不同二氧化碳浓度处理对棉花生长发育和产量形成的影响

借助于ＯＴＣ－１型开顶式气室进行了７００ｐｐｍ，５００ｐｐｍ和６上二氧化碳深度对棉花影响的模拟诊断试验，结果表明，二氧化碳深度升高，特别是二氧化碳浓度倍增加对棉花生育进程、生物量和产量等均有明显的正效应。     

冬小麦冠层内二氧化碳浓度的变化规律

根据农田实测资料，分析二氧化碳浓度时空分布规律，研究二氧化碳浓度降低对作物群体光合生产力的影响。主要结果：１．白天，由于小麦光合作用，群体内部二氧化碳浓度降低。在空气动力作用下二氧化碳由大气和２表面向冠层内输送，冠层中通量为零处浓度最低。     

日光温室二氧化碳施肥技术研究

给出了施与不施二氧化碳（ＣＯ２）温室内二氧化碳浓度的日变化状况,分析了施用二氧化碳对蔬菜生长发育和产量的促进作用,提出了对不同种类蔬菜施用二氧化碳的适宜施放期、一天内适宜施放时间以及适宜施放浓度。     

棉花钾素营养与土壤钾素供应水平

大田试验和田间调查分别在杭州浙江农业大学实验农场黄松土(Semihy dromorphic soil)和金华盆地红壤上进行.品种分别为钱江9号和协作2号,这两处土壤有效钾含量均较低,棉花(Gosoypium hirsutum L.)生长不良,普遍早衰.根据土壤中交换性钾的含量与棉花生长情况,一般可分为四类:土壤交换性钾>90ppm,棉花生长正常,70-90ppm,潜在缺钾;<70ppm,明显缺钾;<50ppm,严重缺钾.棉花叶片含钾量与土壤交换性钾含量呈正相关,r=0.928,显著性超过1%水准.大田试验表明,施用钾肥能提高棉花叶片含钾量,增加叶面积和叶绿素含量以及CO₂的同化率;钾还能促进叶片中细胞色素氧化酶和硝酸还原酶的活性,提高气孔导度,降低水分的蒸腾速率.缺钾叶片结构松弛,角质层发育不良;正常叶片结构紧密,角质层发育良好.叶片含钾量无论在苗期、初花期、盛花期、花铃期,均与皮棉产量呈正相关,达到显著水准.     

典型岩溶区不同土地利用类型土壤CO2浓度时空变化特征及影响因素分析——以贵州双河洞为例

为揭示典型岩溶地区不同用地类型下土壤CO₂的时空变化特征及其影响因素,于2018年1月～2019年8月对白云岩分布的贵州绥阳双河洞地区6种典型用地的5、20、40和60 cm深度土壤CO₂浓度进行了为期一年的监测、采样和室内实验。并运用数理统计分析方法对各指标进行综合分析,进一步探究影响土壤CO₂时空变化的主要影响因子。结果表明:不同用地类型下土壤CO₂各深度平均浓度均表现出明显的夏秋高、冬春低的季节性变化特征,年平均浓度最高出现在10月,浓度值为23276 ppm,最低在1月,浓度值为6602 ppm;不同用地类型下土壤CO₂浓度表现为旱地(19967 ppm)>灌草地(17098 ppm)>灌丛地(15054 ppm)>有林地(11494 ppm)>退耕还林地(10529 ppm)>撂荒地(6147 ppm),且除有林地土壤CO₂随着深度加深,表现出先减小后增加的特征外,其余五种用地类型下土壤CO₂均...     

典型岩溶区不同土地利用类型土壤CO2浓度时空变化特征及影响因素分析

为揭示典型岩溶地区不同用地类型下土壤CO₂的时空变化特征及其影响因素,于2018年1月 ~ 2019年8月对白云岩分布的贵州绥阳双河洞地区6种典型用地的5、20、40和60 cm深度土壤CO₂浓度进行了为期一年的监测、采样和室内实验。并运用数理统计分析方法对各指标进行综合分析,进一步探究影响土壤CO₂时空变化的主要影响因子。结果表明:不同用地类型下土壤CO₂各深度平均浓度均表现出明显的夏秋高、冬春低的季节性变化特征,年平均浓度最高出现在10月,浓度值为23276 ppm,最低在1月,浓度值为6602 ppm;不同用地类型下土壤CO₂浓度表现为旱地（19967 ppm） > 灌草地（17098 ppm） > 灌丛地（15054 ppm） > 有林地（11494 ppm） > 退耕还林地（10529 ppm） > 撂荒地（6147 ppm）,且除有林地土壤CO₂随着深度加深,表现出先减小后增加的特征外,其余五种用地类型下土壤CO₂均表现出随土层深度增加而增加的趋势;土壤温度、土壤含水量、有机碳含量、孔隙度与土壤CO₂浓度均成正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.406、0.252、0.382、0.703。相关性分析表明土壤温度、土壤孔隙度对土壤中CO₂的产生和保存具有显著影响。     

氯化胆碱对小麦幼苗生长的影响

适宜浓度范围(200～700ppm)的氯化胆碱(CC)对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)桂5503幼苗各项生长指标均有不同程度的促进效应,且有随处理时间延长,促进效果增加的趋势。浓度过高(>1000 ppm)对生长有延缓作用。低浓度中以200～300ppm CC 促进效应较佳,尤以300ppm CC 处理最好。与对照比,经300ppm CC 处理者,苗高、根长、根系体积、地上部与地下部干物质重以及根系活力均有增加,根系浸提液 pH 值降低,K~+,Na~+等离子外渗量减少。     

CO2浓度倍增对棉花生长发育和产量形成的影响

借助于ＯＴＣ－１型开顶式气室，进行了自然状态下及ＣＯ２浓度倍增时棉花生长发育及产量形成过程的模拟诊断试验。结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度倍增对棉花生育进程、生物量和产量等无前显著的正效应。     

六种有机污染物对土壤微生物的影响

为排除实验误差的干扰，得出较为可靠的分析，本文用数理统计中“方差分析”方法研究了苯乙烯、间-二氯苯、邻-二氯苯、氯苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、十六烷等六种有机污染物对自行分离鉴定的褐球固氮细菌（Azotobacter chroococcum）、纤维单胞菌（ Cellulomonas sp.)以及土壤中放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌的影响。结果表明，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯在10ppm、50ppm 两种浓度均使纤维单胞菌无一存活，其它五种污染物在两种受试浓度对土壤微生物效应各不相同。有的无显著影响，有的刺激土壤中霉菌，有的使酵母菌数量增加，有的则有一定的抑制作用。     

不同NaCl浓度微咸水灌溉对棉花幼苗生理特性的影响

为找出棉花苗期微咸水灌溉的适宜浓度,明确滨海盐土区微咸水在棉花苗期代替淡水灌溉的可行性。本研究在盆栽试验条件下,研究了浇灌不同NaCl浓度的微咸水对棉花幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,NaCl浓度为4 g/L的微咸水处理显著降低了棉籽发芽率,达26.09%,而NaCl浓度为2~3 g/L的微咸水处理与对照无显著差异。与CK相比,NaCl浓度为4 g/L的微咸水处理显著降低了棉花幼苗的鲜重、株高、根长和干重,降低幅度分别为34.08%、27.27%、38.26%和35.29%;显著降低了棉花幼苗叶绿素含量,提高了抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和游离脯氨酸含量;增加了棉花幼苗超氧阴离子的产生速率、H_2O_2含量及丙二醛积累量。NaCl浓度为3 g/L的微咸水处理对棉花幼苗的部分生长和生理指标也具有显著的抑制作用。NaCl浓度为2 g/L的微咸水处理对棉花幼苗的生长没有显著的抑制作用,可以在黄河三角洲地区棉花幼苗期代替淡水灌溉。     

CO2浓度倍增对冬小麦生长发育产量形成及发芽率的影响

利用OTC-1型开顶式气室进行了CO₂浓度倍增对冬小麦影响的诊断试验，结果表明，CO₂浓度倍增对冬小麦生长发育、叶面积变化、生物量及产量形成等影响显著，且均为正效应。     

环境CO2浓度增加对玉米生育生理及产量的影响

研究了盆栽玉米在700、600、500和350ppm的CO₂浓度处理下,生育、生理及产量形成的动态变化和反应。结果表明,CO₂浓度增加促进了玉米的生长和发育,物候期提前,光合速率增大,蒸腾系数减少,加快了根、茎、叶等干物质积累,提高了生物产量和经济产量。实验还表明:从苗期、抽雄、吐丝、乳熟到收获的各生育阶段,CO₂浓度对玉米的影响有所不同,以抽雄阶段影响最大;对植株的产量性状影响程度也不一致(穗>茎叶>根),收获指数也随CO₂浓度增加而有所提高。此外,CO₂浓度增加还可增强玉米抗短期高温(>40℃)和低光(常量的1/2)胁迫的能力。     

大气CO2倍增对水稻生长和发育的影响

矮香糯水稻(Oryza sativa L, )插身后生长在大气（350ppm CO₂）和CO₂倍增（700 ppm CO₂）的开顶式培养室中，结果显示，在CO₂倍增的条件下，矮香糯生长旺盛，根系发达，根系干重增加23%，株高增加12%，每穗结实率增加29%，每株籽粒干重增加41%。本文对目前有关这方面的研究现状进行了讨论。     

Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevated atmospheric CO2

Climatic changes and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will affect crop growth and production in the near future. Rising CO₂ concentration is a novel environmental aspect that should be considered when projections for future agricultural productivity are made. In addition to a reducing effect on stomatal conductance and crop transpiration, elevated CO₂ concentration can stimulate crop production. The magnitude of this stimulatory effect (‘CO₂ fertilization’) is subject of discussion. In this study, different calculation procedures of the generic crop model AquaCrop based on a foregoing theoretical framework and a meta-analysis of field responses, respectively, were evaluated against experimental data of free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) environments. A flexible response of the water productivity parameter of the model to CO₂ concentration was introduced as the best option to consider crop sink strength and responsiveness to CO₂. By varying the response factor, differences in crop sink capacity and trends in breeding and management, which alter crop responsiveness, can be addressed. Projections of maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production reflecting the differences in responsiveness were simulated for future time horizons when elevated CO₂ concentrations and climatic changes are expected. Variation in future yield potential associated with sink strength could be as high as 27% of the total production. Thus, taking into account crop sink strength and variation in responsiveness is equally relevant to considering climatic changes and elevated CO₂ concentration when assessing future crop production. Indicative values representing the crop responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration were proposed for all crops currently available in the database of AquaCrop as a first step in reducing part of the uncertainty involved in modeling future agricultural production.     

CO2浓度增加对作物影响的实验研究进展

简要综述了近10年来国内外有关CO₂增加对作物生长影响的研究方法、实验装置和实验结果。CO₂增加促进了作物光合、抑制蒸腾、提高了水分利用率,有利于作物生长发育、干物质积累和产量形成。就总体而言,C₃比C₄作物对CO₂增加的反应更为敏感。     

Availability of CO2 as a factor affecting the rate of nitrification in soil

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to demonstrate that reduced availability of CO₂ in soil may be an important factor limiting nitrification. Soil samples were incubated at 30±2 °C for 20 days using vessels with or without the arrangement for trapping CO₂ in sodium hydroxide. This arrangement led to a decrease of ca. 96% in the CO₂ concentration of the headspace, with a range of 95.7-97.5 at different sampling intervals. In the absence of trapping arrangement, CO₂ concentration of the headspace varied from 580 to 859 ppm, i.e. 62-140% higher than that of the outside atmosphere (358 ppm). The nitrification process was significantly retarded under conditions of reduced CO₂ concentration; reduction varied from 8 to 62% at different incubation intervals. The results of the study led to the inference that decreased availability of CO₂ in closed vessels (with arrangement for trapping CO₂) will have a significant bearing on the process of nitrification and hence on the overall dynamics of N transformations.     

Fertilizing effect of the increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

The effect of three atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (ambient, 400 ppm; double, 800 ppm; and triple, 1200 ppm) on the productivity of cottonwood (Populus deltoides Barr.) and the activity of the soil microbial biomass in the root-inhabited zone was studied. The total biomass of the cottonwood increased with increasing CO₂ concentration (2.28, 5.28, and 3.78 kg/tree for 400, 800, and 1200 ppm, respectively). The strongest responses were observed for the trunk and coarse roots (three and two times higher as compared to the ambient CO₂ concentration). The triple concentration of CO₂ had a greater effect on the roots of the trees, but the growth of leaves and branches was insignificant or absent. The shoot-to-root ratio changed as follows: 2.86, 2.80, and 1.57 at 400, 800, and 1200 ppm, respectively. The rate of C-CO₂ release from the soil samples incubated for 70 days increased in the following order: 400, 800, and 1200 ppm CO₂; the average values of the CO₂ emission were 2.02, 2.33, and 2.76 mg/100 g per day, respectively. The greatest content of C_mb (75.1 mg/100 g) was observed in the treatment with the triple CO₂ concentration, and the lowest content (53.7 mg/100 g) was found for the ambient CO₂ concentration. This study suggests that the responses of the cottonwood biomass and soil microbial activity vary depending on the CO₂ concentration. The microbial biomass gradually increased with increasing CO₂ concentration; the total plant biomass showed the highest response at the double CO₂ concentration, and the triple CO₂ concentration was likely to suppress the growth of the above-ground plant biomass.     

设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征分析

研究设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征对于了解CO₂排放对环境和作物生长的影响十分重要。本研究采用CO2红外分析仪 动态箱法在2009年秋冬季和2010年冬春季监测了不同有机肥和氮肥处理下设施菜田土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征。结果表明: 施用有机肥和秸秆明显提高设施菜田土壤呼吸速率, 尤其是在高氮投入下, 鸡粪和小麦秸秆混施土壤呼吸速率明显高于其他处理; 不同季节各处理土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征基本一致, 土壤呼吸速率的最大值出现在14:00-17:00; 随着温度升高, 土壤呼吸速率逐渐增加, 但是过高的温度和CO₂浓度均会抑制土壤呼吸速率; 上午8:00-11:00测定的土壤呼吸速率值与土壤呼吸速率日平均值基本一致, 可采用上午8:00-11:00土壤呼吸速率的观测值评估设施菜田CO₂的排放量; 施肥、温度和温室内近地面CO₂浓度是影响不同季节土壤呼吸速率日变化的主要因素, 合理调控对于实现设施蔬菜的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Is yield enhancement by CO2 enrichment greater in genotypes with a higher capacity for nitrogen fixation?

Yield responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration [CO₂] was previously found to be greater when nitrogen (N) was supplied in adequate amounts; however, it remains unclear whether genotypic differences in N₂-fixing capacity affect yield responsiveness in soybean. We tested the hypothesis that yield responsiveness to elevated [CO₂] in soybean is greater in a genotype with a higher capacity for N₂ fixation. We used three near-isogenic genotypes with contrasting nodulation capacities: super-nodulating, normally nodulating and non-nodulating genotypes. Plants were subjected to two levels of [CO₂] (ambient or elevated: ambient + 200 μmol mol⁻¹) and two temperature regimes (low or high: low + ca. 4-5 °C) using temperature gradient chambers. The super-nodulating genotype exhibited a higher N content in leaves, regardless of [CO₂] and temperature. Photosynthetic rates were enhanced by CO₂ enrichment at earlier growth stages, but not at later growth stages, regardless of genotype. This photosynthetic acclimation was reflected in biomass production in all the genotypes examined. Yield responsiveness to elevated [CO₂] was greater in the nodulating genotypes than in the non-nodulating genotype, but the genotypic differences were obscured between the normally nodulating and super-nodulating genotype, thus our hypothesis was not fully verified.     

Biotoxicity and persistence of nonylphenol during incubation in a compost-sandstone mixture

Summary The persistence and biotoxicity of nonylphenol, a mixture of monoalkyl phenols that is found in relatively high concentrations in sewage sludge, were studied in an incubation experiment with a reconstituted soil system (compost + sandstone). The effect of nonylphenol (100 and 1000 ppm) on CO₂ evolution and biomass ATP were monitored. Nonylphenol depressed CO₂ production significantly only at high concentrations [1000 ppm 4-nonylphenol (4-NP)]. Biomass ATP declined progressively after the 5th day. At 100 ppm no toxic effects were detected. After a lag phase, nonylphenol disappeared readily upon incubation at the lower concentration (100 ppm), but persisted at high levels (1000 ppm). The persistence of 4-nonylphenol increased under aseptic conditions. The chromatogram profile of 4-NP changed over time, indicating that some of the isomers are more easily degraded than others.