Survey of actinosporean types (Myxozoa) belonging to seven collective groups found in a freshwater salmon farm in Northern Scotland

A study of the actinosporean fauna of oligochaetes from a freshwater salmon farm in Northern Scotland was carried out from October 1996 to August 1998. Following the examination of 28,387 oligochaete worms belonging to the families Tubificidae, Lumbriculidae, Naididae and Enchytraeidae, five types of echinactinomyxon (four previously described), six types of raabeia (five previously described), three types of synactinomyxon (all previously described), four types of aurantiactinomyxon (three previously undescribed), one type of triactinomyxon (previously described), one type of neoactinomyxum (previously undescribed) and one type of siedleckiella (previously undescribed) were identified. The triactinomyxon type was released from unidentified immature oligochaetes. Of the twenty-one types of actinosporeans found, thirteen types were released from Tubifex tubifex (Müller), three types were released from Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller), three types from both L variegatus and T. tubifex and two types from immature oligochaetes.     

Analysis of weed vegetation of no-tillage upland fields based on the multiplied dominance ratio

The objective of the present study was to clarify the characteristics of weed vegetation in no-tillage upland fields in Japan. Vegetation surveys were conducted in two stages and the obtained data were analyzed based on the multiplied dominance ratio. The first was a two-year survey of a no-tillage field and a tilled field where no-tillage or tillage farming had been carried out for more than 10 years. The no-tillage field surveyed exhibited a different seasonal succession from the tilled field. Summer annuals dominated the tilled field in summer, and winter annuals dominated in spring. Perennials occupied the no-tillage field in spring; summer annuals also dominated in summer. The second survey was of 19 and 22 fields, including some no-tillage fields, in the summer of 2000 and the spring of 2001. The vegetation in both summer and spring was classified into three vegetation types, principally dependent on the no-tillage periods: types I and II consisted mainly of tilled and under 3-year-old no-tillage fields, and type III comprised no-tillage fields three years old or over. Type II vegetation was characterized primarily by the presence of biennials and perennials of Asteraceae, and type III by perennials, such as sweet vernalgrass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum ), in addition to the same species as type II. Summer annuals such as southern crabgrass ( Digitaria ciliaris ) were abundant in many fields in summer regardless of the vegetation types.     

海南省草地贪夜蛾发生规律和防控策略初探

草地贪夜蛾在海南省发生后,迅速扩散,为明确草地贪夜蛾在海南的发生规律,并制定防控策略,本文对2019年4月30日至2020年9月8日全省18个市县草地贪夜蛾幼虫田间发生密度和面积以及成虫灯诱和性诱数据进行了分析。初步得出以下结论,草地贪夜蛾在海南省主要为害的作物为玉米、莪术、高粱和甜高粱,以玉米为主。草地贪夜蛾幼虫不同季节在玉米田发生密度大小为秋季>夏季>冬季>春季,幼虫周发生面积大小为冬季>春季>夏季>秋季。根据性诱和灯诱的诱蛾高峰,初步判断在2月份有草地贪夜蛾成虫从泰国、老挝和越南迁入海南。4月中旬后蛾量迅速下降,玉米种植面积减少,预测草地贪夜蛾成虫在4月中旬后迁出海南。针对草地贪夜蛾在海南的发生规律,制定出了以冬春西南玉米主产区为重点的分时、分区、分重点的监测防控策略。     

Genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci among populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola from California, Indiana, Kansas, and North Dakota

Mycosphaerella graminicola causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is considered one of the most devastating pathogens of that crop in the United States. Although the genetic structures of M. graminicola populations from different countries have been analyzed using various molecular markers, relatively little is known about M. graminicola populations from geographically distinct areas of the United States and, in particular, of those from spring versus winter wheat. These are exposed to great differences in environmental conditions, length and season of host-free periods, and resistance sources used in geographically separated wheat breeding programs. Thus, there is more likely to be genetic differentiation between populations from spring versus winter wheat than there is among those within each region. To test this hypothesis, 330 single-spore isolates of M. graminicola representing 11 populations (1 from facultative winter wheat in California, 2 from spring wheat in North Dakota, and 8 from winter wheat in Indiana and Kansas) were analyzed for mating type frequency and for genetic variation at 17 microsatellite or simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Analysis of clone-corrected data revealed an equal distribution of both mating types in the populations from Kansas, Indiana, and North Dakota, but a deviation from a 1:1 ratio in the California population. In total, 306 haplotypes were detected, almost all of which were unique in all 11 populations. High levels of gene diversity (H = 0.31 to 0.56) were observed within the 11 populations. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) gametic disequilibrium, as measured by the index of association (rBarD), was observed in California, one Indiana population (IN1), and three populations (KS1, KS2, and KS3) in Kansas that could not be explained by linkage. Corrected standardized fixation index (G″(ST)) values were 0.000 to 0.621 between the 11 populations and the majority of pairwise comparisons were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001), suggesting some differentiation between populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that there was a small but statistically significant level of genetic differentiation between populations from spring versus winter wheat. However, most of the total genetic variation (>98%) occurred within spring and winter wheat regions while <2% was due to genetic differentiation between these regions. Taken together, these results provide evidence that sexual recombination occurs frequently in the M. graminicola populations sampled and that most populations are genetically differentiated over the major spring- and winter-wheat-growing regions of the United States.     

A survey of grass weeds in cereals in central southern England

A survey of grass weeds in cereals in nine areas of central southern England was made in summer 1981 with the primary purpose of determining the importance of Bromus sterilis. A total of 1477 fields of winter wheat, 715 of winter barley and 434 of spring barley were assessed by visually scoring the whole field for grass flower heads. In all, 19 species were found; their levels of infestation were scored. In winter cereals the most frequent species were Avena spp. in 32% of fields. Agropyron repens in 24%, Poa trivialis in 22% and Alopecurus myosuroides in 19%. Bromas sterilis was next most frequent in 9%. In spring barley the two most frequent species were Agropyron repens in 53% of the fields and Avena spp. in 52%. The third most frequent was Alopecurus myosuroides in 1 1%. Bromus sterilis was recorded in 12% of winter wheat and 4% of winter barley crops, but did not occur in spring barley. Of the 206 fields where it was present it occurred throughout the field in only 82 and it was confined to the headlands in the remainder.     

西北地区气候异常与前期环流场异常的关系

利用奇异值分解法(SVD)分析了西北地区季节(春、夏、秋)降水、冬季气温异常与前期高空环流异常的关系,结果表明:前期的高空环流异常对西北地区季节降水、冬季气温异常有重要影响,且与各季节降水和冬季气温异常相对应的前期高空环流异常在前期不同阶段各有其特点.前期的高空环流异常对季节降水和冬季气温异常有一定的预测意义.     

氮肥类型对夏玉米及后作冬小麦产量与水、氮利用的影响

研究了华北平原夏玉米季施用不同类型氮肥对当季与后作冬小麦及周年产量与水、氮利用的影响,结果表明:(1)随施氮量增大,夏玉米产量、耗水量与水分利用效率(WUE)增大,氮肥利用率(NUE)降低。夏玉米WUE与NUE受到氮肥类型的影响,WUE以复合肥处理较大,NUE以包膜尿素和复合肥较高,且存在较明显的基因型差异,WUE以郑单958较大,NUE以农大108较大;(2)夏玉米季施氮使冬小麦氮生理效率降低,氮肥效率增大,并显著影响冬小麦产量和WUE,但因夏玉米季品种、氮肥类型与施氮量不同而表现有差异。夏玉米季氮肥后效明显,但氮肥类型间差异显著,一般以尿素处理及包膜尿素与复合肥高N处理较大;(3)夏玉米—冬小麦轮作制度下,两季总产量、总氮素累积量、总耗水量及水、氮利用效率明显受到夏玉米季氮肥类型与施氮量的影响,且受到夏玉米基因型的影响。     

葡萄卷叶伴随病毒2实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术的检测应用

通过引物筛选和体系优化建立了葡萄卷叶伴随病毒2 Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2(GLRaV-2)的SYBR GreenⅠ染料法实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测技术。该技术标准曲线扩增效率为102.2%,决定系数为0.999,最低检出限可达10-3稀释梯度,是常规RT-PCR的100倍。对不同季节和不同部位葡萄样品的检出率普遍高于常规RT-PCR。春夏秋季样品检出率分别为67%、89%和86%,比常规RT-PCR检出率分别高42%、28%和17%。冬季休眠枝条检出率最高(100%),与常规RT-PCR相同。夏季老叶柄和卷须、秋季和冬季枝条等样品检测效果最好,检出率均为100%。对来自我国17个省38个品种的116份田间葡萄样品检测结果表明,qRT-PCR共检测到10个样品为阳性,检出率略高于常规RT-PCR。     

Seasonal distribution and diversity of ground-active arthropods between shrub microhabitats in the Negev Desert,Israel

We examined the ground-active arthropods using pitfall trapping beneath Hammada scoparia and Zygophyllum dumosum shrubs and in adjacent open spaces in wet winter, short spring, dry and hot summer, and autumn in the Negev Desert, Israel. The activity abundance of ground-active arthropods was 244, 424, and 506 individuals trap^?1 in open spaces and beneath H. scoparia and Z. dumosum shrubs, and was 134, 448, 414, and 178 individuals trap^?1 in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The activity abundance and richness of predators and phytophages were found to exhibit an inconsistent pattern between shrub microhabitats throughout seasonality. In contrast, the activity abundance and richness of omnivores indicated contrasting pattern between summer and other seasons. Likewise, total abundance was found to exhibit a similar pattern to taxa richness and Shannon index between shrub microhabitats only in summer. There was a consistent pattern of diversity indices between shrub microhabitats observed in both winter and autumn. However, no significant (P?>?0.05) differences in activity abundance and diversity indices were found between shrub microhabitats in spring. The Sørensen index between open spaces and H. scoparia and Z. dumosum canopy microhabitats, and that between the latter two microhabitats were found to be 0.26, 0.29, and 0.19 in winter, 0.53, 0.48, and 0.48 in spring, 0.47, 0.45, and 0.52 in summer, and 0.57, 0.56, and 0.78 in autumn, respectively. It was suggested that seasonality could mediate the activity abundance and diversity distribution of ground-active arthropods between shrub microhabitats in the Negev Desert.     

The development of Myxobolus pavlovskii (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) includes an echinactinomyxon-type actinospore

Echinactinomyxon-type actinospores were found in a mixed-species oligochaete culture originating from the Temperate Water Fish Hatchery near Budapest, Hungary. On the basis of DNA sequence analysis, the actinospores were identified as Myxobolus pavlovskii (Akhmerov, 1954), the 18S rDNA sequence from myxospores of which is available in GenBank. Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) fry specimens were successfully infected by cohabitation with the echinactinomyxon-releasing oligochaetes, which confirmed the molecular data congruence. The echinactinomyxons and the myxospores that developed in the gills of exposed fish fry were analysed morphologically and on DNA basis. The infected gill tissue was examined histologically. As typical characters of M. pavlovskii, numerous small plasmodia were observed in the epithelia of gill lamellae. Plasmodia contained thousands of myxospores with polar capsules unequal in size and witl; large intercapsular processes. The 18S rDNA sequence from actinospores and those from myxospores originating from the experimentally infected fish were identical. The oligochaete species releasing actinospores was morphologically determined as Limnodrilus sp. This is the first record of an echinactinomyxon as an alternate stage within the genus Myxobolus.     

Seasonal abundance of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in date plantations in Israel

Seasonal abundance of nitidulid beetles infesting date plantations in Israel was studied through captures of adults in traps.Carpophilus mutilatus andC. hemipterus were found throughout autumn, winter and spring; in the summer their populations declined considerably.Urophorus humeralis predominated during the summer whileHaptoncus luteolus was most abundant during late summer and autumn. Damage to ripening fruit by sap beetles is apparently inflicted mainly byH. luteolus andU. humeralis.     

Characterisation of fungal pathogens causing basal rot of lettuce in Belgian greenhouses

Basal rot is a common disease in lettuce greenhouses. A 3-year study on the diversity of pathogens associated with basal rot in Belgium was carried out. A total of 150 isolates were collected originating from 56 greenhouses. Four pathogens appeared to be involved. Rhizoctonia solani was found to be the causal agent at 23 locations, Sclerotinia spp. at 14, Botrytis cinerea at 17 and Pythium spp. at seven. The isolates of R. solani were further characterised to anastomosis groups and subgroups using morphological characteristics, pectic zymogram and PCR-RFLP. Five anastomosis groups could be distinguished: AG1-1B, AG4 HGI, AG10, AG2-1, AG2-1 Nt and AG3, with isolates of AG4 HGI and AG1-1B being the most prevalent and the most aggressive. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was found at 13 locations, while S. minor was found at only one location. Based on ITS-sequencing Pythium isolates were assigned to three different species. At 20°C, isolates of all pathogens were able to cause lesions on detached lettuce leaves, except isolates of R. solani AG3 and AG2-1 Nt. A correlation could be found between the occurrence of the pathogens and the growing season. Botrytis cinerea was the most common pathogen in winter, whereas R. solani was most frequently isolated in summer. Sclerotinia spp. and Pythium spp. were isolated in spring, summer and autumn. The information obtained in this study will be most useful in the development of an alternative control strategy for causal agents of basal rot.     

鄂尔多斯沙地油蒿根际土壤微生物数量的季节动态

对油蒿根际土壤微生物数量的季节动态、垂直分布及影响微生物分布的环境因子进行了研究。结果表明:(1)微生物总数、细菌数量的季节动态为:春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,放线菌数量的季节分布为秋冬季多于春和夏季,真菌数量的季节动态为夏季达到最高值,其他季节变化不显著。(2)微生物数量的垂直分布总体上表现为随土层加深而逐渐减少,表层土壤(0-10cm)微生物数量是下面3层(10-40cm)的1.05-9.79倍。(3)土壤微生物根际效应明显,且细菌>真菌>放线菌,R/S值介于1.16-3.76之间。微生物根际效应的季节变化为春、夏季高于秋和冬季。(4)微生物分布与水热等环境因子密切相关,细菌数量与水热组合条件共同作用有关,真菌受温度影响较大,放线菌对土壤水分含量变化较敏感。     

新疆地面太阳辐射及其CERES/SSF卫星资料适用性研究

采用2017年辐射数据,研究新疆11个地面观测站点的太阳总辐射时空分布特征,发现总辐射辐照度日变化呈单峰分布,日照时数夏季最高,约17 h,春秋季次之,分别为14 h、15 h,冬季最小,仅为12 h;季节平均最大值出现在和田站的春季,为589.61 W·m~(-2),最小约为102.29 W·m~(-2),出现在乌鲁木齐站的冬季。卫星反演辐射空间分布特征显示:春季南疆辐照度明显高于北疆,夏季平均辐照度分布与全年最为相似,冬季次之,秋季南北疆差异不大,季节差异在阿克苏最小。从卫星和地面辐射数据的拟合分析可见,方差分析中南疆F值均较高,最高达6 215.53,即晴空条件下,CERES/SSF(Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System/Single Satellite Footprine)卫星资料在南疆的反演效果优于北疆及吐—哈盆地。     

新疆和田绿洲空气质量状况与气象条件的关系

利用和田绿洲空气质量日报数据和同期的常规气象资料,分析了2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日该区的空气质量特征,探讨了气象条件和空气质量之间的相互关系。结果表明:和田绿洲近3 a平均环境空气质量指数(AQI)为199,达到空气质量中度污染标准,污染天数占总日数的78.1%。其中,春季空气质量最差,以严重污染为主;其次是夏季,以轻度和严重污染为主;再次是秋季和冬季,以轻度污染为主。PM10、PM2.5浓度年平均分别为332μg·m^-3和100μg·m^-3,超标率为75.7%和49.5%,其余污染物超标率在3%以下,其中PM10浓度春季最大,夏、秋季其次,冬季最小;PM2.5浓度春季最大,夏、冬季其次,秋季最小;SO2、NO2、CO浓度冬季最大,秋、春季次之,夏季最小;O3浓度夏季最大,春、秋季次之,冬季最小。除降水量外,AQI与其余气象因子均呈极显著相关;除平均气温与PM2.5、相对湿度与CO、降水量与SO2、PM10、O3、PM2.5无相关外,其余气象因子对污染物浓度均有显著影响;能见度与AQI和各类污染物浓度均为极显著相关。随着能见度的上升,AQI下降,在同样能见度条件下,AQI在沙尘多发期的夏半年高于沙尘少发期的冬半年;不管在沙尘多发期还是少发期,随着能见度的转好,SO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度呈减少趋势,O3浓度呈增多趋势,NO2浓度无明显的规律,而且PM10、O3、PM2.5浓度夏半年高于冬半年,SO2、CO、NO2浓度冬半年高于夏半年。在沙尘天气期间,最低能见度小于1 km的浓浮尘和沙尘暴天气AQI相互接近,最低能见度在1~3. 5 km的浮尘和扬沙天气AQI相互接近,当最低能见度大于3.5 km时,浮尘天气的AQI高于扬沙天气的AQI;PM10、PM2.5浓度随着最低能见度升高而变小,其他污染物浓度虽然随着最低能见度的变化有一定的差别,但规律不明显。     

Electron microscopic study of a new microsporean Microsporidium epithelialis sp. n. infecting Tubifex sp. (Oligochaeta)

The cytology of a new microsporean parasite Microsporidium epithelialis sp. n. from the intestinal epithelial cells of the freshwater oligochaete Tubifex sp. (Tubificidae) is described. The microsporean occurred together with an actinosporean of the genus Triactinomyxon, which was found between the epithelial cells. The merogonic and sporogonic stages (mature spores included) of the microsporean parasite are monokaryotic. An individual sporophorous vesicle surrounds each spore. The fixed and stained spore has an average dimension of 1.9-2.5 x 0.9-1.2 microm. The spores are oval with a characteristic surface layer, showing ornamentation-like projections, which are in close contact to the exospore. A short polar filament forming three to four coils traverses the polaroplast with two lamellar layers. The ultrastructure and other characteristic features of this microsporean parasite are distinct from those of the microsporean species described so far from oligochaetes.     

新疆北部地区春夏季干旱的区域性和持续性特征

基于1961-2007年36站的逐日降水资料,分析新疆北部地区春、夏季干旱的区域性和持续性特征。结果表明：新疆北部春、夏季干旱发生较为频繁,尤其在北疆西北部地区,春旱平均3 a一遇,夏旱为4~5 a一遇。季节间的连旱概率较低,不足10%,主要以月际间的连旱为主,其中2个月的持续干旱次数占干旱总次数的20%左右。进一步的分析表明,春夏之交的5~6月,是2个月连续干旱发生次数相对频繁的时期,北疆西北部地区此类连续干旱事件最多。伊犁河谷、北天山地区和北疆北部春旱较夏旱频繁,春旱以北疆北部发生最多;夏旱3个区域发生频次相似,但北天山地区大旱发生频数较高。3个区域的春、夏季干旱程度均呈减弱趋势,春旱在20世纪90年代中后期、夏旱在80年代中后期处在一个较低的发生期。     

全球气候变化背景下渭北旱塬气候变化及气候生产力研究

运用数理统计方法对渭北旱塬5市19个代表性气象站点1970—2010年的气温及降水量气象要素进行了统计分析,研究了全球气候变化背景下渭北旱塬气候变化及气候生产力对其响应。结果表明:渭北旱塬年、季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,春季和冬季的升温幅度较大;年、季降水总量呈下降趋势,其中春季及秋季的降水量呈下降趋势,而夏季及冬季的降水量呈上升趋势;气候生产力呈增加趋势,未来暖湿型气候对作物生产最为有利,气候生产力平均增加12.1%,"冷干型"气候对作物生产最为不利,气候生产力平均减少18.3%。     

Genetic structure of Phaeosphaeria nodorum populations in the north-central and midwestern United States

Stagonospora nodorum blotch, caused by Phaeosphaeria nodorum, is considered one of the most destructive foliar diseases of wheat in the United States. However, relatively little is known about the population biology of this fungus in the major wheat-growing regions of the central United States. To rectify this situation, 308 single-spore isolates of P. nodorum were analyzed from 12 populations, five from hard red spring wheat cultivars in Minnesota and North Dakota and seven from soft red winter wheat in Indiana and Ohio. The genetic structure of the sampled populations was determined by analyzing polymorphisms at five microsatellite or simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci and the mating type locus. Although a few clones were identified, most P. nodorum populations had high levels of gene (H(S) = 0.175 to 0.519) and genotype (D = 0.600 to 0.972) diversity. Gene diversity was higher among isolates collected from spring wheat cultivars in North Dakota and Minnesota (mean H(S) = 0.503) than in those from winter wheat cultivars in Indiana and Ohio (H(S) = 0.269). Analyses of clone-corrected data sets showed equal frequencies of both mating types in both regional and local populations, indicating that sexual recombination may occur regularly. However, significant gametic disequilibrium occurred in three of the four populations from North Dakota, and there was genetic differentiation both within and among locations. Genetic differentiation between the hard red spring and soft red winter wheat production regions was moderate (F(ST) = 0.168), but whether this is due to differences in wheat production or to geographical variation cannot be determined. These results suggest that sexual reproduction occurs in P. nodorum populations in the major wheat-growing regions of the central United States, and that geographically separated populations can be genetically differentiated, reflecting either restrictions on gene flow or selection.     

Persistence of dicarboximide-fungicide resistance in populations ofbotrytis cinerea in a warm,dry temperate agroclimate

Failures to control gray mold with vinclozolin and iprodione in cucumber greenhouses in Israel, during the winter and spring of 1981, were attributed to the development of resistance to dicarboximide fungicides in populations ofBotrytis cinerea Pers. In seven out of eight greenhouses where resistance had been found in 1981, most or all of theB. cinerea population was resistant also in January 1982. This demonstrates the capability of resistant strains to survive during the warm and dry Mediterranean summer, and to provide competitive inoculum for crop infection in the subsequent winter.