吉林省主要耕作土壤中含钾矿物组成及其与不同形态钾的关系

通过化学分析 ,X-射线衍射及镜检法研究了黑土、白浆土、黑钙土等吉林省主要耕作土壤的含钾矿物组成及不同形态钾的含量。结果表明 ,土壤中的含钾矿物以含钾长石和伊利石为主 ,钾长石主要集中在土壤砂粒部分 ,伊利石主要存在于土壤的粘粒部分。土壤的含钾矿物总量约占土壤矿物总量的 1/ 3多些 ,比南方土壤高 ;缓效钾含量丰富 ,供钾潜力大 ;速效钾含量在黑土、黑钙土中较高 ,而在白浆土中稍低。 3种土壤的全钾量与含钾矿物总量、粘粒中伊利石含量与粘粒含钾量、伊利石含量与缓效钾量、细砂中含钾长石含量与细砂中全钾量、缓效性钾与速效性钾之间呈极显著或显著相关。     

腐殖酸对耕地棕壤固钾与释钾作用的影响研究

通过室内等温培养试验,研究了施用富里酸和胡敏酸对耕地棕壤钾素释放和固定作用的影响。结果表明,施用腐殖酸可以促进土壤钾素的释放,并有随腐殖酸用量提高而增高的趋势。其中,施用富里酸4%,在25℃条件下培养21d,土壤的钾素释放量增加了6.25%,而在相同条件下,施用胡敏酸土壤钾素的释放量仅增加了2.26%;施用腐殖酸可以降低土壤对外源钾的固定量,在施用外源钾400mgkg-1土条件下,与对照比较各处理的固钾量差异均达到了极显著水平。外源钾施用方式对腐殖酸降低土壤固钾作用的影响不同,腐殖酸与土壤恒温培养7d以后施用钾素的固钾量低于钾素与腐殖酸同时施用处理的。腐殖酸对土壤钾素释放和固定的影响是通过对含钾矿物的溶解和层间堵塞以及对钾素的吸附作用实现的。     

风沙土酿酒葡萄基地钾素资源特征和有效性研究

应用化学分析、吸附试验和生物诊断方法 ,系统研究了风沙土钾的丰缺状况及钾的有效性和利用率 .结果表明 :钾素含量受质地影响较大 ,缓效钾和速效钾则随质地变粘而增加 ,风沙土中的钾主要以矿物态钾形态存在 .被土壤固定的钾量也随着施钾量的增加上升 ,无论是速效钾含量或固定钾量均与施钾量呈显著水平正相关 .土壤钾素释放过程表明 ,土壤钾素的释放量不仅随土壤物理性粘粒的增加而增加 ,其释放容量和强度也逐渐增加。钾素对于植株鲜重、根长、根数、百粒重、结果枝率等均有明显的影响 ,且可使酿酒葡萄含糖量、酒精和出汁率增加 ,而使总酸度降低     

广东不同母质发育水稻土钾素的固定与释放

本文通过室内模拟和化学方法研究了广东几种不同母质发育的水稻土的钾素的固定与释放特性。结果表明,砂页岩、珠江三角洲沉积物、石灰岩和玄武岩发育的水稻土的固钾量均随钾加入量的增加而增大,但花岗岩发育的水稻土却相反;砂页岩、花岗岩和玄武岩发育的水稻土的固钾量在淹水时最高,而沉积物和石灰岩发育的水稻土则在恒湿时最高;沉积物发育的水稻土的非交换性钾累计释放量和平均释放速率显著高于其它母质发育的水稻土;施钾肥对非交换性钾释放的影响因土壤所含粘土矿物类型而异。     

膨润土对山西石灰性土壤钾素有效性的影响

室内培养试验结果表明 :山西石灰性土壤在田间持水量条件下 ,加入不同浓度的外源钾后 ,经过一段时间培养 ,土壤释钾量随加入外源钾浓度的增加而增加 ,施加膨润土后土壤释钾量明显高于未施加膨润土的土壤 .在干湿交替过程中 ,土壤固钾能力增强 ,其固钾量随加入外源钾浓度的增加而增加 ,施加膨润土后土壤固钾量明显降低     

三种典型土壤固定态铵及其释放研究初探

通过探究三种典型土壤(黑土、潮棕壤、红壤)的固铵潜力,及其达到最大固铵量后的释放状况,比较了三种土壤固定态铵库在土壤养分管理中的重要性。结果表明:随着氮加入量(NH4Cl)的增大,黑土和潮棕壤的固定态铵含量随之提升,当NH4Cl加入量(以N量计)达到3000mg kg~(-1)时,黑土和潮棕壤达到最大固铵量,此时两种土壤分别新固定铵140.2和162.0 mg kg~(-1);然而,红壤的固定态铵含量不随加氮量的增加而提高。在连续振荡淋洗实验中,黑土新固定铵的释放率为14.8%,潮棕壤新固定铵的释放率为29.9%,红壤的固定态铵含量没有明显变化。综上,不同土壤对加入铵的固定能力不同,潮棕壤固铵能力高于黑土,且更易释放出来供植物吸收利用,该过程对农业生产具有重要意义;而红壤几乎不固定加入的铵,且原固定态铵也较难释放出来,故在此类土壤上氮素的保存与供给应更依赖于生物过程。三种土壤固定态铵库在氮素养分管理中的重要性为:潮棕壤黑土红壤。     

几种粘土矿物和一些土壤的钾固定

6种矿物和10个土壤样本固定的钾随加入的钾浓度增加而增加。所有样本固定的迟缓效钾很低,固定的缓效钾随矿物性质和土壤组成而变化,固定能力的顺序是:高岭石<云母<伊利石<蛭石;砖红壤和赤红壤<红壤<潮土和黄土<黄棕壤。以高岭石和蒙脱石为主并含一定量的伊利石和云母的土壤,其粘粒含量明显地影响土壤的固钾力,含较粗粒蛭石多的土壤,固钾力也明显。根据土壤的固钾率,可计算出5种施钾水平的各类土壤固钾量,为合理施用钾肥提供参考意见。     

腐殖酸对浑河流域草甸土钾素吸附特性的影响研究

草甸土是辽宁地区的主要农业土壤,但是草甸土中含有大量的2∶1型黏土矿物,这些矿物具有固钾能力,受这些矿物的影响,草甸土具有较强的固钾能力,较大程度上限制了外源钾素的发挥。采用连续流动法研究了腐殖酸对浑河流域发育的草甸土钾素固定与释放的影响,结果表明,施用腐殖酸能够降低土壤对钾素的固定量。腐殖酸对土壤固钾率的影响与腐殖酸和钾的施入顺序有关,在外源钾(800 mg kg-1)存在时腐殖酸提前于钾素一天施入,与未加腐殖酸相比能引起溶液钾的显著增加,其中胡敏酸增加41.8%,富里酸增加56.3%;腐殖酸与钾素同时加入,也能引起溶液钾的增加,但增加幅度降低,其中胡敏酸增加7.3%。富里酸增加26.2%;腐殖酸后于钾素加入,引起的溶液钾变化较小,其中胡敏酸增加5.5%,富里酸增加9.8%。三种施入方式对交换钾变化影响不大。不同施入方式下土壤的固钾率表现为:未加腐殖酸后加腐殖酸同时加入先加腐殖酸。     

棕壤和蛭石对外源钾的固定和释放特征

在外源钾施入量为2800mgkg-1条件下,供试耕地棕壤的固钾容量高达1450mgkg-1。在试验条件下,棕壤对钾素的固定量随外源钾施入量的增加而增加。蛭石对钾素的固定量具有随外源钾的施入量增加而呈线性增大的规律,其中0.3mm~0.1mm粒级蛭石对于钾素的固定量要高于1mm~0.3mm和<0.1mm两粒级蛭石对钾素的固定量。蛭石和棕壤对外源钾的固定率表现为随固钾量的增加而趋于降低的规律,但钾素释放量却随之提高。     

紫色水稻土钾有效性和钾释放的研究

紫色水稻土全钾含量属中等水平,速效钾属中等偏下水平,土壤对钾素的供应总体不足。作物吸收的钾,矿物钾占76.95％,速效钾和缓效钾仅占10.81％和12.24％。土壤矿物钾释放随时间的延长逐渐下降,随土壤颗粒粒径的下降显著增大,在80分钟时,释放量仍高达08～8.8mgkg-1.min-1,80分钟内的累积释放量为土壤缓效钾的1.5～2.0倍;土壤速效钾的形成随时间的延长逐渐趋向稳定。不同土壤矿物钾的释放顺序和土壤速效钾形成顺序的不一致性,是由它们的机理和土壤性状综合造成的,但是,Elovich方程都能较好地拟合土壤矿物钾的释放过程和土壤速效钾的形态过程,方程参数b值能反映过程进行的速度。     

Effect of long-term application of rice straw,farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer on potassium dynamics in soil

Knowledge of K-dynamics in soils can help devise practices for efficient K management in intensive rice-wheat systems. We studied the effect of long-term application of rice straw, farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizer on total K and its distribution among different forms in 60-cm soil profile after 14 years of rice-wheat cropping. The exchangeable, the non-exchangeable and the lattice K respectively comprised 1%, 3–10% and 89–95% of total K in surface soil under different treatments. Application of rice straw and FYM positively impacted total K status of soil and its distribution among different forms. The greatest concentrations of total K, lattice K, exchangeable K and NH₄OAc-extractable K were observed in plots receiving both rice straw and FYM together and the lowest in inorganic fertilizer treated plots. On the contrary, the non-exchangeable K was the highest in inorganically fertilized plots and the lowest in rice straw amended plots. The exchangeable, the water soluble and the NH₄OAc-extractable K decreased with soil depth and did not indicate K movement beyond the rooting zone of the crops. The results showed that incorporation of rice residue in soil, instead of burning, besides reducing environmental pollution led to improved K-fertility of soils.     

Potassium Dynamics in Inceptisols as Influenced by Graded Levels of Potash for Banana: I. Potassium Fractions

Knowledge of forms of potassium (K) in soil is of great importance for formulating sound fertilizer recommendation to banana. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of graded levels of potash application on forms of potassium at juvenile, grand growth, shooting, and harvest stages of banana on Vertic Haplustept soil. The negative balance of soil-available K was observed in the treatments of 0, 100, and 200 g K₂O plant^?1. However, at 300-g K₂O plant^?1 level, the balance was a mere –11 kg ha^?1, and positive balance was observed in the treatments of 400 and 500 g K₂O plant^?1. Significant positive correlation among different forms of K indicated the interdependency and dynamic equilibrium between K forms. Application of K₂O above the level of 300 g plant^?1 for banana resulted in the build-up of potassium fractions in soil.     

Potassium release by some delaware soils

Abstract

The A and B horizons of 29 Delaware soils were extensively cropped to sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare Pers. Piper) and corn (Zea mays L. Pioneer Brand Hybrid No. 3958) to evaluate the K release characteristics of these soils.

Various chemical analyses were made on these soils. The double acid North Carolina extractant (NCE) was good at predicting K uptake during the early stages of the experiment and was most sensitive with A horizon soils. However, this extractant was not suitable for predicting K uptake in the latter part of the experiment when nonexchangeable K was more important. Boiling IN HNO₃ was a good extractant in the latter part of the experiment when nonexchangeable K was being released and it also predicted K uptake from the B horizon well. Soils leached with 0.025M MgCl₂ and incubated 25 days to determine K released were also highly correlated with plant uptake.     

共施磷酸二氢钙和硫酸铵对土壤中钾形态转化的影响

Soil potassium (K) deficiency has been increasing over recent decades as a result of higher inputs of N and P fertilizers concomitant with lower inputs of K fertilizers in China; however, the effects of interactions between N, P, and K of fertilizers on K status in soils have not been thoroughly investigated for optimizing N, P, and K fertilizer use effciency. The influence of ammonium sulfate (AS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and potassium chloride application on K fractions in three typical soils of China was evaluated during 90-d laboratory soil incubation. The presence of AS significantly altered the distribution of native and added K in soils, while addition of MCP did not significantly affected K equilibrium in most cases. Addition of AS significantly increased water-soluble K (WSK), decreased exchangeable K (EK) in almost all the soils except the paddy soil that contained considerable amounts of 2:1 type clay minerals with K added, retarded the formation of fixed K in the soils with K added, and suppressed the release of fixed K in the three soils without K added. These interactions might be expected to influence the K availability to plants when the soil was fertilized with AS. To improve K fertilizer use effciency, whether combined application of AS and K was to be recommended or avoided should depend on K status of the soil, soil properties, and cropping systems.     

小麦-玉米轮作系统下长期施钾对作物产量、钾素利用率和钾素平衡的影响

Sustainable potassium (K) management at different soil sites requires understanding the relationships between crop productivity and long-term K fertilizations on a regional or national scale.We analyzed responses of grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.),K efficiency,and partial balance (difference between K input through fertilizer and K output in the aboveground biomass) during 15-(1990-2005) or 18-year (1990-2008) K fertilizations at five distinctive agroecological zones across China.Compared to the inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization,the inorganic NPK fertilization significantly increased grain yields of wheat (21%) and maize (16%-72%) at Qiyang and Changping,where soils have low exchangeable and non-exchangeable K contents,but not at rmqi,Yangling and Zhengzhou,where soils have a high exchangeable and non-exchangeable K and/or low N/K ratio in crop plants.Compared to the inorganic NPK fertilization,the inorganic NPK (30% N) and organic manure (70% N) fertilization (NPKM) increased grain yields of wheat (14%-40%) and maize (9%-61%) at four sites,but not at Zhengzhou.For a productivity of wheat at 2-5 t ha-1 or maize at 3-6 t ha-1,13-26 or 9-17 kg K ha-1 were required to produce 1.0 t wheat or maize.The NP fertilization resulted in the lowest negative partial K balance and accumulated 52 kg K ha-1 year-1 less than the NPK fertilization,which accumulated 28 kg ha-1 year-1 less K than the NPKM fertilization.A re-evaluation of the site-specific fertilization effects on N/K ratio in crop plants and soil K accumulation under current NPK and NPKM fertilization is urgently needed to increase both crop yield and K use efficiency at different agroecological zones across China.     

Yield of corn as affected by potassium on a coastal plain soil

Abstract

Corn (Zea mays L.) yields were determined over a four year period on Kalmia sandy loam soil at Georgetown, Delaware. Yields were not significantly increased by the application of K fertilizer. Potassium soil test level was not significantly correlated with corn yield. Multiple extraction and leaching and changes in soil test K indicated that this soil has a K equilibrium which is reestablished sufficiently rapid to supply K to a growing corn crop.     

Potassium Indexing of Crops Grown on Eight Benchmark Soil Series of India

Surface soil (0–15 cm) and foliar samples of wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton crops growing in eight intensively cultivated soil series of India were collected from farmers' fields during 2004 and 2005. Analysis of soil and leaf samples indicated widespread potassium (K) deficiency in soils and crops. Potassium deficiency in wheat growing in Lukhi series (Udic Ustocrept) and Akbarpur series (Udic Haplustulf) and in cotton growing in Typic Torrifluvent were comparable to 1N ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc)–K (available K) soil test values. Rice cultivated on Udic Ustocrept soils in summer monsoon season showed relatively less K deficiency in comparison to winter wheat, and K deficiency in growing rice did not match 1N NH₄OAc‐K soil test values. In the Khatki series, K deficiency in sugarcane was much less than 1N NH₄OAc‐K soil test values. In the Arsia series (Typic Haplustert), despite the high 1N NH₄OAc‐K status of soils, K deficiency in growing wheat was observed.     

Long-term Potassium Contribution of Potassium Forms of Udic Haplustept and Sustainability of Growing Crops

A balance sheet of potassium (K) was prepared in a long-term experiment that was started in 1985 on a loamy sand Udic Haplustept at the Potash Research Institute of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India, involving a sorghum (fodder)–wheat cropping system. During the 20 cycles of sorghum and wheat, as much as 2,404 kg K ha^?1 was released from the structural form of soil K that contributed 77.3% K to the total K removed by growing sorghum and wheat. However, this K released from the structural form could no longer sustain the growth of sorghum and wheat. Both water-soluble and exchangeable soil K forms contributed 3% K and nonexchangeable K contributed 6.6% K. Groundwater used in irrigation contributed 13.1% K. Potassium fertilizer is needed for the growth of sorghum and wheat on a loamy sand Udic Haplustept as in this long-term experiment and other representative soils both to sustain yield and maintain soil K fertility.     

Estimation of potassium concentration in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf tissue by simple and inexpensive water extraction method

Estimation of potassium (K) concentration in oil palm leaf tissue is routinely carried out in oil palm plantations to manage fertilizer application for getting higher fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production. Since K in plant tissue is not bound to organic complexes and it is extractable by water, this study was carried out to extract K from oil palm leaf tissue by water extraction method. The results were compared with other established methods like 1 normal (N) ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) extraction, 0.5 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) extraction, and diacid digestion. The proposed water extraction method consists of shaking of 0.5 g finely ground oil palm leaf tissue with distilled water at 1:60 ratio [sample-to-water weight (w)/volume (v)] for a period of 20 min in a reciprocating shaker, filtration of the content, and measurement of K concentration in filtrate by flame photometer. The results of analysis of 30 oil palm leaf samples collected from various production systems under different soil types and management practices for K concentration revealed the close agreement of water extraction method with other established methods. The mean value of K extracted by water extraction method was within 1–10% of the K extracted by other established methods. Water-extractable K was significantly correlated with K extracted by other methods and it could be predicted by other methods. The values of standard error and coefficient of variation for K extracted by different methods were very low, which indicated that the water extraction method was comparable with other established methods.     

黄土区土壤钾素径流流失规律研究

通过不同坡度人工模拟冲刷试验 ,初步分析了黄土区土壤钾素径流流失规律。结果表明 :随径流流失的离子钾浓度随坡度的增大而增大 ;土壤钾的流失量与坡度呈指数函数关系 ;不同形态的钾在泥沙中有富集现象 ;钾主要是以不溶态的形式随泥沙迁移 ,缓效钾主要随土流失