等因素共同作用的结果.     

12年连续施用秸秆和钾肥对土壤钾素含量和分布的影响

为探索潮土钾素肥力培肥的有效途径,本文通过设计不同施钾处理进行田间定位试验。结果表明,不同的处理对土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量的影响在不同的土层深度表现不同。连续12年施入秸秆、钾肥、秸秆加钾肥(年施K2O≥150kg hm-2)对培肥耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾有积极促进作用,均能显著或极显著提高耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,但对耕层以下土壤培肥作用不明显。     

紫色水稻土钾有效性和钾释放的研究

紫色水稻土全钾含量属中等水平,速效钾属中等偏下水平,土壤对钾素的供应总体不足。作物吸收的钾,矿物钾占76.95％,速效钾和缓效钾仅占10.81％和12.24％。土壤矿物钾释放随时间的延长逐渐下降,随土壤颗粒粒径的下降显著增大,在80分钟时,释放量仍高达08～8.8mgkg-1.min-1,80分钟内的累积释放量为土壤缓效钾的1.5～2.0倍;土壤速效钾的形成随时间的延长逐渐趋向稳定。不同土壤矿物钾的释放顺序和土壤速效钾形成顺序的不一致性,是由它们的机理和土壤性状综合造成的,但是,Elovich方程都能较好地拟合土壤矿物钾的释放过程和土壤速效钾的形态过程,方程参数b值能反映过程进行的速度。     

吉林省主要耕作土壤中含钾矿物组成及其与不同形态钾的关系

通过化学分析 ,X-射线衍射及镜检法研究了黑土、白浆土、黑钙土等吉林省主要耕作土壤的含钾矿物组成及不同形态钾的含量。结果表明 ,土壤中的含钾矿物以含钾长石和伊利石为主 ,钾长石主要集中在土壤砂粒部分 ,伊利石主要存在于土壤的粘粒部分。土壤的含钾矿物总量约占土壤矿物总量的 1/ 3多些 ,比南方土壤高 ;缓效钾含量丰富 ,供钾潜力大 ;速效钾含量在黑土、黑钙土中较高 ,而在白浆土中稍低。 3种土壤的全钾量与含钾矿物总量、粘粒中伊利石含量与粘粒含钾量、伊利石含量与缓效钾量、细砂中含钾长石含量与细砂中全钾量、缓效性钾与速效性钾之间呈极显著或显著相关。     

Influence of soil ingestion by earthworms on the availability of potassium in soil: An incubation experiment

Summary An incubation experiment was conducted to study the changes that occur in the K status of soil due to earthworm activity. Samples of Tokomaru silt loam soil were inoculated with the common pasture earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa and incubated for 21 days. Aliquots of moist soil were analyzed for exchangeable K by leaching with neutral molar ammonium acetate at 1:50 soil solution ratio. Extraction with boiling 1 M nitric acid at 1:100 soil solution ratio for 20 min was used to determine available non-exchangeable K. The results indicated that the exchangeable K content increased significantly due to earthworm activity but nitric acid-extractable K did not change significantly. It is inferred that earthworms increase the availability of K by shifting the equilibrium among the forms of K from relatively un-available forms to more available forms in the soil chosen for the study.     

长期施钾与秸秆还田对华北潮土和褐土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响

分析了在华北平原的河北潮土和山西褐土上连续13年施用钾肥和秸秆还田下的大田作物产量和耕层土壤钾素状况。结果表明,在施用氮磷肥基础上长期施钾和秸秆还田能增加小麦和玉米产量,各施钾处理产量与氮磷处理差异显著。两定位点钾肥和秸秆还田的效应不尽相同;小麦年际间各处理产量变异（CV≤13%）小于玉米（CV14%）,河北潮土上的玉米增产效果高于小麦。与山西单作制度相比,河北轮作制度下土壤钾素支出大。秸秆还田和施用钾肥较只施氮磷肥可不同程度提高河北潮土和山西褐土0-20和20-40 cm两土层水溶性钾 （河北0-20 cm平均提高5.8 mg/kg,山西16.9 mg/kg,下同）、非特殊吸附钾（21.2 mg/kg,35.9 mg/kg）、非交换性钾（75.1 mg/kg,57.5 mg/kg）、矿物钾（0.03％,0.01％）及全钾含量;降低矿物钾比例的同时提高其余几种形态钾的比例。随土层加深,除矿物钾外,其余形态钾含量和比例均下降,特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施和土层深度的影响。直接施用钾肥效果优于秸秆还田,且两种措施对上层土壤各形态钾的影响效果大于下层土。     

长期施钾对红壤水稻土水稻产量及土壤钾素状况的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年（1981～2007）施用钾肥对水稻产量和土壤钾素状况的影响。本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK（不施肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NP+RS（施氮、磷肥和稻草）和NPK+RS（施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草）。结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,施钾肥的NPK和NPK+RS处理27年的早稻平均产量分别比NP和NP+RS处理增加15.2%和10.9%;晚稻增产17.2%和9.1%;在27年54季水稻种植期间,不同施肥处理早、晚稻产量的变化趋势不同。CK、NP处理的早、晚稻产量随时间的推移呈负变化趋势,而NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理的早、晚稻产量呈正变化趋势。施钾的NPK和NPK+RS处理不同土层中土壤全钾、缓效钾和速效钾含量均高于NP和NP+RS处理的相同土层;除NPK+RS处理外,其它各处理表观钾平衡均为负值,其中CK和NP处理钾的负平衡值最大。长期施用钾肥能提高水稻产量和维持土壤钾素肥力。     

Effect of long-term application of rice straw,farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer on potassium dynamics in soil

Knowledge of K-dynamics in soils can help devise practices for efficient K management in intensive rice-wheat systems. We studied the effect of long-term application of rice straw, farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizer on total K and its distribution among different forms in 60-cm soil profile after 14 years of rice-wheat cropping. The exchangeable, the non-exchangeable and the lattice K respectively comprised 1%, 3–10% and 89–95% of total K in surface soil under different treatments. Application of rice straw and FYM positively impacted total K status of soil and its distribution among different forms. The greatest concentrations of total K, lattice K, exchangeable K and NH₄OAc-extractable K were observed in plots receiving both rice straw and FYM together and the lowest in inorganic fertilizer treated plots. On the contrary, the non-exchangeable K was the highest in inorganically fertilized plots and the lowest in rice straw amended plots. The exchangeable, the water soluble and the NH₄OAc-extractable K decreased with soil depth and did not indicate K movement beyond the rooting zone of the crops. The results showed that incorporation of rice residue in soil, instead of burning, besides reducing environmental pollution led to improved K-fertility of soils.     

Yield of corn as affected by potassium on a coastal plain soil

Abstract

Corn (Zea mays L.) yields were determined over a four year period on Kalmia sandy loam soil at Georgetown, Delaware. Yields were not significantly increased by the application of K fertilizer. Potassium soil test level was not significantly correlated with corn yield. Multiple extraction and leaching and changes in soil test K indicated that this soil has a K equilibrium which is reestablished sufficiently rapid to supply K to a growing corn crop.     

基于GIS和地统计学的低丘红壤地区三种土壤性质空间变异性研究

以浙江省金华市为例,采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对低丘红壤地区土壤有机质、有效N、有效K3种主要性质的空间变异特性进行研究。研究表明,通过平方根转换后,三者都呈很好的正态分布。有机质的变异函数曲线的理论模型较好地符合球状模型,有效N和有效K则符合指数模型。三者都属于中等空间相关性,同时受到结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响。通过分析3种土壤性质的各向异性,发现不同的土壤性质有不同的空间分布,同一土壤性质在不同的方向上也有不同的空间变异性。     

Effects of biochar application on soil potassium dynamics and crop uptake

Biochar has been suggested as a possible means for enhancing soil fertility, including soil potassium (K). However, understanding of the effects of biochar on soil K dynamics remains limited. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to investigate the influence of biochar application (0, 5, 10, and 25 g kg^?1 soil) on soil K dynamics and crop K uptake under a winter wheat–maize rotation in two types of soil (an Alfisol, which contained a high initial available K and an Entisol, which contained a high abundance of 2 : 1 K‐bearing minerals). Changes in soil K in various forms following biochar application and cropping were determined, and their contributions to plant K uptake were evaluated. Soil microbial activity, especially the development of K‐dissolving bacteria (KDB), was evaluated to obtain insights into its effects on the weathering of K‐bearing minerals in the soils. During the wheat growth period, crop K uptake was more enhanced (13.6–40.5% higher) in the Alfisol than in the Entisol due to the higher availability of water‐soluble and exchangeable K, while K fixation occurred in the Entisol because of the higher content of 2 : 1 K‐bearing minerals. During the maize period, crop K uptake was generally higher in the Entisol soil due to the release of non‐exchangeable K. In addition, biochar application enhanced the growth of KDB in both soils, which was associated with changes in soil pH and water‐soluble K. However, improved mineral K release was observed only in the Entisol. It is concluded that biochar application could be a feasible soil amendment to improve soil K availability, but crop K uptake responses may vary depending on soil types. Soils abundant in 2 : 1 K‐bearing minerals tend to prolong biochar effects on crop K uptake. Biochar application enhanced the growth of KDB, which may facilitate mineral K weathering in soils with abundant K‐bearing minerals.     

Ability of different soil extraction methods to predict potassium release from soil in ley over three consecutive years

To avoid over‐fertilization of potassium (K) and thereby a mineral composition in the grass crop not optimal for animal health, estimation of K release from soil is important. The analytical methods should therefore predict the total K release. Furthermore, to minimize costs for the farmers they should provide information which remains valid over a period of several years. The relationship between different soil extraction procedures for K and K uptake in ley for three subsequent years after soil sampling was studied in 19 field experiments on a range of mineral soil types in Norway. Potassium determined with solutions that extracted exchangeable K or parts of exchangeable K (0.01 M CaCl₂, 0.5 M NaHCO₃, 1 M NH₄oAc, or ammonium acetate lactate) was significantly (p < 0.05) related to the K yield only in the 1st yr after soil sampling. Potassium extracted with boiling in 1 M or 2 M HNO₃ was significantly related to the K yield only in the 2nd and 3rd yr. Potassium extracted with cold 2 M HCl, boiling 0.1 M HNO₃ or 0.5 M HNO₃ was significantly related to the K yield in all 3 yr after soil sampling. Among these extractants, 0.1 M and 0.5 M HNO₃‐extractable K were better predictors of K uptake than 2 M HCl‐extractable K. These three extractants release some non‐exchangeable K in addition to exchangeable K. The fraction of 1 M HNO₃‐K extractable with 0.1 M HNO₃ varied from 4% to 45%, whereas from 15% to 78% of 1 M HNO₃‐K was extractable with 0.5 M HNO₃. Consequently, the more easily releasable fraction of K extracted by boiling with 1 M HNO₃ varied considerably between different sites.     

生物质炭基肥缓释性能及对土壤改良的研究进展

生物质炭基肥是以生物质炭为基质,与有机、无机肥料配制而成的新型生态环保缓释肥料,也作为土壤改良剂应用于农业生产中,近年来受到农业与环保领域的广泛关注和研究应用.本文讨论了生物质炭基肥缓释性能机制及影响因素,生物质炭基肥的缓释性能在很大程度上取决于磷、氮、钾元素与生物质炭的结合方式.主要结合方式包括静电吸附、络合、矿化等...     

上海市规模经营农场的土壤养分与水稻产量空间变异特征

运用经典统计和地统计学结合的研究方法，探讨了规模化经营农场田块内的作物产量及土壤有效养分含量等空间变异特征。结果表明，土壤pH有较小变异和较强的空间结构性。作物产量变异较小而且是随机因素引起的没有明显空间结构性，和土壤养分含量及pH值等属性也没有明显的相关。有效磷、有效硫也表现为纯块金效应，全部变异由随机因素引起。其它观测项目均有不同程度的空间自相关，有效养分含量之间也有较为显著的相关性。