乳倍利对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

试验选用产后约112d的奶牛30头,采用单因子配对试验,以泌乳天数、胎次和产奶量基本一致为配对原则分成试验组和对照组。试验组奶牛的日粮中用1kg乳倍利代替部分的蛋白饲料和过瘤胃脂肪(钙皂),其他成分同对照组。探索乳倍利对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和体细胞数的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中添加乳倍利可以使奶牛的产奶量提高1.15kg/d.头;与对照组相比乳脂率提高4.92%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白率提高了3.24%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

复合菌培养物对奶牛产奶性能及体细胞数的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加复合菌培养物对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和体细胞数的影响。选择30头荷斯坦奶牛,分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加复合菌培养物400 g/(头·d),试验期为37 d。测定指标包括产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及体细胞数。结果表明,试验组奶牛产奶量比对照组增加6.84%(P>0.05);乳汁体细胞数下降率比对照组提高29.78%(P<0.05);两组奶牛乳脂、乳蛋白之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。本试验结果表明,复合菌培养物在降低体细胞数和改善奶牛产奶性能方面具有良好的效果。     

蒸气压片玉米对泌乳初期奶牛生产性能的影响研究

选用20头胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量和体况评分(BCS)相近,泌乳初期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分成2组,每组2个重复,每重复5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组中精料补充料的玉米由蒸汽压片玉米代替。试验期为35d。试验结果表明:(1)蒸气压片玉米能提高泌乳初期奶牛的产奶量和4?M产量、乳脂率和乳脂产量以及降低体细胞数,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)蒸汽压片玉米可以显著提高乳糖率、乳糖产量、乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05)。     

奶牛全泌乳期饲料配方筛选试验研究

为筛选奶牛泌乳期系列饲料配方,试验选用30头泌乳后期奶牛,参考胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情、体型等因素,采用随机区组对比设计,分为4组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,组间差异不显著。对照组饲喂奶牛场使用的精料补充料,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂专门设计的奶牛饲料精料补充料A、B和C系列。结果表明:泌乳前期试验2组奶牛产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳中期试验组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳后期试验组奶牛产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以试验2组,即B饲料配方效果最为显著,显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。泌乳前期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。泌乳中期和泌乳后期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于试验1组和试验3组(P<0.05)。乳糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。由此可知,试验2组,即B系列饲料配方可以显著提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳干物质含量及日粮养分消化率。     

日粮中添加脂肪粉对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响

观测奶牛常规日粮中添加脂肪粉对产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和体细胞数的影响。选取70头生理条件基本相同的荷斯坦奶牛随机分成2组,即对照组、脂肪粉(200g/日·头)试验组。结果表明:添加脂肪粉有使产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),而降低体细胞数的效果显著(P<0.05)。脂肪粉饲喂奶牛的效果可能受添加量(添加水平)的影响。     

日粮中添加多肽菌素对奶牛产奶性能的影响

本试验旨在研究多肽菌素对奶牛产奶量、体细胞数和乳成分的影响。选择胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳牛40头,随机分为2组,即试验组和对照组,每组20头。试验组奶牛在TMR中添加10g/(头·d)多肽菌素,对照组不添加,试验期为28d。结果显示,试验结束时试验组奶牛日均产奶量比对照组高出6.71%,差异显著(P0.05);体细胞数较对照组降低20.5%,差异显著(P0.05);乳脂率比对照组高7.40%,差异显著(P0.05),乳蛋白率、乳糖含量比对照组高出3.08%、1.66%,但差异不显著(P0.05)。说明奶牛日粮中添加10g/(头·d)的多肽菌素,可以提高产奶量,显著降低体细胞数,改善乳品质量。     

利用DHI数据分析季节和胎次对陆良县奶牛乳品质的影响

试验旨在利用DHI数据分析季节和胎次对乳品质的影响,从而科学有效地指导奶牛养殖企业的饲养管理。试验收集整理陆良新希望雪兰奶牛养殖有限公司2019年—2021年荷斯坦奶牛的DHI测定数据,应用Excel 2010进行数据处理,SPSS 22.0进行方差分析,对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖、总固体含量、体细胞数和尿素氮进行统计和比较分析。结果表明：季节对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖、总固体含量和尿素氮均具有显著影响（P<0.05）,对乳蛋白率和乳糖的影响存在部分差异显著（P<0.05）。奶牛产奶量在夏秋季节较高;乳脂率和乳蛋白率均在冬季最高;乳糖在春夏季节较高;总固体在夏冬季节较高;尿素氮在冬春季节较高。胎次对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖、总固体含量和尿素氮均具有显著影响（P<0.05）。奶牛产奶量在3～5胎次较高;乳蛋白率、乳糖和总固体含量均在1、2胎次较高;乳脂率在2、3胎次时较高;尿素氮在2、4胎次时较高。季节和胎次的交互作用对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖、总固体含量、体细胞数和尿素氮均具有显著影响（P<0.05）。奶牛产奶量在夏秋季节...     

乳酸菌微生态制剂对奶牛泌乳量、乳成分和乳体细胞数的影响研究

为研究乳酸菌对奶牛泌乳量、乳成分和乳体细胞数的影响,选择372头泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦牛,根据产奶量、乳体细胞数、胎次和泌乳天数等相近的原则分为试验组和对照组,每组186头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组除饲喂基础日粮外,每天饲喂133g/头的乳酸菌生态制剂,试验期6周。结果表明,添加乳酸菌能够显著地提高奶牛的产奶量(P<0.05);添加乳酸菌对牛奶中乳蛋白率、乳脂率和乳糖率均无显著影响,但是可以显著降低乳中53%左右的体细胞数(P<0.05)。     

日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取24头处于泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对设计分成4组,研究奶牛日粮中分别添加200g棕榈油脂肪酸钙、大豆油脂肪酸钙和葵花籽油脂肪酸钙对奶牛采食量、产奶量及乳品质的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加3种脂肪酸钙均不影响奶牛采食量(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高10.45%、乳脂率提高7.42%、乳蛋白率降低4.67%、乳干物质提高1.41%(P>0.05);添加大豆油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.25%、乳脂率提高8.54%、乳蛋白率降低4.64%、乳干物质提高2.67%(P>0.05);添加葵花籽油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.76%、乳脂率提高3.52%、乳蛋白率降低3.35%、乳干物质提高1.42%(P>0.05)。     

多功能过瘤胃蛋白饲喂奶牛试验

试验组用过瘤胃蛋白替代豆粕饲料饲喂奶牛,测定过瘤胃蛋白对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂肪、乳蛋白的影响.试验结果表明,试验组的产奶量、乳蛋白比对照组豆粕饲料均有所增加,而乳脂肪比对照组有所减少,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05).     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …