Tauponui a Tia: an interpretation of Maori landscape and land tenure

In the mid-1950s Professor R. Gerard Ward carried out his first significant research project as a graduate student in the ‘Taupo country’– a diverse volcanic landscape with a rich Maori history in the central North Island of New Zealand. This paper traces my own ‘journeys’ into the Taupo country and my association with the complexities of both historical and contemporary understandings and realities of Maori land tenure. I use several specific examples, and draw on a variety of experiences to argue that the ‘Taupo country’ cannot be understood without an appreciation of the enduring Maori values which still permeate society and land tenure in New Zealand’s ‘volcanic desert’ landscape. Despite legislative efforts to impose on Maori a title system derived from British property law, and all the subsequent pressures to assimilate, enduring Maori values intertwined with ancestry and identity cannot be ignored either in reconstructions of the history or in current planning for the future of the Taupo region.     

Cross‐border ‘Traffic’: Stories of dangerous victims,pure whores and HIV/AIDS in the experiences of mainland female sex workers in Hong Kong

Abstract: In recent years, dramatically increasing numbers of mainland Chinese women have entered Hong Kong to engage in sexual labour. Public discourses on the threat of HIV/AIDS increasingly locate these women's bodies as sites of danger, colluding with pre‐existing imaginations of mainland rural women as ignorant, desperate and deceptive in representing these women's penetration of Hong Kong's border as a primary means of infection of the Hong Kong body. Drawing on state, media and popular representations, and the narratives of female sex workers themselves, this paper examines the interwoven bio‐medical, gendered, sexual and cross‐border relationships that intersect in the experiences of mainland Chinese sex workers in Hong Kong. I argue that while images of disease and danger have been used to regulate these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers challenge these images by drawing on other popular stereotypes of mainland women as pure, feminine and traditional. Although images of the related but still ‘other’ figure of the mainland Chinese woman are powerful mechanisms for the regulation of these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers skilfully use inherent tensions in those images in resisting that control and in struggling to achieve their own personal and economic goals.     

A family business: Women,children and smallholder sugar cane farming in Fiji

Abstract: This paper highlights the contribution of women and children to the sugar industry in Fiji by examining the importance of family labour in the historical development of the smallholder system and describing the present situation for the study participants. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted during 1996–97, on the island of Vanua Levu in the northern region of Fiji. The twenty smallholder households in the study comprised both Fijian and Fiji Indian respondents who relied primarily on selling sugar cane for their cash income. How inequalities within the household in terms of allocation of labour and resources are legitimated is outlined. Resource distribution within the household in regards to two important issues for the sugar industry, land and trade liberalisation, are examined. In light of global trends in trade liberalisation and probable falls in sugar prices, future strategies for survival identified by Fijian and Fiji Indian smallholders are also discussed. The case study demonstrates that the sugar industry is still largely reliant on family labour and, particularly for low socio‐economic smallholders, the unremunerated labour of family members makes an essential contribution to the production of sugar cane.     

Research Progress on Nerve-Endocrine-Immunity Network

Systems in human bodies do not work independently when conducting physiological activities and making reaction to external environment,as their functions will be regulated by the multidimensional network structure composed by nerve,endocrine,and immunity system.The three systems each performs their own functions and realizes joint control so that the functions of each cell,organ and system can be normally achieved and thus forms the theory of nerve-endocrine-immunity system. This theory combines nerve,endocrine,and immunity system in an organic way,integrating the relationship of mutual regulation among the three functional systems of human bodies. It informs people of how the three systems of nerve,endocrine,and immunity influence,coordinate and restrict each other to together regulate functional activities of the human body and maintain the stability of internal environment. The generation and development of this theory manifests that modern science also gradually starts exploring regulation of the whole body at the same time of emphasizing in-depth local microexamination,providing a new meaningful research model for understanding the general function of bodies from the level of molecules. In this paper,the author concludes relevant conditions for the realization of the regulation function of this network as composed of three parts: structure foundation,neural master control,and micro-substance foundation,and elaborates on them respectively.     

Taking post‐development theory to the field: Issues in development research,Northern Thailand

Emerging post‐development literatures consider how post‐structural and post‐colonial critiques of development could form the basis for new kinds of development practices. Much of the search for such post‐development possibilities draws on new theories of discourse. This paper considers the challenges of bringing together empirical research and the experience of doing development with the often ethereal and deeply speculative work of discourse theorists. I reflect on the course taken by my own research in Northern Thailand, and discuss the possibilities that can emerge as theory confronts empirics, and conceptual frameworks are transformed through the daily politics of fieldwork.     

Cultural discernment as an ethics framework: An Indigenous Fijian approach

The praxis of an Indigenous Fijian researcher who is both an insider/outsider offers some valuable lessons for ethnographic work. This paper introduces ‘cultural discernment’ as a concept used to ensure that the research process is culturally ethical within the research setting. An insider will always require a sense of cultural discernment, recognising that actions taken have implications that are critical and remain with the researcher for life. The paper contextualises the concept of cultural discernment in relation to Fijian epistemology. Although there are risks within any research project with regard to ethics processes and the conduct of research, this paper will illustrate how Western paradigms associated with ‘expert knowledge’ and the ‘lay knowledges’ of an Indigenous population group produce competing understandings about ethical practice. The paper draws on a doctoral research project exploring the cultural conceptualisation of health and well‐being, conducted in Fiji and New Zealand. The research process and steps carried out in this study ensured those actions were culturally appropriate and ethically sound from an Indigenous Fijian perspective.     

浅析影响石蜡切片质量的关键因素

摘要：石蜡切片技术是组织学、发育生物学研究的主要实验方法,同时也是病理学中观察病理变化的重要手段,广泛地应用于临床病理诊断、教学和科研工作中。但是许多实验人员未经过严格而系统的培训,操作中由于经验不足,操作不当,常出现切片碎裂、切片脱落、染色不均、模糊不清及细胞结构染色对比不明显等现象而影响观察。笔者在阅读了大量的石蜡切片相关文献的基础上,结合自身体会,将影响石蜡切片质量的关键因素分为了实验试剂、时间和温度的选择三方面,分析了其对石蜡切片过程各环节的影响和可能出现的问题,并详述了如何控制这三方面以提高切片质量。     

Development prospects in Eastern Indonesia: Learning from Oelua's diverse economy

This paper explores the effects of different representations of informal economies in Third World settings. Both the neoclassical and political economy approaches have represented the informal economy as a transient entity, and the non‐capitalist practices it comprises as being remnant economic forms, or as already capitalist. Mainstream development discourse (that reflects the neoliberal paradigm) continues to ignore the value and potential of non‐capitalist practices and to represent them as inconsequential to development outcomes. Meanwhile contemporary livelihood studies across the social sciences have documented the continuing vibrancy of different and hybrid economic forms in the Asia Pacific. In this paper, I use a diverse‐economies approach to explore the complexities of the village economy of Oelua in Rote, in the so‐called lagging region of Eastern Indonesia. Drawing on anti‐essentialist Marxist theory in economic geography, I describe the multiple, locally specific and coexisting practices that comprise Oelua's diverse economy, which include distributions of surplus labour to promote social and economic well‐being. I argue that recognising informal village economies as an important development resource could begin a process of building diverse development trajectories in Eastern Indonesia, complementing mainstream development proposals to attract foreign direct investment, shore up development assistance and source out‐migration.     

Sacred Space in Conflict in India: The Babri Masjid Affair

The focus of this paper is on the demolition of a sacred space, the Babri Masjid, a sixteenth century mosque, in Ayodhya, India, in December 1992, an illegal albeit well‐organized act by the Hindu right. Drawing on postcolonial theory, and feminist geographical theory, and using a discourse analysis primarily of Hindu nationalist texts, and of significant action as text, the author examines the strategic construction and deployment of cultural meanings pertaining to space, and the engagement of social actors on that basis, towards political, violent ends. The author argues, firstly, that Hindu nationalist ideologues, notwithstanding pretensions to Hindu ‘authenticity,’ make use of Western thought to rewrite Hindu‐Muslim relations in antagonistic terms, and to signify these oppositional relations through sacred spatialities (mosque, temple, and Motherland as the body of the mother goddess Bharatmata). Secondly, in this framework, the Babri Masjid, one particular mosque, became a site of conflict because Hindu nationalists were able to transform it into a symbol of Muslim military invasions and Muslim male sexual aggression against Hindu femininity (as Motherland and Hindu women's bodies). Thirdly, Hindu nationalists, through a well‐orchestrated campaign, were able to convince a wider audience that these violations could only be avenged by the demolition of the Babri mosque (while also unofficially and inadvertently targeting Muslim women's bodies for sexual violation). Finally, this analysis should have wider implications for understanding the place of space, gender, sexuality, and sexual violation, in religio‐political and ethnic conflicts elsewhere.     

Should crop scientists consider a journal's impact factor in deciding where to publish?

To publish papers that have impact is indispensable for good scientists. It is frequently accepted that the impact factor (IF) of a journal reflects the likelihood of a paper to have impact. Many scientists may then attempt publishing their papers in journals with the highest possible IF. This is relevant for crop scientists as in many cases our hypotheses may be relevant to agronomy/agriculture but the product of our work may be published in the more basic plant science journals, which in general have higher IF than agronomic journals. To test whether agronomic journals may be better vehicles than plant science journals for crop physiological work, I did an analysis of my own publications (only “standard” papers, disregarding reviews) relating their annual citation rates against the IF of the journal in which they were published. The relationship was virtually inexistent, and my most frequently quoted papers were published in agronomic rather than in plant sciences journals. Conversely, restricting the analysis to the papers published within agronomic journals there was a relationship between the record of citations of the papers and the IF of the journals, particularly if the analysis is restricted to the most quoted papers in each journal. I then analyzed the cases of three other well-recognized crop scientists, to check whether the findings with my results were exceptional, and in the three cases results were remarkably similar. Therefore, it seems that the journal IF might be a valuable criterion for choosing the best journal in which to publish our best contributions only when comparing within agronomic journals, but not within combinations of agronomy and plant science journals. This should be also taken into account in evaluation processes when comparing scientists working in related but not identical fields.     

The Changing Organisation of Work in Malaysia’s Electronics Industry

The early growth phase of Malaysia’s electronics industry coincided in the 1970s with high unemployment and accelerated rural­urban migration and a willingness to make considerable concessions to foreign transnationals seeking suitable cheap and passive labour sites. The result was a very rigid exploitation of the labour force. Interviews with a variety of contemporary electronics firms show how this changed in the I 980s and I 990s. Demand for labour increased and unemployment declined, automation removed much of the labour intensity and raised the need for skill and cooperation and commitment of those hired to work in an increasingly sophisticated sector. Wages rose and management practices changed, together with the introduction of flexible production techniques, preventative maintenance and quality control, each of which required considerable employee participation. Despite these changes, both firms and government have resisted attempts nationwide unionisation of the industry.     

重庆农村黑臭水体水质及底泥氮磷污染分析

对84个重庆市农村黑臭水体水质和底泥氮磷的监测数据进行统计及相关性分析,并利用综合污染指数法和有机指数法对水质和底泥污染状况进行评价。结果表明,87%的黑臭水体水质存在不同程度的氮磷污染,且50%的水体同时存在氮磷超标,河沟、沟渠较塘氮污染更为严重;底泥均受总氮、有机氮、总磷污染,70.2%的底泥存在有机污染。水质中总磷、总氮、氨氮3个指标之间存在显著正相关,底泥中有机质、总氮、总磷之间不存在显著相关关系。底泥中总磷与水质中总磷存在显著正相关关系,但相关性较弱,底泥中全氮与水质中总氮不存在显著相关关系。总体上重庆市农村黑臭水体氮磷污染以外源污染为主。     

Popular discourse on identity politics and decentralisation in Tanjung Pinang public schools

Abstract: This paper explores the discrepancies between the official rhetoric on Malayness and the emerging discourse on national identity among the urban Malay (Melayu) youth of the Indonesian province Kepri. The population of the Riau Archipelago is multiethnic, with Malays as the majority and Kepulauan Riau represents an important historical centre for the whole Malay World. Because of this, local leaders have engaged this newly formed province in a series of attempts to revitalise a transnational ethnic awareness based on an inclusive Malay identity framework. However, most of the students I met during my recent fieldwork in Tanjung Pinang’s public schools tend to reject most ideas of reinforcing the bridge with the Malays of neighbouring nations, and prefer to perceive themselves primarily as Indonesian. This should not come as a surprise. Since 1998, the popular culture scene has been largely influenced by reformasi movements all over Indonesia. For the Tanjung Pinang youth, urban Indonesia, represented especially by Jakarta, is synonymous with dynamism and democratisation, while Malaysia and Singapore are regarded as moralistic and patronising.     

I,River?: New materialism,riparian non‐human agency and the scale of democratic reform

This article is a discussion of the “discourse on the unthinkable” surrounding potential future democratic engagements with rivers as non‐human persons or natural objects. In the context of the Asia–Pacific region, this article suggests that the developments in material philosophy entitled “new materialism” are essential tools in the reconceptualisation of rivers as democratic entities but that local socio‐historical conditions must also be taken into the account. In order to make its case, the article not only surveys the context for considering rivers as non‐human persons in a juridical context but also discusses the new material context that assists modern democracies in the renegotiation of the demos that forms the body politic of democracy – often in the face of neoliberal exploitation and a legacy of extremes in instrumentalism. The article argues that the incorporation of water in the democratic project of enfranchisement is an essential exercise born of many Western beliefs and ideals but articulated uniquely at a regional and national level.     

应县小黑豆与大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种互作关系研究

摘要：对抗病品种应县小黑豆与大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种（SCN3）互作及田间动态关系进行了研究。结果表明：应县小黑豆为抗扩展品种,对SCN3明显抑制J2向J3,J3向J4的发育,并且对SCN3的雌雄分化有一定影响。在抗病植株上观察到的J4大部分是雄虫,雌虫极少,而感病品种辽豆15上,SCN3各龄期之间发育正常,根内J4大部分为雌虫。应用冰冻切片技术对线虫侵染后抗感品种根系组织进行切片观察。观察结果表明：抗感品种的组织病理学反应有明显差异,抗病品种产生明显的组织病理学反应,表现为根内线虫虫体附近根组织细胞有坏死现象发生,而感病品种辽豆15则无坏死现象。并且观察到抗病品种根内产生的合胞体。     

The theory and practice of frontier development: Vietnam's contribution

This paper presents examples of agricultural expansion and frontier development throughout world history. Following a preliminary appraisal of the immense literature devoted to the topic, some key ideas and interpretations concerning the foundations, processes and consequences of frontier development are presented. These are drawn from a broad spectrum of European, American and Asian experiences and refer to geopolitical, demographic and ethnic issues. A brief survey of Vietnam's own historical and contemporary experience both confirms and enriches these interpretations while raising questions about the intensity of the process and the country's capacity to maintain it in high gear.     

Study on Guan Zhong and His Thoughts on City Construction

Guan Zhong was an outstanding statesman and thinker in the early ages of the Spring and Autumn Period.His masterpiece,Guan Zi,gave a detailed illustration on his thoughts.By enganing in the study of Guan Zi,I would like to introduce my views on Guan Zhong's thoughts of city construction, which include city function, classification. density, selection of site, form,arrangement, flood prevention etc.In the article, it is clearly shown that Guan Zhong was the first person who expounded the theory of city construction scientifically and systematically in the history, and made a big contribution to the city construction of ancient China.Guan Zhong was the master of ancient Chinese city planning and construction.     

Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands,climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation

Disappearing islands and climate refugees have become signifiers of the scale and urgency of uneven impacts of climate change. This paper offers a critical account of how sea level rise debates reverberate around Western mythologies of island laboratories. I argue that representations of low‐lying Oceania islands as experimental spaces burden these sites with providing proof of a global climate change crisis. The emergence of Tuvalu as a climate change ‘canary’ has inscribed its islands as a location where developed world anxieties about global climate change are articulated. As Tuvalu islands and Tuvaluan bodies become sites to concretize climate science's statistical abstractions, they can enforce an eco‐colonial gaze on Tuvalu and its inhabitants. Expressions of ‘wishful sinking’ create a problematic moral geography in some prominent environmentalist narratives: only after they disappear are the islands useful as an absolute truth of the urgency of climate change, and thus a prompt to save the rest of the planet.     

A Probe into Spatial Structure of General Mountain Park in Zhangzhou

In light of the planning of General Mountain Park in Zhangzhou and its execution, this paper intends to explore the relationship of spatial structure between the historical birthplace of Zhangzhou exploitation at the beginning of Tang Dynasty and the place where the first ancestors of Zhangzhou exploitation were buried. This paper then presents the artistic techniques and features of the spaces in General Mountain Park in respect of geography, planning structure and traditional courtyard. Thus, the conclusion is drawn in this paper that by means of the combination of modernity with tradition as well as the history with the realism, the spatial art is supposed to establish the Chinese traditional construction culture characterized by nationality and locality.     

Yaqona and the Fijian periphery revisited

Abstract: This paper deals with some major economic issues concerning the Pacific plant kava, known in Fiji as yaqona. The plant is the source of the cerebral depressant beverage found throughout many of the Pacific Islands, which besides its daily use plays an important ceremonial and social role in the indigenous culture. This paper deals with yaqona cultivation and commercialisation in the Fijian peripheral island of Kadavu, from a perspective of more than 20 years. The findings suggest that the role of the plant as a major cash crop is even more important than it was in the first half of the 1980s. Moreover, the village semi‐subsistence economy has become increasingly dependent on this crop as part of its survival strategy. The explanations offered are related to physical and ecological conditions and the associated agrotechnical advantages in Kadavu; marketing advantages and worsening terms of trade experienced by the Fijian periphery; and the lack of other economic opportunities in peripheral areas of Fiji, such as Kadavu – in turn, a function of core–periphery relationships. This is a response of the periphery to the increasing marginalisation within the Fiji state and may imply villagers' and communities' acceptance of their marginal position in the economy.