Resistance of wild rices, Oryza spp., to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Of the 128 wild rices screened, 83 accessions were resistant to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Resistant accessions were non-preferred and significantly more individuals settled on susceptible TN1 plants than on resistant ones. The quantity of food ingested and assimilated by N. lugens on resistant accessions was less than on susceptible TN1. N. lugens caged on resistant accessions had slow nymphal development, reduced longevity and low fecundity. Two wild rice species, Oryza officinalis and O. punctata, reduced the percentage hatchability of N. lugens eggs. A significant reduction in population growth was observed on resistant accessions compared with susceptible TN1.     

Resistance of the rice variety Utri Rajapan to ragged stunt and tungro viruses

Utri Rajapan, a rice variety tolerant to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, was resistant to rice ragged stunt virus transmitted by N. lugens and to rice tungro virus transmitted by the green leafhopper, Nephottetix virescens. Although some Utri Rajapan plants became infected with tungro virus, symptoms were mild and disappeared as the plant matured. Of the two tungro-associated viruses, only rice tungro bacilliform virus was present in Utri Rajapan. The infected plants thus did not serve as a source of inoculum for transmission to healthy plants, as rice tungro spherical virus must also be present for transmission to occur.     

Bph36介导的抗性机制及相关信号通路的研究

褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens Stål., BPH）是水稻最主要的害虫之一,给水稻生产造成严重的危害。携带不同抗性基因的抗褐飞虱水稻材料抗性机制不同,挖掘普通野生稻抗褐飞虱基因并研究其介导的抗性机制及相关信号通路对水稻育种具有重要的意义。本研究基于课题组前期从广西普通野生稻‘W2183'挖掘出的位于4号染色体InDel标记S13和X48之间38 kb处新基因Bph36,以‘9311'和‘抗蚊青占'为感性对照,05RBPH16和NIL-Bph36为抗性对照,通过褐飞虱宿主选择性、蜜露量测定、褐飞虱存活率及褐飞虱生长速率等方法分析Bph36介导的抗褐飞虱机制;同时,以‘抗蚊青占'为感性对照,NIL-Bph36为抗性对照,通过qRT-PCR分析植物防御昆虫侵害的三大信号途径：水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯相关基因表达量的差异。抗性机制研究结果表明：褐飞虱在抗性材料植株上的虫口密度显著低于感性材料植株,抗性材料上的褐飞虱存活率、群体生长率及取食后排泄的蜜露量均比感性对照显著降低。Bph36介导的抗性机制是寄主抗生性和害虫趋避性相互作用的结果。qRT-PCR结果表明：褐飞虱取食后,各个时间段抗性材料NIL-Bph36植株中水杨酸合成相关基因EDS1、PAD4、PAL和水杨酸途径病程相关蛋白基因PR10的表达量显著高于感性材料‘抗蚊青占'植株中的表达量;抗性材料NIL-Bph36植株中,茉莉酸合成基因LOX2和茉莉酸积累基因AOS2的表达量比褐飞虱取食前显著提升,但是比同时段感性材料植株中表达量显著降低;褐飞虱取食后,抗、感性材料植株中乙烯信号途径基因EIN2的表达量都受到抑制,基因ACO3表达量都提高,但2种材料间的差异不显著。茉莉酸途径和乙烯途径参与了NIL-Bph36植株抗褐飞虱的基础防御反应,但Bph36激活的抗性不是茉莉酸和乙烯依赖的信号防御途径而是激活水杨酸依赖的系统获得性抗性。研究结果为进一步研究Bph36与其他抗性基因聚合,培育兼有多种抗性机制和防御信号途径的优良品种奠定基础。     

Donors for Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) from Wild Rice Species

Out of 1 989 wild accessions sown in seed boxes for screening, only 1 003 wild accessions with good germination were screened against brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) under greenhouse conditions. The collection comprised of accessions from 11 wild species and African cultivated rice. The germplasm was screened for BPH following standard seed box screening technique in the greenhouse. As many as 159 accessions were identified as resistant during the year 2012 based on one year screening. A selected set of BPH resistant accessions were screened again during 2013. Based on the two years screening, seven accessions of O. nivara (AA), one accession of O. officinalis (CC), seven accessions of O. australiensis (EE), five accessions of O. punctata (BB and BBCC) and nine accessions of O. latifolia (CCDD) were confirmed to be resistant to BPH. So far no BPH resistance genes have been identified and designated from O. nivara and O. punctata, hence these may act as new sources of resistance.     

The influence of immigration on population development of Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera and its interaction with immigration by predators

Immigration rates and population development of the planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera were measured in farmers' fields at 12 locations representing four different rice-growing situations in Laguna Province, Philippines. In contrast to findings in temperate climates, immigration rates of the planthoppers alone could not be used successfully to predict population growth and were therefore of little value for forecasting. The lack of such a relationship is probably attributable to the greater importance of within-field factors, particularly natural enemies, in population regulation under the more continuous habitat conditions provided by rice cultivation in the tropics. For the low-land contiguous rice sites significant relationships were shown between immigration rates of two heteropteran predators, Microvelia atrolineata and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, and population development of both planthoppers when the predators were considered relative to the numbers of prey. In addition a weak negative relationship was demonstrated between S. furcifera population growth and immigration rate of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis for all sites.     

彩色马蹄莲品种对果胶软腐杆菌Pcc抗性的评价方法及鉴定

为探索彩色马蹄莲（Zantedeschia spp.）接种胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌（Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. Carotovora, Pcc）的适宜方法,鉴定彩色马蹄莲组内品种对软腐病菌Pcc的抗性情况,本研究先以10个彩色马蹄莲品种为试验材料,进行以完整叶片、叶片圆片（叶盘）为接种材料的室内离体接种,以及以主脉、侧脉为接种部位的温室活体植株接种,接种后分别于12、24、36 h 3个时间点,以发病率、病情指数为指标,统计马蹄莲软腐病发病情况;在明确适宜的接种方法和发病时间后,选取包括第1步试验品种在内的34个彩色马蹄莲品种进行Pcc抗性鉴定。结果表明：离体接种的最佳材料为完整叶片,最佳发病观察时间是24 h;活体接种的最佳接种部位为叶片主脉,最佳发病观察时间是36 h;离体鉴定的中抗品种为5个,感病品种为11个,高感品种为18个;而活体鉴定的中抗、感病和高感品种分别为2、17、15个。离体方法鉴定的中抗品种多于活体鉴定,离体方法鉴定的抗性情况更接近田间大规模生产,其原因可能是离体方法鉴定时接种材料的均一性、环境条件的一致性好,更能反应品种本身的抗性情况。     

Levels of resistance of rice cultivars and the weed Leersia hexandra L. to Nephotettix malayanus Ishihara et Kawase and N. virescens (Distant)

Studies on the mechanisms of resistance of some rice cultivars and the weed, Leersia hexandra, to Nephotettix malayanus indicated low survival and popu;ation growth of the insect on resistant cultivars. Tests on feeding behaviour indicated that more feeding punctures were made on resistant than on susceptible cultivars. The amount of honeydew excreted was not related to the levels of resistance. Honeydew excreted on resistant cultivars was acidic (pH 5·08–6·92) and on susceptible L. hexandra, basic (pH 7·56). On the basis of the quality of honeydew excreted, N. malayanus was considered to be predominantly a xylem feeder. A test on the serial transmission of the rice tungro virus (RTV) showed that N. malayanus transmitted the virus for only one day after feeding acquisition. N. virescens was a more efficient vector of RTV than N. malayanus. N. malayanus prefers to feed on L. hexandra rather than on the rice cultivars tested.     

Antixenosis and Tolerance of Rice Genotypes Against Brown Planthopper

Nine genotypes were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for antixenosis and tolerance against brown planthopper(BPH, Nilaparvata lugens St?l). In antixenosis studies, proportion of insects settled on a test genotype in relation to the susceptible control TN1 was recorded, with significantly lower proportion of nymphs(55.22%–59.18%), adult males(60.33%–60.75%), and adult females(80.56%–79.26%) settled on RP2068-18-3-5 and Ptb33 in relation to those on TN1. Based on number of feeding sites, the test genotypes were ranked in order from the highest to the lowest as RP2068-18-3-5, Ptb33, MR1523, Rathu Heenati, Sinnasivappu, ARC10550, MO1, INRC3021 and TN1. The order was exactly reverse in terms of fecundity expressed as number of eggs laid per female. In tolerance studies, days to wilt, functional plant loss index and plant dry weight loss to BPH dry weight produced were recorded. RP2068-18-3-5, Rathu Heenati and Ptb33 performed better than the other test genotypes. These results helped in relative quantification of BPH resistance levels in the genotypes. RP2068-18-3-5, a new effective source of BPH resistance, can be used in resistance breeding after tagging of resistant genes/QTLs linked to different parameters of antixenosis and tolerance with selectable molecular markers.     

不同氮肥水平下转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响

在目前氮肥施用量依然偏多的大背景下,氮肥与转 Bt 基因水稻的相互作用是否会对稻田中非靶标节肢动物产生影响是转基因水稻安全评价的重要内容。本研究在室内条件下用0 kg/hm²、100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²3个氮肥水平处理的转 Bt 基因水稻T1C-19和T2A-1以及非转基因亲本水稻明恢63,连续饲养褐飞虱和白背飞虱4代,研究在不同氮肥条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响。结果显示,在同一水稻品种上,氮肥的过量施用,显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,并且随着代数的增加具有一定的累加效果。同一氮肥水平条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻和对照相比对同代褐飞虱和白背飞虱的若虫发育历期、雌虫体质量、成虫寿命、褐飞虱若虫孵化率、存活率均无显著影响。而在100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²施氮水平下取食转基因水稻T1C-19的褐飞虱在第1代至第3代的每雌产卵量均显著低于另一转基因品种T2A-1以及对照品种明恢63,但第4代褐飞虱在各品种上的产卵量无显著差异。本研究结果表明,氮肥的施用显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,供试两种转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性无显著影响。这为转基因水稻的安全评价提供了一定的理论依据。     

Impact of varietal resistance in rice and predation on the mortality of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Highly resistant, resistant and susceptible rice cultivars were tested in the greenhouse to determine their effect on Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) populations. The highly resistant cultivar IR2035-117-3, with resistance genes Wbph 1 and Wbph 2, caused the highest S. furcifera mortality. When the effects of varietal resistance and predation were combined the increase in mortality due to predators was additive. The spider Lycosa pseudoannulata Boes. et Str., mirid bug Cytorhinus lividipennis Reuter, ladybird beetle Harmonia octomaculata (F.) and rove beetle Paederus fuscipes Curt. were effective predators of S. furcifera and generally caused 30% mortality on the various cultivars. Results indicate that the integration of varietal resistance and predation would provide effective control of S. furcifera populations under field conditions.     

国家长江中下游稻区品种区域试验籼稻稻瘟病抗性分析

【目的】旨在比较国家长江中下游稻区品种区域试验中籼稻稻瘟病抗性在六个省抗性鉴定点的表现及差异。【方法】试验材料为2013-2017年国家长江中下游稻区水稻品种区域试验的800个籼稻参试品种(其中早籼111个、中籼468个、晚籼221个),在浙江、湖南、湖北、安徽、福建和江西共六个鉴定点进行稻瘟病(苗叶瘟和穗瘟)的抗性鉴定。【结果】800个籼稻品种中有47.5%表现为中感稻瘟病,其次为中抗、感和高感,表现为抗的品种所占比例只有0.2%,没有表现为高抗的品种。早籼、中籼和晚籼稻瘟病综合指数六点平均值分别为4.95、4.85和4.54,均属于中感水平。在六个抗性鉴定点中,浙江点综合指数最低,湖北点苗叶瘟最重、穗瘟损失率最低,安徽点苗叶瘟最轻,福建点穗瘟发病率最低,江西点穗瘟发病率、穗瘟损失率和综合指数均为最高。根据稻瘟病抗性综合指数分析,浙江、湖南、湖北、安徽和江西五个鉴定点均表现为中感的品种所占比例最大;福建点表现为中抗的品种所占比例最大。根据穗瘟损失率病级分析,浙江、湖南和湖北点均表现为中抗的品种所占比例最大;安徽点表现为中感的品种所占比例最大;福建点表现为抗的品种所占比例最大,且抗和高感的品种所占比例均为六点中最高,表现为感的品种所占比例为六点中最低;江西点各抗性类型品种的所占比例差异不大。【结论】国家长江中下游稻区水稻品种区域试验籼稻参试品种的稻瘟病整体抗性水平一般。相同的一套品种在不同的鉴定点表现有所不同,用各点的平均值评价参试品种的抗性可以充分、客观地反应参试品种对稻瘟病的抗性水平。     

基于重组酶介导扩增-侧流层析试纸条的褐飞虱快速鉴定方法

【目的】针对测报灯下褐飞虱鉴定费时费力这一问题,建立褐飞虱快速定性鉴定技术。【方法】以褐飞虱、伪褐飞虱及拟褐飞虱为材料,筛选褐飞虱特异性引物对,优化基于重组酶介导扩增和侧流层析试纸条检测方法的快速鉴定体系(RAA-LFD),并分析其温度及模板鲁棒性。【结果】本研究建立的RAA-LFD方法操作简单、速度快、不依赖于任何精密仪器、体温可触发扩增反应,且对粗组织液模板具有很好的鲁棒性。盲样检测结果表明,56个样本从样本获取到结果输出的整个过程可在45 min内完成,准确率可达100%。【结论】本研究建立的褐飞虱RAA-LFD鉴定技术可以用于褐飞虱及其近似种的快速区分,适用于基层植保站或田间地头对样本的现场即时检测。     

Impact of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium on Brown Planthopper and Tolerance of Its Host Rice Plants

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages, and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants, and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants, which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents, which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.     

水稻抗虫品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群增长的影响

 利用实验种群生命表和Morris-Watt模式综台评价了5个已推广的水稻品种对褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens Stal和白背飞虱Sogatetla furcifera Horvath的抗性及品种对稻飞虱各虫态的抗性作用大小。IR36、汕优6号、协优10号、秀水620和丙664对褐飞虱种群增长有明显的抑制作用；而品种秀水620、丙664和协优10号对白背飞虱呈中抗水平。同时发现，品种对稻飞虱各虫态抗性作用在成虫产卵期最明显，对褐飞虱表现为：成虫产卵期>卵孵化期>高龄(3-5龄)若虫期>低龄(1-2龄)若虫期；对白背飞虱则为：成虫产卵期>低龄若虫期>高龄若虫期>卵孵化期。     

Plant age and levels of resistance to green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant), and tungro virus in rice varieties

The level of resistance of rice varieties IR5 to IR46 to the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) was evaluated on the basis of the seedling bulk test, insect survival and population growth. Results of the seedling bulk test indicated that two varieties were susceptible, 10 moderately resistant and seven resistant. IR22 and IR46 were susceptible and IR24, IR28, IR29, IR30 and IR34 were resistant. Insect survival and population growth differed significantly among varieties of the same age and at different plant ages within the same variety. Generally, insect survival decreased with plant age, being lower at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) than at either 15 or 30 DAS. Population growth on resistant varieties was low at the three plant ages tested. A rating system which takes all three tests into consideration showed that sister lines IR28, IR29 and IR34, which all have the variety Gam Pai as one of the resistant parents, were the most resistant to N. virescens. In addition, only a small percentage of these plants were infected with tungro virus, of which N. virescens is the main vector.     

水稻种质资源抗灰飞虱评价及抗性机制分析

通过改进的苗期集团筛选法,对138份水稻种质进行了抗灰飞虱鉴定与评价。筛选出对灰飞虱具有不同程度抗性的材料25份,占总鉴定材料的181%,其中高抗种质2份,抗性种质9份,中抗材料14份,粳稻品种明显比籼稻感虫。对部分材料进行的排驱性、抗生性试验及相关分析表明,Rathu Heenati(RHT)、Mudgo、Kasalath和IR36对灰飞虱具有强的排驱性和抗生性,其抗性水平与这两种抗虫机制密切相关;道人桥、羊毛谷的抗生性强,但排驱性弱,其主要抗虫机制表现为抗生性;Dular、ASD7和密阳23对灰飞虱具有较强的排驱性和抗生性,表明排驱性和抗生性是这3个品种的重要抗性类型;DV85具有较强的排驱性,但抗生性较弱,窄叶青8号和鬼衣谷具有中等水平的抗生性和排驱性,推测这3个材料具有较好的耐害特性。中抗材料9311的抗性水平由中等排驱性和抗生性控制,V20A的抗性主要表现为排驱性,明恢63和扬粳9538的排驱性和抗生性均较弱,暗示其抗性机制主要是耐害性。上述具有强抗生性或排驱性的材料是理想的抗灰飞虱资源。     

茉莉花白绢病露天接种技术及盆栽抗病性鉴定

为了鉴定茉莉花资源对白绢病的抗性,从主产区广西横县的病株分离白绢病菌株,以横县双瓣茉莉花为材料,对露天条件下茉莉花白绢病接种方法进行了研究,并对盆栽的不同茉莉花品种（系）进行接种,采用相对抗病程度评价法鉴定供试材料的抗病性。结果表明：（1）在5种接种方法中,带菌燕麦粒埋土法的病情指数、发病率最高,分别为47.93%、86.67%,可以作为茉莉花白绢病露天接种方法;以此法接种后0~24 d期间,随着苗龄增加,发病率及病情指数呈降低趋势,1年生盆栽发病最迅速,病情指数也一直最高,20年生的发病最慢,病情指数一直最低;（2）供试的18份茉莉花品种（系）中,有抗病品种（系）5个、中感品种（系）6个、高感品种（系）7个,其中J0718的相对抗性指数最高,虎头茉莉和J1836最容易感染茉莉花白绢病,横县双瓣茉莉属中感品种;（3）供试的其他8份素馨属资源中,迎春花的相对抗性指数为0.93,为高抗品种;抗病品种4个,包括耳叶茉莉、扭肚藤、厚叶素馨及浓香茉莉,高抗及抗病品种占62.50%,可为茉莉花抗性育种提供种质资源;（4）在抗病及高感种质资源中,都有单瓣、双瓣及多瓣类型,不宜仅依据瓣型来判断抗性强弱。     

Feeding behaviour of whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), on resistant and susceptible rice varieties

Feeding behaviour of the whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) was studied on 30-, 45- and 60-day-old plants of seven resistant varieties and one susceptible variety of rice. The preference or otherwise of the hoppers to different varieties was studied in terms of the feeding marks made and the amount of honeydew excreted. The insect made more feeding marks and excreted less honeydew on resistant varieties than on the susceptible TN 1. The number of feeding marks increased with the increase in the plant age of varieties, while the honeydew excretion decreased.     

Assessing the effect of resistant-susceptible associations and determining thresholds for associations in suppressing leaf and neck blast of rice

Blast has become a major problem in the upland rice of Indonesia, as the improved resistant varieties with high yield performances released in the 90's became susceptible only a few years after their release. The present study investigated the efficiency of association of susceptible and resistant varieties in reducing leaf and neck blast and increasing yield. Two sets of experiments were conducted in fields with associations through using different proportions of resistant variety, and two types of susceptible variety (moderately and very susceptible) in the association. The efficiency of the association was measured by comparing disease intensity and yield in the variety when grown in association and when grown as a pure stand. ANOVAs and logistic regressions indicated that resistant-susceptible variety association was more efficient in reducing neck blast than leaf blast. Associations were more efficient (1) when the proportion of resistant variety was increased, (2) when a moderately susceptible variety was used instead of a very susceptible variety, and (3) when disease level in the pure stand was higher. Associations did not penalize the performances of the resistant variety, neither in terms of disease intensity, nor yield. Logistic regressions allowed to estimate the probability of a given association to reduce disease (or to increase yield) above a preset threshold, according to the proportion of resistant variety and to the type of susceptible variety.     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper(Laodelphax striatellus)and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper(SBPH)resistance to SBPH were detected,accounting for 18.1%of the total accessions,which included 2 highly resistant,9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties.Compared with indica rice,japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH.Antixenosis test,antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism.The resistant check Rathu Heenati(RHT),highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath,and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH,indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties.Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis.Dular,ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis,indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties.The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis,whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH,suggesting tolerance in these three varieties.Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311.Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A.Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance.The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.