牛磺酸强化乳制品

牛磺酸强化乳制品宁夏自治区中宁县畜牧局（７５１２００）张晓林，刘进忠牛磺酸是一种氨基酸，学名α－氨基乙磺酸，分子式ＨＯ＿３Ｓ－ＣＨ＿２－ＮＨ＿２，分子量１２５．１。在人体的组织中，蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸代谢的中间产物半胱亚磺酸经半脱亚磺酸胱羧酸（ＣＳＡＤ）...     

草粉配合饲料养蛋鸡试验

选用４８周龄伊沙蛋鸡９０羽，随机分３组进行草粉组合饲料饲养试验，经６０天的试验。结果表明，用草粉配合饲料饲养蛋鸡能够取得与常规配合饲料相同的饲养效果，试验Ⅰ组，Ⅱ组，对照组的蛋均重分别为５７．１ｇ，５７．６ｇ５７．３ｇ，产蛋率分别为７３．９％，７４．２％，７４．４％，各组之间无显著差异，料蛋比分别为３．１０：１，３．０６；１，３．０７：１是基本一致。     

GSD－高效水解蛋白饲料的营养价值评定Ⅱ 蛋鸡饲养试验

在１４４０只星杂５７９蛋鸡日粮中添加３％、５％、８％、１ｌ％的ＧＳＤ－高效水解蛋白饲料替代进口鱼粉和豆粕，进行１０３无的饲养试验。结果表明，日粮添加５％ＧＳＤ－高效水解蛋白饲料和合成氨基酸时，产蛋性能比添加３％ＧＳＤ－高效水解蛋白饲料高，饲料成本亦最低。蛋鸡日粮中添加ＧＳＤ－高效水解蛋白饲料对产蛋高峰有影响，但５％的添加量不影响产蛋鸡的健康。     

浅谈磷酸脲及其对反刍家畜的作用和应用

浅谈磷酸脲及其对反刍家畜的作用和应用贵州省奶牛协会（贵阳５５０００１）朱元德１　磷酸脲的开发利用磷酸脲（ＵｒｅａＰｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ）又称磷酸脲素或脲素磷酸盐，其分子式为ＣＯ（ＮＨ＿２）＿２·Ｈ＿３ＰＯ＿４，含氮１７．７％，含磷１９．６％，（Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿...     

降低蛋鸡生产成本的措施

近年来，我国蛋鸡饲养呈稳定增长态势，蛋鸡业靠蛋价攀升来增加效益的可能性已经很小，因此养鸡场应当在降低生产成本上挖掘潜力。现提出以下措施，供大家参考。１降低饲料成本１．１采用优质配合饲料用优质配合饲料喂鸡是最经济、最节省饲料的措施。鸡可获得的各种营养成份全面而均衡，料蛋比可达２．３～２．４∶１。１．２调整饲养，节约饲料消耗根据鸡在不同生理时期对营养需要量不同的特点，及时调整饲料配方中的各种营养成分，既适用鸡的需要，又可降低成本。我国蛋鸡的饲料标准中对产蛋鸡产蛋水平分为三段：２１～４０周龄为产蛋上升…     

牦牛、半血野牦牛生长发育期若干激素变化规律

采用放射免疫技术对１～２４月龄家牦牛、半血野牦牛血液中ＩＮＳ，ＧＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ，Ｐ，１７β－Ｅ＿２含量进行研究。结果表明，家牦牛、半血野牦牛ＩＮＳ均值分别为３．０８２７±１．９５５１μＵ／ｍｌ，３．１４２４±１．４６６８μＵ／ｍｌ；ＧＨ分别为３．５５４９±０．４６２４ｎｇ／ｍｌ，３．９０４８±０．６０４７ｎｇ／ｍｌ；ＬＨ分别为０．３８２２±０．００２１ｎｇ／ｍｌ，０．４０８６±０．０６４９ｎｇ／ｍｌ；Ｔ分别为５．５６２１±２．５９２７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１１．０４３７±１０．９５０８ｎｇ／ｍｌ；Ｐ＿４分别为０．５７２９±０．５０３６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，０．３５３９±０．２０３３ｎｇ／ｍｌ；１７β－Ｅ＿２分别为２６．３５３８±１５．６４６４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，２２．７０２１±６．９４７２ｐｇ／ｍｌ。经二因子无重复观察值的方差分析表明，家牦牛和半血野牦牛之间，各月龄之间ＩＮＳ，ＧＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ，Ｐ＿４，１７β－Ｅ＿２含量均无显著差异。     

生蚕豆与熟蚕豆在蛋鸡日粮中替代部分豆柏的试验研究

次品蚕豆含有２５．２％粗蛋白，１．５６％赖氨酸，０．２３％蛋氨酸，按５％生蚕事和５％炒熟蚕豆替代蛋鸡日粮中的部分豆粕与玉米试验表明，产蛋率、蛋重、料蛋比、死淘率等指标相近，差异不显著；但经济效益显著，试验组每千克饲料成本降低３．４７％，每千克慢的饲料成本降低２．１３－３．３５％。     

海泡石在饲料工业中的开发与应用

目前，海泡石粉在饲料工业中普遍用作饲料添加剂、载体或稀释剂、颗粒饲料的粘合剂。海泡石是一种纤维状天然粘土矿物，灰白色，有滑感、无毒、无臭，具有特殊的层链状晶体结构和热稳定性、抗盐性、脱色吸附性强，有除毒去臭去污能力，有很好的阳离子交换和流变性能，比表面很高。它的化学分子式通常为：４ＭｇＯ·６ＳｉＱ２·２ＳＨ２Ｏ或Ｈ１Ｍｇ２Ｓｉ３Ｏ１Ｏ、Ｍｇ２Ｈ２（ＳｉＯ３）３Ｈ２Ｏ。经测试，海泡石的化学成份及各种矿物质、微量元素含量为：ＳｉＯ２２９．６７－７０．３；Ａ１２Ｏ３１．８２－９．１７；ＣａＯｌ．０３－…     

驴,骡血气分析初探

对２５头驴、骡进行血气分析，结果表明：驴、骡血液ｐＨ，Ｐｏ＿２，Ｏ＿２ＳＴ，ＨＣＯ，Ｔｃｏ＿２，ＢＥ＿ｂ，ＳＢｃ，ＢＥ＿（ｅｃｆ）在二者之间无显著差异性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；驴血液Ｐｃｏ＿２，和乳酸皆高于骡（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）；驴、骡的血液ｐＨ为７．４１±０．０３，Ｐｏ＿２为４．９７±０．９７ｋＰａ，Ｐｃｏ＿２为５．２０±０．３９ｋＰａ，Ｏ＿２ＳＴ为７１．２９±９．２５％，ＨＣＯ＿３为２５．９４±１．６８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｔｃｏ＿２为２７．１５±１．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＢＥ＿ｂ为１．９６±１．７１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＳＢｃ为２５．６８±１．３１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＢＥ＿（ｅｃｆ）为１．２３±１．８９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，乳酸含量为１．６８±０．６３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

日粮中添加Se和VE对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

为探索不同剂量的Ｓｅ和ＶＥ对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响，我们选用３２周龄罗曼蛋鸡７２只，随机分成６组。在基础日粮含Ｓｅ０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ基础上，添加Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３－ＶＥ粉，各组Ｓｅ的添加水平分别是每公斤日粮０、０．５、１．０、１．５、２．０、３．０ｍｇ，ＶＥ添加水平分别是０、４１．６６、８３．３２、１２４．９８、１６６．６４、２４９．９６ＩＵ。实验期８周。结果表明，添加１ｍｇ／ｋｇＳｅ、８３．３２ＩＵＶＥ组鸡产蛋率显著高于其他各组；各组鸡蛋重随Ｓｅ水平的提高有下降趋势，但差异不显著；蛋品质各组差异不显著。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein